Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Heung Chul Kim"

Brief Communication

Species identification and pyrethroid resistance genotyping of recently resurgent Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus in Korea: Susie Cho, Heung Chul Kim, Hoonsik Eom, Jae Rok Lee, Chung Hyun Ko, E-hyun Shin, Won Kyu Lee, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):251-256.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24002

The global resurgence of bed bug infestations, exacerbated by increasing international travel, trade, and insecticide resistance, has significantly impacted Korea. This study identified the bed bug species and performed pyrethroid resistance genotyping of recently resurgent bed bugs in Korea. Thirty-one regional bed bug samples were collected from 5 administrative regions: Gyeonggi-do (n=14), Seoul (n=13), Busan (n=2), Jeonllanam-do (n=1), and Chungcheongbuk-do (n=1). The samples underwent morphological and molecular identification. Twenty-four regional samples (77.4%) were identified as the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, and the remaining 7 regional samples (22.6%) were identified as the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. The C. hemipterus regional samples carried at least three mutations associated with knockdown resistance (kdr), including 2 super-kdr mutations. The 7 C. lectularius regional samples possessed at least one of the 3 kdr-related mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance. This study confirms that the prevalent bed bug species recently in Korea is C. hemipterus, replacing the previously endemic C. lectularius. Additionally, the rise in bed bug populations with pyrethroid resistance underscores the necessity of introducing alternative insecticides.

Citations

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Widespread fixation of kdr-associated mutations in temporal samples of Cimex lectularius collected from multi-unit buildings
Jin-Jia Yu, Warren Booth, Changlu Wang
Journal of Pest Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiple mechanisms associated with deltamethrin and imidacloprid resistance in field-collected common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Jin-Jia Yu, Shao-Hung Lee, Chow-Yang Lee, Changlu Wang
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2025; 210: 106357. CrossRef
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Chow‐Yang Lee
Entomological Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Andreas A. Kudom, Philipp Hanke, Joana Ayettey, Rofela Combey, Ben A. Mensah, Benjamin Anderson, Andreas Wieser
Acta Tropica.2025; 265: 107623. CrossRef
Toxicity of ivermectin to bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus) and risk factors associated with infestation in Kwale County, coastal Kenya
Tobias Odongo, Isaiah Omondi, Caroline Wanjiku, Miguel Okoko, Caroline Kiuru, Mercy Kariuki, Isaac Ringera, Bruno Otieno, Festus Mure, Joanna Furnival-Adams, Almudena Sanz Gutierrez, Rachel Otuko, Nelly Regina Rabinovich, Joseph Mwangangi, Carlos Chaccour
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of bed bug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) infestation and prevalence of insecticide-resistant amino acid substitutions in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Maaya Sasaki
Medical Entomology and Zoology.2025; 76(2): 45. CrossRef
Development of molecular diagnostic protocols for simultaneous identification of common bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and tropical bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus)
Jeong Heum Han, Junhyeong Choi, Susie Cho, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2023–2024년 국내에서 발생한 빈대의 분포 조사
기훈 김, 선란 조, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2024; 17(45): 1956. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea: In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):473-479.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.473

Abstract
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A nationwide survey of chigger mites causing scrub typhus and an investigation of epidemiologic factors for chigger mites was conducted at 16 localities in 8 provinces in Korea during autumn 2009, 2012, and 2013. A total of 233 Apodemus agrarius were captured, and all were infested with chigger mites. The chigger index was highest in Chungcheongbuk-do in 2009 (358.3) and 2012 (290.1) and Chungcheongnam-do in 2013 (294.4). The predominant chigger mite species was Leptotrombidium pallidum in the northern and central parts and L. scutellare in the southern and western parts, Korea. L. pallidum was not found in Jellanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do and the distribution of L. scutellare had been expanded in the northern parts of Korea. The chigger index of L. pallidum was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with humidity. The incidence of scrub typhus is dependent on L. scutellare index. These findings could be helpful to monitor the distribution of chigger mites and to develop a preventive measures for scrub typhus in Korea.

