Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of the Eyelids: A Case Series with Molecular Identification and Literature Review

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoans belonging to the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). The disease is transmitted by infected sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the genus Phlebotomus in Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World [1]. Depending on the species of Leishmania involved, humans and a wide range of mammals can act as reservoirs [1]. There are 4 major clinical forms of this infection; cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), either diffuse or localized, mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), visceral leishmaniasis (VL), fatal if untreated, and the post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) [2]. In Iran, CL portrays a serious health problem, and is endemic in the central and southern parts of the country [3].

From the clinical perspective, CL is characterized by the progression of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that specifically ulcerate after an incubation period of 3 to 8 weeks. Inferior limbs, superior limbs, and the face are more commonly influenced, but ocular involvement is very rare. The eyelids, conjunctiva, and inner parts of the eye may be affected, and the lesions may imitate other more common lesions, such as chalazion, hordeolum, and impetigo [4–6]. The diagnosis of CL is made by the epidemiologic concept, clinical history and aspects of lesions, and demonstration of parasites by skin scraping, culture, or detection of parasite DNA [7]. Pentavalent antimonial compounds are the therapy of choice. The recommended dosage is 20 mg per kg of body weight per day for at least 3 weeks [6–8].

In this report, we presented 6 rare cases of eyelid CL, emphasized the importance of clinical and diagnostic features of lesions, characterized the phylogenetic relationship of isolated parasites, and reviewed the literature on ocular leishmaniasis.

CASES PRESENTATION

The studied patients were examined in the Dermatology Clinic of Saadi Hospital and Fajr Health Center from February to the end of December 2015. All patients proceeded from endemic regions of Fars province and patients had only eyelid lesions at presentation.

Written informed consents (code: IR.SUMS.REC.1394.S282) were obtained from the patients for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. Additional written informed consents were obtained from the parents of infant and child patients for publication of this case report and the accompanying images.

Case 1

An 80-year-old healthy woman stated a red nodule over the left upper eyelid that had slowly increased in size and ulcerated during the 4 months before her referral (Fig. 1A). During that period, she was treated with antibacterial and steroid ointments without improvement. The patient was suspected to have basal cell carcinoma and was referred for diagnosis and treatment. Clinical examination revealed an asymptomatic ulcerative plaque with raised and erythematous borders. The visual acuity was not affected. Dermal scraping, culture, and PCR were performed. Touch impression smears and culture were negative for Leishmania species. The parasite was characterized by PCR as Leishmania major.

Fig. 1

Lesions of eyelid cutaneous leishmaniasis in our patients. (A) Left upper lid ulcerative nodule masquerading as basal cell carcinoma in case 1. (B) An erythematous right upper eyelid ulcerative plaque with overlying yellow crusting lesions in case 2. (C) An erythematous left superior eyelid ulcerated plaque lesion with skin flakes and mild ptosis in case 3. (D) An erythematous ulcerative plaque of the left lower eyelid concealed with yellow crusting lesions in case 4. (E) An erythematous right lower eyelid swelling with blepharoconjunctivitis in case 5. (F) A hordeolum-like nodule involving the left lower eyelid in case 6.

Case 2

A 74-year-old woman noted a small pimple on her right upper eyelid 2 months before presentation. The eyelid lesion enlarged slowly. Clinical examination revealed a well-defined, erythematous right upper eyelid ulcerative plaque with overlying yellow crusting lesions and mild to moderate ptosis (Fig. 1B). The remaining ophthalmologic and systemic studies were normal. Various treatments with antibiotics and steroids failed to heal the lesion. With a suspected diagnosis of a basal cell carcinoma, dermal scraping, culture, and PCR were achieved. Giemsa stain of the sample showed numerous leishman-bodies within the macrophages (Fig. 2), and the diagnosis of CL was confirmed. Culture was positive, as well, and the parasite was identified by PCR as L. major.

