It has been known that Arak, Salvadora persica, has a number of medicinal properties. We tried to investigate in vitro scolicidal effect of root extracts of this plant against protoscolices from hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscolices were aseptically collected from sheep livers containing hydatid cysts. S. persica root extract was used in 10, 30, and 50 mg/ml concentration for 10, 20, and 30 min. The viability of protoscolices was ascertained by 0.1% eosin staining. Scolicidal activity of S. persica extract at a concentration of 10 mg/ml was 36.3%, 50.3%, and 70.8% after 10, 20, and 30 min of exposure, respectively. The scolicidal effect of this extract at a concentration of 30 mg/ml was 52.9%, 86.7%, and 100% after 10, 20, and 30 min of exposure, respectively. S. persica extract at a concentration of 50 mg/ml, meanwhile, killed 81.4%, 100%, and 100% of protoscolices after 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. Also, the cytotoxic potential of S. persica was assessed on human liver cells (HepG2) using trypan blue exclusion test. No cytotoxic effect was observed on HepG2 cell line. The present study confirmed for the first time that the ethanolic extract of S. persica has high scolicidal power in vitro. However, in vivo effect of this material remains to be studied for treatment of echinococcosis in humans and herbivorous animals.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
In vitro evaluation of the susceptibility of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts to lavender and green tea extracts Seyed Mohammad Mehdizadeh, Farnaz Malekifard, Bijan Esmaeilnejad Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of the Scolicidal Activity of Two Leaves Extracts of Myrtus communis from Algeria Against Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato Protoscoleces Meryem Benmarce, Assia Haif, M. Celina Elissondo, Samia Bouaziz, Assia Bentahar, AbdElkarim Laatamna Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(1): 839. CrossRef
Comparative study of the anthelmintic activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Atriplex halimus, the anti-echinococcal plant used in Algeria Meryem Benmarce, Maria Celina Elissondo, AbdElkarim Laatamna, Assia Haif Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2024; 54: 101094. CrossRef
Cytotoxic, Scolicidal, and Insecticidal Activities of Lavandula stoechas Essential Oil Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Shawky M. Aboelhadid, Saleh Al-Quraishy, Ahmed O. Hassan, Dimitra Daferera, Atalay Sokmen, Asmaa A. Kamel Separations.2023; 10(2): 100. CrossRef
Morphological aspects and pathological impacts of cystic echinococcosis in liver of slaughtered sheep and host-parasite relationship A. Al-Ghamdi, M. Ibrahim, E. Idris, A. Al-Doaiss, K. Morsy Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia.2023; 75(5): 821. CrossRef
Status and prospect of novel treatment options toward alveolar and cystic echinococcosis Sibo Wang, Yibo Ma, Weishan Wang, Yi Dai, Haohao Sun, Jing Li, Shan Wang, Feng Li Acta Tropica.2022; 226: 106252. CrossRef
In vitro efficacy of Capparis spinosa extraction against larvae viability of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto Mingzhi YAN, Jintian LI, Hui LIU, Ning YANG, Jin CHU, Li SUN, Xiaojuan BI, Renyong LIN, Guodong LV Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2022; 84(3): 465. CrossRef
Salvadora persica extract attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatorenal damage by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats Thalat Bokhary, Bassem Refaat, El-Sayed Bakr, Sameh Baz, Bodour Rajab, Hossam Gadalla, Mohamed El-Boshy Journal of Integrative Medicine.2022; 20(4): 348. CrossRef
Herbal Medicines against Hydatid Disease: A Systematic Review (2000–2021) Mughees Aizaz Alvi, Sadiq Khan, Rana Muhammad Athar Ali, Warda Qamar, Muhammad Saqib, Noman Yousaf Faridi, Li Li, Bao-Quan Fu, Hong-Bin Yan, Wan-Zhong Jia Life.2022; 12(5): 676. CrossRef
Scolicidal Activity of Eriobotrya japonica and Lonicera japonica Extracts Against Hydatid Cysts of Echinococcus granulosus Chonoor Mohammadi, Jgarxwen Nuraddin, Suham Najmadin Research Journal of Phytochemistry.2022; 16(2): 74. CrossRef
Scolicidal effects of Cassia fistula and Urtica dioica extracts on protoscoleces of hydatid cysts Amirmehdi Sarvestani, Ali Karimian, Rasool Mohammadi, Kourosh Cheraghipour, Masoomeh Zivdri, Morteza Nourmohammadi, Mohammad Almasian, Amirhossein Nafari Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(1): 59. CrossRef
Anti-echinococcal effect of verapamil involving the regulation of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II response in vitro and in a murine infection model Hai-Jun Gao, Xu-Dong Sun, Yan-Ping Luo, Hua-Sheng Pang, Xing-Ming Ma, Ting Zhang, Tao Jing, Wei Hu, Yu-Juan Shen, Jian-Ping Cao Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Silybum marianum ethanolic extract: in vitro effects on protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus G1 strain with emphasis on other Iranian medicinal plants Ali Taghipour, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, John Horton, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Zohreh Sharifi Tropical Medicine and Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
