The dense granule of Toxoplasma gondii is a secretory vesicular organelle of which the proteins participate in the modification of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and PV membrane for the maintenance of intracellular parasitism in almost all nucleated host cells. In this review, the archives on the research of GRA proteins are reviewed on the foci of finding GRA proteins, characterizing molecular aspects, usefulness in diagnostic antigen, and vaccine trials in addition to some functions in host-parasite interactions.
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Interactions between GRA proteins of dense granules in Toxoplasma gondii and host cell proteins were analyzed by yeast two-hybrid technique. The cMyc-GRA fusion proteins expressed from pGBKT7 plasmid in Y187 yeast were bound to host cell proteins from pGADT7-Rec-HeLa cDNA library transformed to AH109 yeast by mating method. By the selection procedures, a total of 939 colonies of the SD/-AHLT culture, 348 colonies of the X-α-gal positive and PCR, 157 colonies of the X-β-gal assay were chosen for sequencing the cDNA and finally 90 colonies containing ORF were selected to analyze the interactions. GRA proteins interacted with a variety of host cell proteins such as enzymes, structural and functional proteins of organellar proteins of broad spectrum. Several specific bindings of each GRA protein to host proteins were discussed presumptively the role of GRA proteins after secreting into the parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) and the PV membrane in the parasitism of this parasite.
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Measurement of binding strength between prey proteins interacting with Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 and SAG2 using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) Meng-Yee Lai, Yee-Ling Lau Acta Parasitologica.2018; 63(1): 106. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii GRA7-Targeted ASC and PLD1 Promote Antibacterial Host Defense via PKCα Hyun-Jung Koh, Ye-Ram Kim, Jae-Sung Kim, Jin-Seung Yun, Kiseok Jang, Chul-Su Yang, Sarah M. Fortune PLOS Pathogens.2017; 13(1): e1006126. CrossRef
The Toxoplasma Parasitophorous Vacuole: An Evolving Host–Parasite Frontier Barbara Clough, Eva-Maria Frickel Trends in Parasitology.2017; 33(6): 473. CrossRef
Perturbed human sub-networks by Fusobacterium nucleatum candidate virulence proteins Andreas Zanzoni, Lionel Spinelli, Shérazade Braham, Christine Brun Microbiome.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Screening and identification of host proteins interacting with Toxoplasma gondii SAG2 by yeast two-hybrid assay Meng-Yee Lai, Yee-Ling Lau Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcriptional changes of mouse splenocyte organelle components following acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii Jun-Jun He, Jun Ma, Fa-Cai Li, Hui-Qun Song, Min-Jun Xu, Xing-Quan Zhu Experimental Parasitology.2016; 167: 7. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii GRA7-Induced TRAF6 Activation Contributes to Host Protective Immunity Chul-Su Yang, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee, Eun-Kyeong Jo, J. H. Adams Infection and Immunity.2016; 84(1): 339. CrossRef
Evaluation of an indirect ELISA using recombinant granule antigen GRA1, GRA7 and soluble antigens for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens Xuefei Sun, Zedong Wang, Jiping Li, Feng Wei, Quan Liu Research in Veterinary Science.2015; 100: 161. CrossRef
Comparative mapping of host–pathogen protein–protein interactions Priya S Shah, Jason A Wojcechowskyj, Manon Eckhardt, Nevan J Krogan Current Opinion in Microbiology.2015; 27: 62. CrossRef
Selective and strain-specific NFAT4 activation by the Toxoplasma gondii polymorphic dense granule protein GRA6 Ji Su Ma, Miwa Sasai, Jun Ohshima, Youngae Lee, Hironori Bando, Kiyoshi Takeda, Masahiro Yamamoto Journal of Experimental Medicine.2014; 211(10): 2013. CrossRef
Recombinant Dense Granular Protein (GRA5) for Detection of Human Toxoplasmosis by Western Blot Xiao Teng Ching, Yee Ling Lau, Mun Yik Fong, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Hemah Andiappan BioMed Research International.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef
A novel dense granule protein, GRA22, is involved in regulating parasite egress in Toxoplasma gondii Tadashi Okada, Dini Marmansari, Zeng-mei Li, Altanchimeg Adilbish, Shishenkov Canko, Akio Ueno, Haruhi Shono, Hidefumi Furuoka, Makoto Igarashi Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2013; 189(1-2): 5. CrossRef
GRA 14, a novel dense granule protein from Neospora caninum Gongzhen Liu, Xia Cui, Pan Hao, Daoyu Yang, Jing Liu, Qun Liu Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica.2013; 45(7): 607. CrossRef
Transcriptomic Analysis of Toxoplasma Development Reveals Many Novel Functions and Structures Specific to Sporozoites and Oocysts Heather M. Fritz, Kerry R. Buchholz, Xiucui Chen, Blythe Durbin-Johnson, David M. Rocke, Patricia A. Conrad, John C. Boothroyd, Silvia N. Moreno PLoS ONE.2012; 7(2): e29998. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii: Expression of GRA1 gene in endoplasmic reticulum promotes both growth and adherence and modulates intracellular calcium release in macrophages Jie Lin, Xu Lin, Guo-hua Yang, Yong Wang, Bi-wen Peng, Jian-yin Lin Experimental Parasitology.2010; 125(2): 165. CrossRef
Schizophrenia Susceptibility Genes Directly Implicated in the Life Cycles of Pathogens: Cytomegalovirus, Influenza, Herpes simplex, Rubella, and Toxoplasma gondii C.J. Carter Schizophrenia Bulletin.2009; 35(6): 1163. CrossRef
GRA Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii: Maintenance of Host-Parasite Interactions across the Parasitophorous Vacuolar Membrane Ho-Woo Nam The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S29. CrossRef
Interaction between Parasitophorous Vacuolar Membrane-associated GRA3 and Calcium Modulating Ligand of Host Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum in the Parasitism of Toxoplasma gondii Ji Yeon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Kyung Ju Ryu, Ho-Woo Nam The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(4): 209. CrossRef
Nucleolar translocalization of GRA10 of Toxoplasma gondii transfectionally expressed in HeLa cells Hye-Jin Ahn, Sehra Kim, Ho-Woo Nam The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(3): 165. CrossRef
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