Parasites, Hosts and Diseases (Parasites Hosts Dis; formerly the Korean Journal of Parasitology) is the official journal of The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine. The journal is devoted to the dissemination of new knowledge concerning parasites infecting humans and animals, vectors, host-parasite relationships, zoonosis, and tropical medicine. Only manuscripts written in English are accepted. Parasites Hosts Dis follows the Open Access Journal policy. All contents of Parasites Hosts Dis are freely available in the web. Digital files can freely be read, downloaded and printed. For policies unstated in this instruction, “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication” (http://www.icmje.org) can be applied.

SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS

Manuscripts should be submitted through the on-line Manuscript Central website (http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/phd, http://parahostdis.org). Other correspondences can be e-mailed to Dr. Yoon Kong (kongy@skku.edu), Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.

The main text, tables, and figures should be prepared as separate files. The line numbers should be consecutively given from title page to tables and figure legends. The text and tables should be prepared as MS Word files created on an IBM or IBM-compatible computer. Figure and photo files made by PPT, Excel, SigmaPlot, JPG, TIF, Adobe Photoshop, or Adobe Illustrator are all acceptable. If a paper is accepted, authors may be asked to submit higher resolution figure files.

Manuscripts must be accompanied by a cover letter stating significance of the manuscript, the e-mail address, mailing address, telephone, and fax numbers of the corresponding author, and ORCID iD of the co-authors. Parasites Hosts Dis requires the corresponding author to sign a copyright transfer agreement on behalf of all authors. The letter should also include a statement that the manuscript is submitted by agreement of all authors, and that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere and will not be submitted elsewhere unless rejected by Parasites Hosts Dis or withdrawn by the corresponding author’s written notification to the editor. The corresponding author may recommend an appropriate peer-reviewer including his/her name, address, telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail address.

Author check list and copyright transfer can be found during the submission process via homepage.

EDITORIAL POLICY

Manuscripts to Parasites Hosts Dis must be original research papers, invited or submitted review or mini-review papers, brief communications, case reports, letters to the editor, or book reviews, which have not been published previously, and are not being considered for publication by other journals. Whole or a part of the text and illustrations should not be published elsewhere without permission. Original raw data must be available for review by the editorial board if required. All authors of a manuscript must have agreed to its submission to Parasites Hosts Dis and are responsible for the whole content, including literature citations and acknowledgements, and must have agreed that the corresponding author has the authority to act on their behalf on all matters pertaining to publication of the paper. When a paper is published in Parasites Hosts Dis, it is understood that authors have agreed that Parasites Hosts Dis has the rights to protect the manuscript from misappropriation of their work.

The Journal is quarterly published at the last day of February, May, August, and November each year.

CONTRIBUTORS

Each author is required to declare his or her individual contribution to the article: All authors must have materially participated in the research and/or article preparation. Roles for all authors should be described. The statement that all authors have approved the final article should be true and included in the disclosure. Parasites Hosts Dis adopts the CRediT taxonomy to define author contributions. Each author’s contributor roles and degree of contributions must be provided via online submission system.

AUTHORSHIP

The authorship should be restricted to those who should meet any of the following conditions: 1) substantial contribution to the conception or design of the study, or acquisition, interpretation and analysis of data; 2) drafting the work or revising it critically for the important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published; and 4) agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All those designated as authors should meet all four criteria for authorship, and all who meet the four criteria should be identified as authors. Contributors who meet fewer than all four criteria for authorship should not be listed as authors, but they should be acknowledged as contributors. These definitions of authors are based on those by ICMJE (http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/).

Changes to authorship:Any addition, deletion or rearrangement of author names in the authorship list should be made only before the manuscript has been accepted. To request such a change, the Editor must receive the following from the corresponding author: (a) the reason for the change in author list and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed.

ORCID

ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) is a 16-digit code that uniquely identifies an academic author (http://orcid.org/).

All authors are asked to provide their ORCID for submission to Parasites Hosts Dis. ORCID is strongly required for corresponding author(s).

ETHICAL STATEMENT

In studies of human subjects, the planning conduct and reporting of human research should be in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of author’s institute and with the Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2013.

In the case of animal experiments, authors should observe the institutional or national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals, the care and use of laboratory animals, IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee).

For the policies on the research and publication ethics not stated in this instruction, “Good Publication Practice Guidelines for Medical Journals (http://kamje.or.kr/publishing_ethics.html)” or “Guidelines on Good Publication (http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/guidelines)” can be applied.

Researches including human subjects and/or experimental animals, ethics approval must be stated with institutional approval number(s) under “ethics statement” section of the submitting manuscript.