Fig. 2

Touch impression smear in case 2. Numerous intracellular and scattered extracellular amastigotes are seen (Giemsa stain; original magnification, ×1,000). Kinetoplasts are visible in many amastigotes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the margin dermal scraping, a no. 15 disposable sterile surgical blade (Unicut, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to make a slit in the border of the lesion. Dermal tissue from the wall of the slit was scraped with the blade and smeared on 2 glass slides. A total of 3 scrapings from the slit were smeared on a single slide. The touch preparation of skin scrapings were stained with Giemsa (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and finally examined for amastigotes by microscopy. Using Giemsa, amastigotes are seen within the cytoplasm of macrophages as pale blue oval bodies with a dark blue nucleus and a small rod-shaped kinetoplast with a specialized mitochondrial structure that contains extra-nuclear DNA.

In addition, an aspirate from the active indurated margins of the same lesions was transferred to 2 tubes of the biphasic modified NNN culture medium. The cultures were kept at 22–25˚C and sub-cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Frankfurt, Germany) supplemented with 15% heat inactivated fetal calf serum (Gibco), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Gibco) for mass cultivation.

Total genomic DNA was extracted from each clinical sample using the AccuPrep® Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The quantification and quality control of the DNA extraction procedures were performed using a nano spectrophotometer (NanoDrop 1000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). The DNA was stored at −20°C until being used.

The conserved area of the minicircle kDNA from the Leishmania species was amplified by semi-nested PCR. The primers LINR4 (forward) (5′-GGG GTT GGT GTA AAA TAG GG-3′), LIN17 (reverse) (5′-TTT GAA CGG GAT TTC TG-3′), and LIN19 (reverse) (5′-CAG AAC GCC CCT ACC CG-3′) were used for amplification [9]. The reaction mixtures were incubated at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles, each consisting of 30 sec at 94°C, 30 sec at 52°C (for LINR4 and LIN17) or 58°C (for LINR4 and LIN19), and 1 min at 72°C, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. PCR products were visualized by UV after electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel using TAE buffer and staining with GelRed (Biotium Inc., Hayward, California, USA). A 650-bp fragment was amplified for L. major, whereas a 760-bp fragment was amplified for L. tropica (Fig. 3). All primers were synthesized by Macrogen Genomics Laboratories (Macrogen, Seoul, Korea).

Fig. 3

Electrophoresis of PCR products of DNA extracted from positive smears and cultures. The 4 lanes contained the products from positive controls of L. tropica (lane 3) and L. major (lane 4), ocular lesions due to L. major and L. tropica (lanes 1 and 2, respectively), and a molecular size ladder (MM).

For confirmation, the PCR products were purified by using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) and sequenced on both ends through the sequencing service of Macrogen Genomics Laboratories (Macrogen). The resulting sequences were edited and aligned with the BioEdit, version 7.2.5 [10]. Multiple alignments were performed with data related to Leishmania species from Iran and other countries deposited in GenBank.

A phylogenetic tree was constructed via maximum composite likelihood option of the neighbor-joining (NJ) method using MEGA-7 [11]. The sequences of 4 patients of L. major showed 100% identity to the published isolate IranJWmaj (accession no. AB678349). In addition, the 4 L. major showed 99%, 99%, and 98% identity to the published isolates from UK and Iran (nos. AF308685, KM555292, and KM555295), respectively. The sequences of 2 patients of L. tropica showed 100% identity to the published isolate IranJWtrop (no. AB678350). Also, these 2 isolates showed 99% identity to the published isolates from UK, Egypt, and Iran (nos. AF308689, X84845, and KM491168). NJ method grouped the 6 patients into 2 clusters. Cluster I contained isolated L. major from the 4 eyelid CL patients in which these 4 isolates belonged to the same geographical origin. Cluster II contained isolated L. tropica from the 2 eyelid CL patients in which both isolates also belonged to the same geographical area (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4

Phylogenetic relationship among various Leishmania species to each other as inferred by neighbor-joining tree based on minicircle kDNA gene. Numbers on branches are percentage bootstrap values of 1,000 replicates. All positions with less than 95% site coverage were eliminated. The evolutionary distances between sequences were computed using the maximum composite likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. The scale bar indicates an evolutionary distance of 0.10 nucleotides per position in the sequence. The reference sequences accession numbers are inserted. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA-7.

