Echinococcosis is one of the neglected tropical diseases. In human the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Being zoonotic disease, the life cycle is completed in different hosts. Humans are the accidental host of disease, many herbivores and omnivores are the intermediate hosts while carnivores are the definitive host. Humans are infected due to consumption of contaminated food by the eggs of parasite which later on develop into larval stage in different organs [1]. These visceral organs containing metacestod larvae are then ingested by carnivore hosts and develop in their intestine into mature tapeworm [2]. E. granulosus sensu lato include E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. felidis, E. equinus, E. ortleppi and E. canadensis [3,4].
Echinococcosis is an endemic disease in many areas of the world. Several studies were conducted on the prevalence of hydatidosis in livestock of Pakistan [5,6], whereas, genotypic characterization of E. granulosus has been reported only in Punjab and Sindh province of Pakistan [7,8]. While in recent reports, CE in human was reported in Karachi [9], Hyderabad [10], Peshawar [11], Lahore [12] and studies on molecular genotyping of human echinococcosis are still lacking yet. No comprehensive survey on epidemiology and prevalence of human CE has not been conducted till date [13]. Many researchers reported the incidence of CE in the neighboring countries like China, India, Iran. China holds a high percentage in the global burden of both cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. A national survey conducted between 2012 and 2016 showed that an estimated 50 million people are at risk of contacting the disease in western China, of whom about 0.17 million are cases with CE [14]. Iran is an important endemic region of CE, where there are various species of the intermediate host for E. granulosus. Human CE cases are also routinely documented in medical centers in different parts of Iran and the rate of human infection was 0.61–2/1,000,000 people in various regions [15,16]. In Iran average number of surgical CE cases per year was estimated at 1,295 from 2000–2009. The number of asymptomatic individuals living in the country was estimated at 635,232 [17,18]. Previous hospital based studies and case reports revealed that the disease is endemic in many parts of India [19].
Human CE cases in Pakistan need to be reported in near future. A comprehensive study has not been performed on epidemiology and incidence of human CE till date [13]. The aim of the present study was to investigate the retrospective analysis of CE patients in different hospitals of north-eastern region (Lahore) of Punjab province, Pakistan. It will expand further studies on defining risk factors contributing to the disease endemicity in Pakistan.
The present study was conducted in Lahore city of Punjab province, Pakistan. Lahore is situated in the north-eastern part of Pakistan. It is the capital city of Punjab province and is a center of cultural diversity. According to recent census of Pakistan, the population of Lahore is more than 7 million and 42nd most heavily populated city in the world (Fig. 1). The residents make their homes in the 9 administrative towns and one military designated area. It has 40% of its inhabitants between or below the age of 15. The average life expectancy stands at less than 60 years. Only 40% of the population of city is literate [20].
The study area has diverse environmental conditions with temperature exceeding 40°C in summers. The summers are extreme and winters are moderate in Lahore [20].
The duration of the study was from January 2012 to December 2017. Main hospitals from the study area were selected for data collection. These hospitals have better facilities for disease diagnosis and are performing pathological examination of cyst samples from nearby areas as well. Human CE cases were retrieved from different hospitals including King Edward Medical University Hospital, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Medical University Hospital and Chughttai Laboratory. The data used as CE cases in this study were only postoperatively confirmed with histopathological reports. The patient’s data was registered, and questionnaires were filled. It consisted of patient’s gender, age, while residential city was notified from hospital records. Moreover, histopathological details of cysts were also collected including size, number, nature and localization. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each variable. The chi square (χ2) test was used for the mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 16 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) for Windows. The present study is based on confirmed surgically treated CE patients. The permission was granted by respective hospital department. The study was approved by the institutional review board under ERB/18/72.
The retrieval of data from hospital records revealed a total of 198 diagnosed and operated CE cases with an average of 33 cases per year. The highest number of cases (n=53, 26.7%) was registered in 2015 and the least recorded in 2012 (n=11, 5.5%). In human, cysts take many years to develop within the human body and there might be chances that less number of infected animals were slaughtered at that year in the past. There were less chances for dogs to consume the carcass and the environment was less contaminated with dog faeces having the parasite eggs. It might be one of the reasons in the year of 2012–2014 with low number of or less positive cases, as compared to 2015 followed by 2016 and 2017, respectively and might be low chances of the people to get infected with CE (Fig. 2). Table 1 predicts the age and gender distribution of the reported cases. Females (58.5%) were more infected than males (41.4%) (χ2=11.67; P =0.001). The age group of 21–30 had maximum number of patients (24.2%) and in the age group of 61–70 (9%) had less patients (χ2=80.32; P <0.001). The mean patient age lied in the range of 35 years with 17.4 SD. Table 2 illustrates the localization of cyst administered in the studied hospitals. Liver was the most affected organ in both genders with more frequency seen in females (64.8%) than males (35.1%; χ2=1,444.38; P <0.001). Lungs were the second most infected organ (18.6%). Seven cases of spleen and kidney were recorded. In females 4 uterus and 1 ovarian cases were recorded. The number of registered cases of thigh and gall bladder were same (n=4, 2%). Three cases of omental mass and right hypochondrium and 2 of epigastrium, pelvis, and mesentery were recorded. Various other atypical organs were also affected which included femur, peritoneum, cranium parietal lobe, parieto-occipital lobe, erosion of hip, sub-mandibular lymph node, right adrenal mass and right iliac bone.