FORMS OF PUBLICATION

Original Papers: This form of publication represents original research articles on parasites, parasitic diseases, host-parasite relationships and tropical medicine. Reference limit is 35.

Case Reports: Descriptions of clinical cases (individual or a series) should be unique and should preferably be a first-time report. Reference limit is 20.

Brief Communications: Short reports of original researches are accepted for publication. Reference limit is 20.

Letters to the Editor: Critical comments are welcomed for correcting errors of published facts and for providing alternative interpretations of published data.

Reviews or Mini-Reviews: Invited or submitted review papers are accepted. A Mini-Review is a short review on a specific topic, which is included in a regular issue of the journals.

Book Reviews: Invited book reviews can be published.

Erratum/Revision/Addendum/Retraction: These kinds of editorial notice may be published.

PEER-REVIEW

All manuscripts are treated as confidential. They are peer-reviewed by at least 2 anonymous reviewers selected by the editor and associate editors. Letters to the Editor are reviewed and published on the decision of the editor. The corresponding author is notified as soon as possible of the editor’s decision to accept, reject, or request revision of manuscripts. When the final revised manuscript is completely acceptable according to the Parasites Hosts Dis format and criteria, it is scheduled for publication in the next available issue. Rejected papers will not be peer-reviewed again.

REVISION OF MANUSCRIPTS

When manuscripts are returned to authors for revision, a cover letter from the editor will provide directions that should be followed carefully. When submitting the revised manuscript, a cover letter should be accompanied by point-to-point replies to the comments given by the editor, associate editor, and reviewers included and how the revisions have been made. Nucleotide and polypeptide sequences should be updated by searching public databases immediately before completion of the revised manuscript. If the revised paper is not received within 6 months of decision, or if other necessary arrangements are not made by the editor, the manuscript is considered to have been withdrawn.

PAGE PROOFS

Page proofs and reprint order forms are sent to the corresponding author, together with an instruction for payment of page charges. It is advised that editing is limited to the correction of typographical errors, incorrect data, and grammatical errors, and for updating information on references which were in press. The results of page proofs should be sent immediately by e-mail, or if signed proofs, sent by FAX, preferably within 2 business days.

REPRINTS

The journal is published on-line only and we do not receive reprint requests from Vol. 53 (2015).

PUBLICATION CHARGE

The publication fee for overseas authors is US$700 up to 8 printed pages, and US$100 per additional page regardless of a KSP member or a non-member (no charge for color figures and tables). The publication fee for domestic authors is Korean won \700,000 up to 8 printed pages and \100,000 per additional page (no charge for color figures). The publication cost is subjected to change according to the financial situation of the society.

PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS

Prepare manuscripts preferably using MS Word, double spaced, on an A4 (210×297 mm) page format. Do not leave extra space between paragraphs. Only a single font (e.g., Times New Roman) should be used in 12 point or over. Genera and species names of parasites and living organisms should be written in italic. Other Latin origin words, such as “et al.”, “in situ”, “in vitro”, and “in vivo” should not be italicized. Number all text lines in sequence from the Title Page, Abstract, INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS, DISCUSSION, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, REFERENCES, and to Figure Legends. Tables and Figures should be on separate files. Headings should be in bold letters, and aligned in the center. If possible, sentences should not begin with abbreviated words. Reference citations are in Vancouver style. Use [1], [2,3], [4-6], or [2,7-9] in the text, and they should be listed in the REFERENCES section in numerical orders.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Manuscripts should be organized in the following format and sequence.

Title page: Provide a full title of the article, a short one for use as a running head, and full names and affiliations of all the authors. Titles should be descriptive, concise and representative of the contents, and less than 250 characters. A short title states the topic of study within 50 characters. Numbers indicating papers in a series are not acceptable. Titles should be in bold with the initial letter of the first word a capital letter. The surnames of the authors should be capitalized. If some of the authors are in different affiliations, place numbers as superscripts 1, 2, 3 … after the surname of authors and before the name of their affiliations. Place an asterisk (*) after the name of the corresponding author. At the bottom of the title page, give the name, address, telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail address of the corresponding author.

Footnote: A footnote appears at the bottom of the first page of the article, and includes the received date of the manuscript, the date of acceptance for publication, and the e-mail address of the corresponding author. Any changed affiliation of authors can be described here. Nucleotide or amino acid sequence deposition in reference databases can be stated as a footnote.

Abstract and Key words: On a separate page, provide an abstract of less than 350 words. The abstract should outline the objective, methods, conclusions, and significance of the study. The abstract is headed with the word ‘Abstract’ indented, and typed in bold, ending with a colon also in bold. The abstract following the colon should not be subdivided, and should be without references. Key words should be given at the end of the abstract in 3 to 10 words or phrases. Use terms from the medical subject headings (MeSH) list of Index Medicus. Otherwise, the authors should provide concise and informative terms.