In vitro scolicidal activity of Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. essential oil on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces Amani Hizem, Selim M’rad, Myriam Oudni-M’rad, Habib Mezhoud, Hichem Ben Jannet, Guido Flamini, Kamel Ghedira, Hamouda Babba Journal of Essential Oil Research.2020; 32(2): 178. CrossRef
Constituents of essential oil of Origanum minutiflorum and its in vitro antioxidant, scolicidal and anticancer activities Atalay Sokmen, Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Esam S. Al-Malki, Saleh Al-Quraishy, Heba M. Abdel-Haleem Journal of King Saud University - Science.2020; 32(4): 2377. CrossRef
In vitro Scolicidal effects of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) venom against the protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus Esam S. Al-Malki, Naser Abdelsater Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2020; 27(7): 1760. CrossRef
Main compounds and in vitro effectiveness of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on protoscoleces of hydatid cyst Sid Mohammed Ammar Selles, Mokhtaria Kouidri, Tahar Belkacem Belhamiti, Amar Ait Amrane, Mohamed Benahmed, Abdelkader Hachemi Comparative Clinical Pathology.2020; 29(3): 705. CrossRef
Anticoccidial activities of Salvadora persica(arak), Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Curcuma longa (turmeric) extracts on the control of chicken coccidiosis Manei M. Aljedaie, Esam S. Al-Malki Journal of King Saud University - Science.2020; 32(6): 2810. CrossRef
Antiprotozoal potential of Salvadora persica against three virulent subtypes of Blastocystis sp. Mohammed A. El-Bali, Abdulhafid Abdulhakim, Raafat T. Mohamed, Mohamed A. EL-Malky, Rowaida A. Bakri, Saeed A. Al-Harthi Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2020; 44(4): 694. CrossRef
Tacrolimus, a rapamycin target protein inhibitor, exerts anti-cystic echinococcosis effects both in vitro and in vivo Muzhabaier Muhedier, Jintian Li, Hui Liu, Guizhi Ma, Kuerbannisha Amahong, Renyong Lin, Guodong Lü Acta Tropica.2020; 212: 105708. CrossRef
A systematic review of medicinal plants used against Echinococcus granulosus Rehman Ali, Sanaullah Khan, Marina Khan, Muhammad Adnan, Ijaz Ali, Taj Ali Khan, Sumbal Haleem, Muhammad Rooman, Sadia Norin, Shahid Niaz Khan, Branislav T. Šiler PLOS ONE.2020; 15(10): e0240456. CrossRef
In vitro and in vivo Effects of Artesunate on Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces and Metacestodes
Limei Wen, Guodong Lv, Jun Zhao, Shuai Lu, Yuehong Gong, Yafen Li, Haiya Zheng, Bei Chen, Huijing Gao, Chunyan Tian, Jianhua Wang Drug Design, Development and Therapy.2020; Volume 14: 4685. CrossRef
Lethal effects of gold nanoparticles on protoscolices of hydatid cyst: in vitro study Sara Napooni, Mohsen Arbabi, Mahdi Delavari, Hossein Hooshyar, Sima Rasti Comparative Clinical Pathology.2019; 28(1): 143. CrossRef
Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century Hao Wen, Lucine Vuitton, Tuerhongjiang Tuxun, Jun Li, Dominique A. Vuitton, Wenbao Zhang, Donald P. McManus Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Scolicidal Effects of Chitosan–Curcumin Nanoparticles on the Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices Sara Napooni, Mahdi Delavari, Mohsen Arbabi, Hossein Barkheh, Sima Rasti, Hossein Hooshyar, S. Mostafa Hosseinpour Mashkani Acta Parasitologica.2019; 64(2): 367. CrossRef
CYSTIC HYDATIDOSIS IN KIDNEY OF SHEEP: PREVALENCE AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY Muslimah, N. ALsulami, Nafisa Mohammd Batarfi Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences.2019; 7(5): 505. CrossRef
Prevalence and characterization of hydatidosis in Najdi sheep slaughtered in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Esam Almalki, Saleh Al-Quarishy Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2018; 25(7): 1375. CrossRef
Progress in the pharmacological treatment of human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis: Compounds and therapeutic targets Mar Siles-Lucas, Adriano Casulli, Roberto Cirilli, David Carmena, Giovanna Raso PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2018; 12(4): e0006422. CrossRef
Susceptibility of Protoscoleces of Hydatid Cyst to Various Concentrations of Oak Gall (Quercus infectoria Olivier) Extract at Different Exposure Times In Vitro Farnaz Malekifard, Fatemeh Keramati Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
In vitro effectiveness of Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale extracts on Echinococcus protoscoleces Esam Almalki, Esam M. Al-Shaebi, Saleh Al-Quarishy, Mansour El-Matbouli, Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2017; 24(1): 90. CrossRef
Assessment of prevalence of hydatidosis in slaughtered Sawakny sheep in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia Esam Almalki, Saleh Al-Quarishy, Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2017; 24(7): 1534. CrossRef
Bois d’arak (bâton d’arak) K. Ghédira, P. Goetz Phytothérapie.2017; 15(2): 80. CrossRef