Citations

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Scrub typhus update: A re‑emerging global threat beyond the Tsutsugamushi Triangle and the physiological ramifications of scrub typhus infection (Review)
Ankur Vashishtha, Vivek Kumar, Gautam Panwar, Gaurav Kausik, Samaniya Baig, Prigya Sharma, Rajesh Yadav
World Academy of Sciences Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Association Between Environmental Factors and Scrub Typhus: A Review
Shu Yang, Shu Yang, Yuxiang Xie, Wenjing Duan, Yiting Cui, Ai Peng, Yisheng Zhou, Yibing Fan, Hui Li, Peng Huang
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 10(6): 151. CrossRef
Temperature effect on scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: the projection for climate change
Donghee Seo, Yoon-Jung Choi, Yun-Chul Hong
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations of meteorological factors and dynamics of scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: A nationwide time-series study
Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
Environmental Research.2024; 245: 117994. CrossRef
The impact of meteorological parameters on the scrub typhus incidence in Baoshan City, western Yunnan, China
Yun-Yan Luo, Alan Frederick Geater, Jia-Xiang Yin
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea
Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 263. CrossRef
Molecular Identification of Bacillus Isolated from Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) and Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) Feces by Using an SNP-Based 16S Ribosomal Marker
Md-Mafizur Rahman, Sang-Jin Lim, Yung-Chul Park
Animals.2022; 12(8): 979. CrossRef

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Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017: Myung-Soon Kim, Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Sung-Tae Chong, Hyo-Sung Kim, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):273-280.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.273

Abstract
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Biting midges (Culicoides: Ceratopogonidae) were collected using New Jersey light traps at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG;urban), Seoul Metropolitan city and Camp Humphreys USAG (rural), Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do (province), Republic of Korea , from May-October 2010-2013 and 2015-2017, to determine species composition and seasonal distribution patterns in urban and rural habitats. A total of 9,958 female (53.85%) and 8,533 male (46.15%) Culicoides comprising 16 species were collected. Overall, the most commonly collected species was Culicoides arakawae (74.3%), followed by C. circumscriptus (16.2%), C. kibunensis (2.5%), C. nasuensis (2.2%), C. clavipalpis (1.4%), and C. pallidulus (1.3%), while the remaining 10 species accounted for <2.1% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The 2 predominant species collected were C. circumscriptus (47.4%) and C. arakawae (33.4%) at Yongsan, and C. arakawae (90.4%) and C. circumscriptus (3.9%) at Camp Humphreys. The seasonal abundance of these 2 species varied between years and between sites but on average peaked in August-September for C. arakawae and June-July for C. circumscriptus. Annual variations in abundance were observed for most species collected during this study. Unusually high proportions of male specimens were observed for most species at both sites which may be due to the use of the New Jersey trap.

Citations

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Searching for potential Culicoides vectors of four orbiviruses in Yunnan Province, China
Zhan Hong Li, Yi Nan Wang, Jia Ming Deng, Le Li, Lian Jiang Yang, Xinq Qiang Chen, Wen Hua Wang, Fu You Lu, Zhong Jie Tang, Dong Mei Wang, Ying Liang Duan
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hiding in plain sight: Uncovering the hidden diversity of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Republic of Korea using DNA barcoding data
Jiseung Jeon, Dong-Yeol Lee, Seung Bak An, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107821. CrossRef
Potential roles of Culicoides spp. (Culicoides imicola, Culicoides oxystoma) as biological vectors of bluetongue virus in Yuanyang of Yunnan, P. R. China
Nan Li, Jinxin Meng, Yuwen He, Wenhua Wang, Jinglin Wang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Culicoides and midge-associated arboviruses on cattle farms in Yunnan Province, China
Ying-Liang Duan, Zhan-Hong Li, Glenn A. Bellis, Le Li, Bing-Gang Liu, Jian-Ping Wang, Jian-Mei Liu, De-Fang Liao, Jian-Bo Zhu
Parasite.2024; 31: 72. CrossRef

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83 Download
5 Web of Science
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Brief Communication

Species Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Jeju-do, Republic of Korea: Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, David Gopurenko, Du-Cheng Cai, Hyun-Ji Seo, In-Soo Cho, Jee-Yong Park; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):501-506.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.501

Abstract
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Biting midges belonging to the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were collected by Mosquito Magnet® and black light traps at 5 sites on Jeju-do, Republic of Korea (Korea), from May-November 2013 to determine species diversity and seasonal distribution. A total of 4,267 specimens were collected, of which 99.9% were female. The most common species was Culicoides tainanus (91.8%), followed by C. lungchiensis (7.2%) and C. punctatus (0.6%), while the remaining 4 species accounted for <0.5% of all Culicoides spp. that were collected. High numbers of C. tainanus were collected in May, followed by decreasing numbers through August, and then increasing numbers through November when surveillance was terminated. Peak numbers of C. lungchiensis were collected during September, with low numbers collected from May-August and October-November. The presence of C. lungchiensis in Korea was confirmed by morphological and molecular analyses.

