Changes in Sonographic Findings after Treatment of Patients with Clonorchiasis in a Heavy Endemic Area

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In spite of introduction of praziquantel, Clonorchis sinensis remains a common food-borne pathogen in China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, and far eastern Russia [1]. Long-standing clonorchiasis (C. sinensis infection) can lead to serious complications, including cholangiocarcinoma. Thus, C. sinensis is a major public health concern and requires active control in endemic areas [1-5].

Clonorchiasis is diagnosed primarily by detection of eggs in feces [1,6]. However, since fecal examination is becoming difficult to perform, alternative diagnostic methods, including serology, intradermal test, and radiological examinations, have been developed [1]. Among them, abdominal sonography has been widely used because the pathological changes of the intrahepatic bile duct and gallbladder induced by C. sinensis are easily detected [1,7-11].

The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of sonography depend on the intensity of infection (as determined by egg counts, chronicity, endemicity, and treatment) [9,12,13]. Even though many sonographic findings in various conditions have been described [7,8,11-14], there are few clinical studies which focused on the pathological changes in patients with clonorchiasis after treatment [8,14,15].

In this study, we observed changes of sonographic findings, which represent pathological changes in the liver, in patients with clonorchiasis after treatment in a highly endemic area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS

Follow-up fecal examination in revisited subjects

Three hundred and forty-seven (70.2%) of 494 subjected residents showed positive stool results for C. sinensis eggs and were treated with praziquantel. This group comprised 300 males and 194 females with a median age of 37 year (range; 15-78 year). Of the 494 subjects, 474 were examined by sonography, 142 were egg negative and 332 were positive (Table 1). Of this group of 332 subjects, 132 patients revisited 1 year after treatment and underwent both the follow-up sonographic and fecal examinations. They comprised 100 males and 32 females with a median age of 37 year (range; 15-78 year). Of the 132 patients, 83 (62.9%) were egg-negative converted (= cured) and 47 were egg-positive, after 1 year. There were no significant differences in gender or age between the egg-negative conversion group and the egg-positive group (Table 2).

Table 1.

Number of subjects by positive sonographic findings by EPG (eggs per gram of feces) grades before treatment, 2004

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics and numbers of egg-negative conversion by EPG grades before treatment

The changes of sonographic findings after treatment

In the initial (pre-treatment) sonography of the 83 cured patients after treatment, DDIHD, IPDE, and FEFGB were found in 82 (98.2%), 42 (50.6%), and 32 (38.6%), respectively (Table 3). After treatment, DDIHD, IPDE, and FEFGB were found in 80 (96.4%), 45 (54.2%), and 17 (20.5%), respectively. DDIHD was improved in 3 (Fig. 1), aggravated in 1, and unchanged in 79 patients. IPDE was improved in 5 (Fig. 2), aggravated in 8, and unchanged in 70 patients. FEFGB was improved in 20 (Fig. 3), aggravated in 5, and unchanged in 58 patients. Neither DDIHD nor IPDE showed significant changes (P = 0.625 and P = 0.581, respectively). However, FEFGB revealed a statistically significant improvement (P = 0.004) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Changes of sonographic findings in the egg-negative conversion group

Fig. 1

Sonograms of a patient with egg-negative conversion by treatment. Transverse scan before treatment (A) of the left hepatic lobe shows severe dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (IHDs) (arrows). Diameter of the IHD is larger than that of the adjacent portal vein. Dilatation of the IHD is improved to mild degree (arrows) 1 year after treatment (B). IHD is dilated but its diameter is smaller than that of the adjacent portal vein.

Fig. 2

Sonograms of another patient with egg-negative conversion. Transverse scan before treatment (A) of the right hepatic lobe shows moderately increased periductal echogenicity (arrows). Increased periductal echogenicity is improved to mild degree (arrows) 1 A B year after treatment (B).

Fig. 3

Sonograms of a patient with egg-negative conversion after treatment. Many floating echogenic foci (arrows) in the gallbladder before treatment (A) are no longer seen 1 A B year after treatment (B).

DISCUSSION

In the present study, most (70.2%, 347 of 494) of the residents examined in Zhaoyuan were C. sinensis egg positive. Zhaoyuan is located in the middle of the highest endemic zone in Heilongjiang province, northeast China [13]. Men showed a higher egg-positive rate and heavier infection intensities than women, which is consistent with other epidemiological studies on clonorchiasis [7,12,14,16]. In such an endemic area of clonorchiasis, sonographic screening of the liver is important to detect any hidden cholangiocarcinoma as a complication [3, 4,9,10,17].

Sonographic findings in clonorchiasis patients demonstrate rather clearly pathological changes of the bile ducts and gallbladder. Prior studies using rabbits infected with C. sinensis showed that DDIHD was due to bile duct obstruction and dilatation caused by the flukes [8,11]. IPDE results from periductal inflammation, and FEFGB is due to the presence of the flukes and/or debris of host tissue. As pathological changes reflect severity and chronicity of clonorchiasis, sonographic findings can also be correlated with the intensity and duration of C. sinensis infection. A recent study in the same area reported that DDIHD, IPDE, and FEFGB showed significant correlations with intensity of C. sinensis infection [13].

According to recent literature [9,15,18], dynamic CT and MR imaging show the flukes themselves in the intrahepatic bile duct, as well as the hypertrophic intrahepatic bile ducts during the hepatic arterial phase. These findings represent active infection. In a clinical report, IPDE and FEFGB were significantly associated with active clonorchiasis [12]. IPDE showed a sensitivity and specificity for active clonorchiasis of 35% and 91%, respectively, and FEFGB had a sensitivity and specificity of 28% and 94%, respectively. However, DDIHD showed a low relationship with active clonorchiasis, with a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 48%. Previous reports also show that long-lasting DDIHD is of little value for diagnosis of active clonorchiasis in patients with praziquantel treatment [8,14].

The present study suggests that neither IPDE nor DDIHD was good diagnostic indicators of active clonorchiasis at least 1 year after the treatment trial. Although FEFGB indicated active clonorchiasis in the present study, it lacks sensitivity [12]. FEFGB in subjects with egg-negative conversion after treatment (20.5%, 17 of 83) are probably attributable to a false negative fecal examination or to false images of flukes. We believe that false images are simple fluke-mimicking sludge in the gallbladder. In active clonorchiasis, FEFGB mostly indicates flukes and desquamated material in the gallbladder [7,11,12]. This finding has rarely been documented in non-endemic areas with low intensity of C. sinensis [7,12]. The relatively high frequency (38.6%) of FEFGB before treatment in the present study was related to a moderate or heavy endemicity and burden of clonorchiasis. Among the sonographic findings, only FEFGB can be resolved after cure, which is the only significant finding showing 1 year interval resolution after treatment. The present sonographic findings are most serious in their frequencies and degrees among all previous records because of the heavy endemicity in the present subjected population.

In conclusion, sonographic findings of DDIHD and IPDE remain unchanged but that of FEFGB decreases significantly 1 year after treatment. Thus, FEFGB may suggest active clonorchiasis after treatment in a heavy endemic area.

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