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Ribosomal Protein RPS9 in Echinococcus granulosus L. M. Wen, G. D. Lü, J. Zhao, S. Lu, H. J. Gao, B. Chen, Y. F. Ma, Y. F. Xiao, Y. Yuan, H. B. Zhang, H. Liu, J. H. Wang Journal of Parasitology.2017; 103(6): 699. CrossRef
Black light traps were used to measure the seasonal and geographical distribution of Culicoides spp. (biting midges or no-see-ums) at 9 cowsheds in the southern half of the Republic of Korea (ROK) from June through October 2010. A total of 25,242 Culicoides females (24,852; 98.5%) and males (390; 1.5%) comprising of 9 species were collected. The most commonly collected species was Culicoides punctatus (73.0%) followed by C. arakawae (25.7%), while the remaining 7 species accounted for <1.0% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The mean number of Culicoides spp. collected per trap night (Trap Index [TI]) was highest for C. punctatus (409.3), followed by C. arakawae (144.2), C. tainanus (4.1), C. oxystoma (1.2), C. circumscriptus (0.7), C. homotomus (0.6), C. erairai (0.4), C. kibunensis (0.3), and C. nipponensis (0.04). Peak TIs were observed for C. punctatus (1,188.7) and C. arakawae (539.0) during July and August, respectively. C. punctatus and C. arakawae have been implicated in the transmission of arboviruses and other pathogens of veterinary importance that adversely impact on animal and bird husbandry.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Diversity and Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Tengchong County of Yunnan, China Yi-Nan Wang, Ying-Liang Duan, Zhan-Hong Li, Jia-Ming Deng, Xing-Nan Sun, Xue-Ying Shen, An-Xi Yang, Shi-Long Li Insects.2025; 16(8): 780. CrossRef
Hiding in plain sight: Uncovering the hidden diversity of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Republic of Korea using DNA barcoding data Jiseung Jeon, Dong-Yeol Lee, Seung Bak An, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107821. CrossRef
Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017 Myung-Soon Kim, Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Sung-Tae Chong, Hyo-Sung Kim, Terry A. Klein The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 273. CrossRef
Oral Susceptibility of JapaneseCulicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Species to Akabane Virus Tohru Yanase, Tomoko Kato, Yoko Hayama, Hiroaki Shirafuji, Makoto Yamakawa, Shogo Tanaka Journal of Medical Entomology.2019; 56(2): 533. CrossRef
Evidence of bluetongue virus circulation in farmed and free-ranging cervids from the Republic of Korea: A retrospective cross-sectional study Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh Veterinary Microbiology.2019; 230: 145. CrossRef
Serological evidence of bluetongue virus infection and serotype distribution in dairy cattle in South Korea Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh BMC Veterinary Research.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Bluetongue Virus Antibodies in Domestic Goats: A Countrywide and Retrospective Study in the Republic of Korea Jung-Yong Yeh, Jae Geun Kim, Jaehyuk Choi, Jae Kwang Kim, Kil Won Kim Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2018; 18(6): 323. CrossRef
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AVIAN POXVIRUS IN THE ORIENTAL TURTLE DOVE (STREPTOPELIA ORIENTALIS) AND THE BITING MIDGE (CULICOIDES ARAKAWAE) IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA Hae Rim Lee, Bon-Sang Koo, Jong-Taek Kim, Heung-Chul Kim, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, Man-Seok Shin, Sanghun Lee, Eun-Ok Jeon, Kyung-Cheol Min, Seung Baek Lee, Yeonji Bae, In-Pil Mo Journal of Wildlife Diseases.2017; 53(4): 749. CrossRef
Prevalence of different species of Culicoides in Bangalore rural and urban districts of South India M. Archana, Placid E. D’Souza, C. Renuka Prasad, S. M. Byregowda Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2016; 40(3): 591. CrossRef
First report of Bluetongue virus isolation in the Republic of Korea and analysis of the complete coding sequence of the segment 2 gene Hyun-Ji Seo, Jee-Yong Park, Yun Sang Cho, In-Soo Cho, Jung-Yong Yeh Virus Genes.2015; 50(1): 156. CrossRef
Species Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of <i>Culicoides</i> spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Jeju-do, Republic of Korea Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, David Gopurenko, Du-Cheng Cai, Hyun-Ji Seo, In-Soo Cho, Jee-Yong Park The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 501. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of five arboviruses in sentinel cattle as part of nationwide surveillance in South Korea, 2009−2012 Yeon-Hee KIM, Jae-Ku OEM, Eun-Yong LEE, Koung-Ki LEE, Seong-Hee KIM, Myoung-Heon LEE, Se Chang PARK Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2015; 77(2): 247. CrossRef
Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Collected by Mosquito Magnet® in Northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), Korea Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, Sung-Tae Chong, Jee-Yong Park The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(1): 57. CrossRef
First
Prev