Citations

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Diversity and Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Tengchong County of Yunnan, China
Yi-Nan Wang, Ying-Liang Duan, Zhan-Hong Li, Jia-Ming Deng, Xing-Nan Sun, Xue-Ying Shen, An-Xi Yang, Shi-Long Li
Insects.2025; 16(8): 780. CrossRef
Hiding in plain sight: Uncovering the hidden diversity of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Republic of Korea using DNA barcoding data
Jiseung Jeon, Dong-Yeol Lee, Seung Bak An, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107821. CrossRef
Culicoides and midge-associated arboviruses on cattle farms in Yunnan Province, China
Ying-Liang Duan, Zhan-Hong Li, Glenn A. Bellis, Le Li, Bing-Gang Liu, Jian-Ping Wang, Jian-Mei Liu, De-Fang Liao, Jian-Bo Zhu
Parasite.2024; 31: 72. CrossRef
Detection of bluetongue virus in Culicoides spp. in southern Yunnan Province, China
Ying Liang Duan, Le Li, Glenn Bellis, Zhen Xing Yang, Hua Chun Li
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017
Myung-Soon Kim, Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Sung-Tae Chong, Hyo-Sung Kim, Terry A. Klein
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 273. CrossRef
Evidence of bluetongue virus circulation in farmed and free-ranging cervids from the Republic of Korea: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
Veterinary Microbiology.2019; 230: 145. CrossRef
Serological evidence of bluetongue virus infection and serotype distribution in dairy cattle in South Korea
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
BMC Veterinary Research.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
DNA barcoding and surveillance sampling strategies for Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern India
Lara E. Harrup, Swathi Laban, Bethan V. Purse, Yarabolu Krishnamohan Reddy, Yella Narasimha Reddy, Sonnahallipura Munivenkatappa Byregowda, Naveen Kumar, Kondappa Muniramaiah Purushotham, Shrikant Kowalli, Minakshi Prasad, Gaya Prasad, Alison A. Bettis, R
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Seasonal Abundance of Deer and Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Northern Part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea: Sang Jae Suh, Heung Chul Kim, Sung Tae Chong, Myung Soon Kim, Terry A, Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):307-314.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.307

Abstract
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The seasonal abundance of horse and deer flies (family Tabanidae) was analyzed using Mosquito Magnet^® traps at 5 sites located near/in the demilitarized zone, northern Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea from late April to early October for 4 consecutive years (2010-2013). A total of 2,999 horse and deer flies (tabanids) belonging to 5 genera and 20 species were collected. Chrysops mlokosiewiczi (90.9%) was the most frequently collected, followed by Haematopota koryoensis (4.8%) and C. suavis (1.0%). The remaining 17 species comprised only of 3.3% of all species collected. C. mlokosiewiczi demonstrated bimodal peak populations during mid-June and early August, while H. koryoensis demonstrated a unimodal peak during mid-July. Overall numbers of tabanids collected were influenced by the previous year’s winter temperatures and precipitation. Population abundance was influenced by habitat with most of tabanids collected from habitats near forested areas, followed by rice paddies, and a beef farm.

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Diversity and seasonal dynamics of dipteran flies infesting cattle and its habitation in Bhubaneswar, India
Rachita Shety, Manaswini Dehuri, Mitraranjan Panda, Bijayendranath Mohanty
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science.2022; 42(1): 983. CrossRef
Seasonal surveillance of deer and horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae), Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea
Kwang Shik Choi, Heung Chul Kim, Sung Tae Chong, Myung Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, Hyo-Sung Kim, Sang Jae Suh
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology.2020; 23(2): 315. CrossRef
Transfluthrin Spatial Repellent on US Military Camouflage Netting Reduces Tabanids in a Warm-Temperate Environment
S. C. Britch, D. L. Kline, K. J. Linthicum, J. Urban, E. Dickstein, R. L. Aldridge, F. V. Golden
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association.2020; 36(3): 212. CrossRef
Species diversity and abundance of Tabanus spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae) in different habitats of Thailand
Tanasak Changbunjong, Poonyapat Sedwisi, Thekhawet Weluwanarak, Eakanan Nitiyamatawat, Rattana Sariwongchan, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology.2018; 21(1): 134. CrossRef