In a final manner, infants were treated with 20% paromomycin ointment with complete healing after 2 months. The remaining patients were treated systemically with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®), 20 mg/kg/day over a 3-week period with good results [6,8]. All lesions resolved after 3 weeks of therapy. After 1 year of follow up, the patients were completely normal, and no relapses were observed.

DISCUSSION

Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by sand flies. CL is caused by different species of Leishmania with different clinical features [1]. CL is endemic in Iran and usually caused by L. major or L. tropica. Clinical forms of localized CL are papular, nodular, ulcerative plaque, infiltrative, and impetiginoid. In immunocompromised patients, fulminant cutaneous and ocular leishmaniasis may develop [12].

Ocular involvement is rare. It is appraised that in CL the eyelid is involved in 0.4% of cases. The low occurrence on the eyelid is ascribed to the regular movements of the eyelid, which hinder the sand fly from biting the skin in this region [5]. It initially exhibits as highly polymorphous lesions, such as swelling [13], papules, and plaques [14]. A few cases of eyelids CL, which presented nodules covered by crusts and scaling, have been reported [15,16]. They can imitate other conditions, such as chalazion [4,5], hordeolum [5,6], infundibular cyst [17], and tumors which masquerading as basal cell carcinoma or keratoacanthoma in elderly patients [15,16,18].

Ocular manifestations of leishmaniasis that have been reported includes uni- or bilateral ptosis, lagophthalmia, blepharoconjunctivitis [19,20], ulcerative blepharitis [13], conjunctivitis [5,6], nodular episcleritis [6], scleromalacia [21], intraretinal hemorrhage [22], and optic neuropathy [23]. In endemic areas, such manifestations as the ulcerated lesion of the eyelid in our patient should raise the suspicion of leishmaniasis and be included in the differential diagnosis. Ocular complications comprises as palpebral and conjunctival scarring [5], trichiasis [5], eyelash loss [5], eyelid ectropion [15], dacryocystitis [14], scleral perforation [21], corneal opacity [5], and the development of squamous cell carcinoma [24].

In endemic regions and in travelers from endemic territories, it is essential for the physician to be attentive that any unusual lesion should be examined carefully for cutaneous leishmaniasis [25]. Our patients had been erroneously treated for bacterial infection, and eventually the diagnoses were based on the presence of amastigotes in lesion, and positive outcome of culture or PCR.

Despite the fact that the leishmanial infection is self-limited in most immunocompetent patients, medicinal treatment of the disease engages systemic or local use of pentavalent antimonials and aromatic diamidines. Lesions on cosmetically or functionally important sites (such as the face or hands), those with associated lymphangitis, and multiple or persistent lesions are best given active treatment [16]. Early detection of the infection is essential in order to begin impressive treatment and deter more serious complications. If eyelid lesions abide untreated, adjacent spread may extend to the conjunctiva, episclera, and cornea, with progression of interstitial keratitis [6]. Residual scarring and deformity may necessitate surgical amendment [5]. Hence, ocular leishmaniasis is regarded potentially a blinding disorder. Ocular leishmaniasis can be treated by 20% paromomycin ointment, and pentavalent antimonials (intralesional and/or intramuscular Pentostam® or Glucantime®). The recommended dosage is 20 mg/kg/day over 3 weeks [8].

In summary, we present 6 uncommon cases of eyelid leishmaniasis masquerading as basal cell carcinoma, chalazion, hordeolum, and impetigo. Physicians should embrace CL in the differential diagnosis of patients suffering from chronic granulomatous lid lesions in regions where this disease is endemic.

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