The occurrence of CE contributes to the endemicity of the disease. There are approximately 270 million people (58% of the total population) at risk of CE in Central Asia including areas of Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Pakistan and Western China [21]. In Pakistan, human CE has not been explored thus the published data on the disease contain a limited number of case reports in different body organs and 3 prevalence data reports from 1980 to 2015 [13]. The current analysis aimed to review hospital based reported cases of CE from Lahore. Livestock keeping is the occupation of 55.84% of the population and acts as potential risk factor in the study area [20]. Livestock has a role in transmission of the disease. Dogs feeding on infected organs of slaughtered animals spread the disease in the area. The environmental conditions of the study area and the association of livestock and dogs with carcasses of infected animals may act as potential risk factor for the disease occurrence. Incidence of CE can be measured through hospital based data of diagnosed cases by using the classification as recommended by WHO [22,23]. In present retrospective study, human CE cases were investigated from January 2012 to December 2017. The prevalence of E. granulosus infection has been reported to be higher in livestock [5,6]. The direct association of growing occurrence of the disease in human needed to be identified in Pakistan since there is lack of any of such information. Human echinococcosis emergence might have resulted due to an increased prevalence of E. granulosus in livestock. The transmission of disease depends on different environmental factors. The migration among rural and urban area inhabitants for raising livestock can also be the reason of disease spread to different areas.
There are certain risk factors responsible for the disease spread including home slaughtering, interaction with livestock, dogs, and poor hygiene. In Pakistan, potential risk factors have been identified via community survey, which showed interaction of 58.1% of inhabitants with dogs and consumption of contaminated organs by dogs (63%). Home slaughtering is also practiced commonly by 20.06% of the inhabitants practice home slaughtering [24]. The route of infection in the present study might be contaminated vegetables/soil from the infected dogs, which feed on infected lungs/liver of livestock animals in the study area. Similar studies on risk factors showed 14.7% of infected stray dogs with no veterinary care wander freely in living area and interact with human as well as their livestock thus maintaining the CE cycle which spreads the disease in area and 80% infestation rate of dogs in abattoir surroundings were predicted due to consumption of infected hydatid cyst containing organs [25,26].
In the present study age distribution showed that the highest number of infected individuals lied in 21–30 years. Similar retrospective studies in Iraq showed high rate same higher rate of infection among 21 to 30 years age group [27]. the mean affected age in current study was 35+−17. The average affected age varies with the variations in study area. The mean age of 40 years was also showed to be mostly affected in Chile [28]. Similarly mean age of 40 year was reported in Turkey [29]. There were 19.1% cases reported below 20 years of age in the present study while a study performed in Egypt showed one third of reported cases under the age of 20 years [30]. In the current analysis, gender distribution of CE was studied based on hospitalization records and it revealed that females (58.5%) acquired more disease than males. Similar findings were reported in Iraq [27] and Iran [16]. The probable reason for this can be increased interaction to potential risk factors including livestock management and poor living hygenic conditions. Based on our collected hospital data, cyst localization was very diverse. The highest number of cysts was recorded in liver (47.4%) followed by lungs (18.6%). were more affected. Similar results were reported in most of the retrospective studies [28,31].
In the present study, most of the recorded cases contained single cyst involvement while few multiple cysts were also observed in agreement to a study conducted in Iraq [27]. Cyst development at unusual sites was also observed (28.2%). These sites included omentum, kidney, adrenal mass, spleen, gall bladder, uterus, forearm, epigastrium, pelvis, femur, peritoneum, mesentery, thigh, left parietal lobe, parieto-occipital lobe, erosion of hip, sub-mandibular lymph node, and right iliac bone. Similar findings in unusual sites were also reported in Turkey [29].
Cystic echinococcosis can be prevented by increasing awareness about the disease as reported earlier in a study that a very small proportion of individuals had knowledge of hydatidosis or zoonosis; even lesser percentage (4.1%) of associated individuals had ever heard about the disease [24]. Moreover, there is need for comprehensive study on the disease so that control and prevention strategies can be developed. Lack of significant data on echinococcosis pushes it towards the future research domain for generating data on epidemiology of the disease and genetic diversity of the infectious agent. Being a neglected disease in Pakistan, limited work has been done on the disease although WHO commensurate this disease to be of significant concern to public health [23].
It is concluded from the present study that CE is prevalent in the surveyed areas and this endemic disease is to be the public health problems in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Although very limited studies are performed on echinococcosis, a remarkable increase in incidence of cystic echinococcosis reported cases was observed in current study in different years which draws attention towards the emerging trend of the disease. It is a continuous threat to public health due to its zoonotic mode. In Pakistan, this zoonosis has been expected to be encountered frequently despite of continuous negligence to the disease. The hospital data recorded all symptomatic cases while the disease may remain asymptomatic for many years and is underrepresented and misdiagnosed, so higher incidence is presumed and can be confirmed through future research and development of proper surveillance system on the disease. Thus, in the present analysis, regional data publication may assist in devising control and treatment strategies.