Introduction: Start the introduction on a separate page. The introduction should supply sufficient background knowledge and information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the value of the study. It must also provide a rationale for the study. Cite references to provide the most salient background rather than an exhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods: This section must include sufficient technical information to allow other researchers to be able to reproduce the results. Methods and apparatus used should be indicated. The source of special equipment or chemicals should also be given with the name and location of manufacturers, e.g. (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) or (Sigma, St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Techniques previously published or standardized can be simplified by literature citations. The statistical procedures used should be explained. Primary headings for this section are in bold, indented, without numbering. The text is run from a new line under the heading with an indentation.

Ethics statement: When any human originated materials were used, authors should provide an approval of Institute Review Board including approval number(s). Authors should describe the precise details of animal care and use, and experimental protocols, including surgical procedures, anesthesia, blood and tissue sampling, and methods of euthanasia. Ethics statement should come as the first subtitle of Materials and Methods.

Results: Present the results concisely in logical sequence in the text. Tables and figures can be used in minimum, and their information should not be repeated in the text. Decimal place: express percentiles (%) and measured values with first decimal place (ex., 35.5%, 29.7 mm) in the text and tables. Nucleotide sequences should be searched against those in standard databases, e.g., GenBank. Extensive interpretation of the results should be moved to the Discussion section. Number tables and figures in the order they are cited in the text. All statements concerning the statistical significance of differences observed should be accompanied by probability values given in parentheses. This section may be subdivided and headed as in the Materials and Methods section.

In taxonomic papers describing a new species or taxon of parasites, the results section can be supplemented with a DESCRIPTION of the parasite, with taxonomic summary and remarks. The taxonomic summary includes the type host, other hosts, habitat, locality, places where specimens are deposited and etymology.

Discussion: The discussion section should provide an interpretation and explanation of the results in relation to existing knowledge. Emphasis should be given to important new findings and new hypotheses should be described clearly. The conclusive remark must be supported by facts and data. This section should not contain repetition of the RESULTS section or reiteration of the INTRODUCTION section.

Acknowledgements: Specify contributions for the article, such as administrative support, technical assistance, critical reviews of the manuscript, and financial support.

References:All references cited in the text must appear in the References section, and all items in this section should be cited in the text. References should be listed in order of citation in the text. Citations of abstracts and works in submission are not permitted. If inevitable, personal communications can be cited in the text, but not listed in the REFERENCES section. Papers in press can be cited when a proof has been produced.

If there are 5 or fewer authors, list all author names. If there are more than 6 authors, list up to 5 authors and indicate et al. Abbreviate journal names according to those examples used in Index Medicus and PubMed. The sequence is authors, title of papers, journal name, year published, volume, issue and pages followed by DOI. Follow the style shown by the examples below. For citations from other sources, refer to “The NLM Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 2nd ed. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. National Library of Medicine. 2007 (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine)”.

Journal articles

1. Kim SS, Kim KS, Han IH, Kim Y, Bang SS, et al. Proliferation of mouse prostate cancer cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis. Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):547-556. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.547 (If there are more than 5 authors, list up to 5 authors and indicate et al.)
2. 2. Sokół R. Gałęcki R. Prevalence of keds on city dogs in Central Poland. Med Vet Entomol 2017;31(1):114-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12209 (five or fewer authors, list them all).

Books

3. Beaver PC, Jung RC, Cupp EW. Clinical Parasitology. 9th ed. Lea & Febiger. Philadelphia, USA. 1984, pp 310-315.

Chapters in edited books

4. Nesheim MC. Ascariasis and human nutrition. In Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC, Pawlowski ZS eds, Ascariasis and Its Prevention and Control. Taylor and Francis. London, UK. 1989, pp 87-100.

Tables: Each table should be prepared on a separate page. Tables are used to present data that cannot be incorporated conveniently into the text. Number tables in order of citation in the text and avoid repetition of data. Species names of parasites are spelled out in full when they are used for the first time in each table. Tables should have a concise and informative title with the table content between horizontal lines. Vertical lines are not used. A table should not exceed one page when printed. Use lower case letters in superscripts a, b, c … for special remarks.

Figures: Each figure or figure plate must have a caption written in one paragraph style. For figure plates, a summarized statement should precede the specific explanation of each figure. Species names are spelled out in full in each caption, when they are used for the first time in each figure. The caption should contain an explanation of all abbreviations and symbols used, and indicate the size value of lines or bars unless shown directly on the figure.

