Seropositivity Rates of Strongyloides stercoralis Antibody in the Southeastern Region of Republic of Korea: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

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Korean J Parasito. 2022;60(3):181-185

Publication date (electronic) : 2022 June 30

doi : https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.181

Taehwa Kim^1,2, Seungjin Lim^2,3,

¹Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea

²Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea

³Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea

^*Corresponding author (babopm@naver.com)

Received 2022 April 29; Revised 2022 May 25; Accepted 2022 May 26.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasite that causes enteric infections in animals and humans [1]. The infection is widespread in most tropical and subtropical regions, with prevalence rate exceeding 70% in some countries, such as Peru, Dominica, Kenya, and Ghana [2]. Moreover, the infection is distributed widely, affecting up to 370 million humans worldwide [2]. More than 50% of cases with strongyloidiasis are asymptomatic, and the remaining cases present mainly with gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain and chronic diarrhea [3]. However, in approximately 2.5% of cases, hyperinfection or disseminated infection that invades other organs occurs in immunocompromised patients, resulting in a serious prognosis [4].

In the Republic of Korea (Korea), the first case of strongyloidiasis was reported in 1914, and approximately 35 cases have been reported in the literature [3,5–14]. However, the seroprevalence of S. stercoralis infection has not yet been investigated in Korea. The egg-positive rate of S. stercoralis in stool samples was reported to be less than 1% in a previous study [15]. The lack of serologic studies on S. stercoralis in Korea is because clinicians did not suspect this disease, and therefore, studies for serological diagnosis of S. stercoralis has seldom been conducted in Korea. However, a recent study reported that the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in Northeast Asia was estimated to be 5–10% [16]. The present study aimed to investigate the seropositivity of S. stercoralis in the southeastern area of Korea by detecting serum levels of specific anti-Strongyloides antibodies. Further, this study analyzed the difference of epidemiologic characteristic between the seropositive and seronegative groups.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study location and population

Korea has a latitude of 33° to 38° north and a longitude of 126° to 132° east. Gyeongsangnam-do (do=province), Busan, and Ulsan metropolitan city are located in the southeastern region of the Korean Peninsula. The central region has a continental dry winter climate (Dwa). By contrast, the southeastern region is a coastal region and has monsoon-influenced humid subtropical dry hot (Cwa), subtropical hot humid (Cfa), and Dwa climates (Supplementary Figs. S1, S2) [18]. The coastal area influences the area considerably because it is confined by high mountains to the north, which shut out the cool winter wind from the northwest. This creates the most moderate climate in Korea with an annual average temperature of 12–13°C, an annual precipitation level of 1,400–1,800 mm, and mean temperatures of −0.5°C and 25.1°C in January and August, respectively. The population in this region was 7,868,179 in 2020, accounting for 15.1% of the total population of Korea [19,24]. The study center was Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, which is located in Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do (Fig. 1). Owing to these regional characteristics, most of the visitors to the study center are residents of the southeastern part of Korea.

Fig. 1

Distribution of the seropositivity rate of Strongyloides stercoralis antibody in the southeastern region of Korea. Sa, Sacheon; Ch, Changnyeong; Ge, Geoje; Gi, Gimhae; Ya, Yangsan; CW, Changwon; Mi, Miryang; To, Tongyeong; HY, Hamyang.

RESULTS

A total of 834 specimens were tested in this study, and 92 of them were seropositive (11.0%) (Table 1). The positivity rate was significantly higher in men in the univariate analysis (P=0.014). There were no statistically significant differences in mean age between the groups (P=0.200). However, age >50 years was significantly associated with positive results (P= 0.036). The eosinophil count and sex of the participants were significantly different between the positive and negative groups (P=0.006 and P=0.014, respectively). The positivity rate was >10% in 7 cities and rural areas, including Busan and Ulsan, which are metropolitan cities (Table 2; Fig. 1). In 1 city and 1 rural area, the positive rate was 50%, but the number of participants was small; therefore, caution is needed for interpretation. However, there was a statistically significant correlation between the positive test results and living in Sacheon (P=0.020). Since this study was conducted using donated specimens, the occupation of the subjects could not be identified. Using logistic regression analysis (Table 3), age >50 years (odds ratio (OR) =1.674, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.049–2.672, P=0.031), living in Sacheon City (OR=7.984, 95% CI: 1.566–40.706, P=0.012), and blood eosinophil count (OR= 1.002, 95% CI: 1.001–1.003, P=0.003) were found to be significantly associated with antibody test positivity. The difference in sex among the seropositive and seronegative participants was not found to be significant using the multivariate analysis (OR=1.469, 95% CI: 0.933–2.314, P=0.096). However, it is speculated that men are more exposed to S. stercoralis infection than women, because they tend to spend more time outdoors than women [20]. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm whether the high antibody positive rate in male participants is an independent factor through a large-scale study in the future.

Table 1

Results of Strongyloides stercoralis antibody testing according to age, sex, and eosinophil count

Table 2

Seropositive rate by administrative region in the southeastern area of Korea

Table 3

Results of logistic regression analysis

DISCUSSION

In Korea, there is a lack of studies on S. stercoralis seropositivity. However, in recent studies, seropositivity rates of the antibody were reported to be 5–46.3% in China, Japan, and southeast Asia [2,16,20–22]. The seropositive rate of S. stercoralis antibody in this study was 11.0%, similar to the previous study [16].

The present study was able to confirm the following: blood eosinophil count, age >50 years, and living in Sacheon (a city located in the Gyeongsangnam-do) were significantly associated with antibody positivity. Blood eosinophil count was significantly higher in the antibody-positive group, but only 9.8% of patients in the positive group had overt eosinophilia >500 per mm³. This finding is similar to the results of previous studies [5,23] and showed that blood eosinophil count should not be used as a screening test. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report showing serum levels of S. stercoralis antibodies in Korea.

Notably, the positivity rate was high among the residents of Sacheon, an area where agriculture and fisheries are predominant [19]. This city is bordered by mountains to the north and sea to the south. In addition, several small streams flow through this region. At present, it is hard to properly interpret this unexpected result. Whether geographic characteristics are related to the probability of human exposure to S. stercoralis requires further research, including studies in populations in adjacent areas which were not included in this study.

This study included several limitations. First, the number of participants in rural areas was insufficient for analysis. Second, we could not confirm the occupations of the participants and their overseas travel history to endemic areas. Third, residents in inland areas of Korea were not included in the study. Therefore, our data may not truly represent the seropositivity rate in Korea. Fourth, because S. stercoralis antibody test kit crossly reacted with Toxocara canis antibody [17], there is a possibility of some false positive cases.

Despite these limitations, our study has several implications. The antibody positivity rate is 11.0%, which suggests that there is a need for the antibody test for S. stercoralis when treating immunosuppressed patients in Korea. It would be necessary to detect specific antibody levels against S. stercoralis in actual clinical settings. Second, because Korea has regions with subtropical and continental climate, it is necessary to investigate the serological responses according to the climate. Last, the antibody positivity rate was not low, even among residents living in metropolitan cities. Investigations with a suitable study design that includes additional information, such as overseas travel history and exposure history, are required in the future.

Supplementary Information

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