Figures are numbered consecutively in the sequence mentioned in the text. The Figure number should be placed at the lower-left corner of each figure, and the numbering order must be from left to right, and from upper to lower. Citations of figures in the text or parentheses are abbreviated, e.g., Fig. 1, Figs. 1, 2, Figs. 1-3, (Fig. 1), (Figs. 1, 2), (Figs. 1-3). When the text refers to both figures and tables, they should be mentioned in parentheses, e.g., (Table 1; Fig. 2) and (Tables 1-3; Figs. 4-6).

Figures and illustrations should be prepared fit the width of mono- or bi-column, 80 mm, or 168 mm. Use Arial font for labels and abbreviations. Computer-generated graphics must be produced with high tones and resolution (> 300 dpi). Photographs must be of sufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable loss of contrast and detail during the printing process. If a figure or a figure plate is to be reduced, be sure that all elements, including labels, can withstand reduction and remain legible. Electron and light microscopic figures must be original or scanned copies from the original. Put a scale bar holding a length (ex., 15 mm) each in photo.

CASE REPORTS

The manuscript sequence for a Case Report is Title page (including a running head), Abstract and Key words, Introduction, Case Record (or Case Description), Discussion, Acknowledgements, References, and Figure Legends. Tables and Figures are as additional files. All sections except the Case Record are in the form described for original papers.

Case Record: Provide the brief medical history of the patient(s), the data on physical and laboratory examinations, ethics statement (when applicable), surgery (if done), and results of the parasitological study, including pathological findings and microscopic observations.

BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS

The sequence for a Brief Communication is Title page (including a running head), Abstract and Key words, Text, Acknowledgements, References, and Figure Legends. Tables and Figures are as additional files. All sections except the text are in the form described for original papers.

Text: The text is written without a heading and without sections, such as Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion, and without extra spacing between paragraphs. References should be less than 20.

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

The sequence for a Letter to the Editor is Title page, Text, References, Names and Affiliations of authors. If needed, Tables and Figures can be included. The text is written without subdivision and without extra-spacing between paragraphs. A Letter to the Editor should not be longer than a printed page (approximately 3 pages with double spaces on an A4 format).

REVIEW ARTICLES

Manuscripts include a Title page (with a running head), Abstract and Key words, Text, References, Tables, and Figures. The text is written in free style.

BOOK REVIEWS

Manuscripts include a Title of the book reviewed, author(s) and editor(s) of the book, printer and publisher (city, state and country), total pages, ISBN number, followed by the Text and the Reviewer with affiliation. The text is written in free style.

GENERAL POINTS OF TEXT STYLE

Verb tense: It is recommended that authors use the past tense to describe particular events in the past, including the procedures, observations, and data of the study that authors are reporting. Use the present tense for authors’ own general conclusions, firm conclusions of previous researchers, and generally accepted facts and phenomena. Abstract, Materials and Methods, and Results are in general in the past tense, whereas most of Introduction and some of Discussion are in the present tense. However, the tense may vary within a single sentence. For example, it can be stated that “It was demonstrated that Gymnophalloides seoi is transmitted by oysters” and “Fig. 3 shows that cysteine proteinases of Entamoeba histolytica degraded macromolecules, such as collagen and fibronectin”.

Description of localities: Standard guidelines for the description of locality names should be used. In the case of the Republic of Korea, refer to the Guidelines for the Romanization of Korean localities (http://www.parasitol.or.kr).

Units: Standard metric units are used for describing length, height, weight, and volume. The unit of temperature is given in degree Celsius (˚C). All others are in terms of the International System of Units (SI). All units must be preceded by one space except percentage (%) and temperature (˚C).

Numbers: In the text, numbers should be Arabic numerals, except when beginning a sentence. Numbers greater than 999 should have commas, e.g., 13,970. The 24-hour system is used to indicate time, e.g., 18:00 hr.

Abbreviations: Abbreviations must be used as an aid to the reader, rather than as a convenience of the author, and therefore their use should be limited. Generally, avoid abbreviations that are used less than 3 times in the text, including tables and figure legends. In addition to abbreviations for SI units, common molecular, chemical, immunological, and hematological terms can be used without definition in the title, abstract, text, tables, and figure legends, e.g., bp, kb, kDa, DNA, cDNA, RNA, mRNA, PCR, SDS-PAGE, ELISA, IgG, RBC, and WBC. Other common abbreviations are as follows (the same abbreviations are used for plural forms): h (hour; use 0-24:00 hr for time), sec (second), min (minute), day (not abbreviated), week (not abbreviated), month (not abbreviated), year (not abbreviated), L (liter), ml (milliliter), μl (microliter), g (gram), kg (kilogram), mg (milligram), μg (microgram), ng (nanogram), pg (picogram), g (gravity; not × g), n (sample size), SD (standard deviation of the mean), SE (standard error of the mean).