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Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Collected by Mosquito Magnet® in Northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), Korea: Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, Sung-Tae Chong, Jee-Yong Park; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):57-62.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.57

Abstract
PDF

Biting midges (Culicoides: Ceratopogonidae) were collected by Mosquito Magnet® traps at the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) camp and Daeseongdong village inside the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and near the military demarcation line (MDL) separating North and South Korea and at Warrior Base (US Army training site) and Tongilchon 3 km south of the DMZ in northern Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea (ROK), from May-October 2010-2012, to determine their seasonal distributions. A total of 18,647 Culicoides females (18,399; 98.7%) and males (248; 1.3%) comprising 16 species were collected. Overall, the most commonly collected species was Culicoides nipponensis (42.9%), followed by C. erairai (29.2%), C. punctatus (20.3%), C. arakawae (3.3%), C. pallidulus (1.8%), and C. circumscriptus (1.4%), while the remaining 10 species accounted for only 1.1% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The seasonal distribution of C. nipponensis was bimodal, with high numbers collected during May-June and again during September. C. erairai was more frequently collected during June-July, followed by sharply decreased populations from August-October. C. punctatus was collected in low numbers from May-September with high numbers collected during October. C. erairai was predominantly collected from the NNSC camp (85.1% of all C. erairai collected) located adjacent to the MDL at Panmunjeom in the northernmost part of Gyeonggi-do (Province), while other sites yielded low numbers of specimens.

Citations

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Hiding in plain sight: Uncovering the hidden diversity of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Republic of Korea using DNA barcoding data
Jiseung Jeon, Dong-Yeol Lee, Seung Bak An, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107821. CrossRef
Evidence of bluetongue virus circulation in farmed and free-ranging cervids from the Republic of Korea: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
Veterinary Microbiology.2019; 230: 145. CrossRef
Serological evidence of bluetongue virus infection and serotype distribution in dairy cattle in South Korea
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
BMC Veterinary Research.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroepidemiology of bluetongue in South Bengal
Arkendu Halder, Siddhartha N. Joardar, Devi Prasad Isore, Indranil Samanta, Panchanan Parui, Dhriti Banerjee, Chandan Lodh
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Species Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of <i>Culicoides</i> spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Jeju-do, Republic of Korea
Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, David Gopurenko, Du-Cheng Cai, Hyun-Ji Seo, In-Soo Cho, Jee-Yong Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 501. CrossRef

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Seasonal Distribution of Ticks in Four Habitats near the Demilitarized Zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea: Sung Tae Chong, Heung Chul Kim, In-Yong Lee, Thomas M. Kollars, Alfredo R. Sancho, William J. Sames, Joon-Seok Chae, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):319-325.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.319

Abstract
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This study describes the seasonal distribution of larvae, nymph, and adult life stages for 3 species of ixodid ticks collected by tick drag and sweep methods from various habitats in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Grasses less than 0.5 m in height, including herbaceous and crawling vegetation, and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forests with abundant leaf/needle litter were surveyed at United States (US) and ROK operated military training sites and privately owned lands near the demilitarized zone from April-October, 2004 and 2005. Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann adults and nymphs were more frequently collected from April-August, while those of Haemaphysalis flava Neumann and Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka and Saito were collected more frequently from April-July and again during October. H. longicornis was the most frequently collected tick in grass habitats (98.9%), while H. flava was more frequently collected in deciduous (60.2%) and conifer (57.4%) forest habitats. While more H. flava (54.1%) were collected in mixed forest habitats than H. longicornis (35.2%), the differences were not significant. I. nipponensis was more frequently collected from conifer (mean 8.8) compared to deciduous (3.2) and mixed (2.4) forests.

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Seasonal Abundance of Biting Midges, Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Collected at Cowsheds in the Southern Part of the Republic of Korea: Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Dong-Kyu Lee, Jee-Yong Park, Jung-Yong Yeh, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):127-131.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.127

Abstract
PDF

Black light traps were used to measure the seasonal and geographical distribution of Culicoides spp. (biting midges or no-see-ums) at 9 cowsheds in the southern half of the Republic of Korea (ROK) from June through October 2010. A total of 25,242 Culicoides females (24,852; 98.5%) and males (390; 1.5%) comprising of 9 species were collected. The most commonly collected species was Culicoides punctatus (73.0%) followed by C. arakawae (25.7%), while the remaining 7 species accounted for <1.0% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The mean number of Culicoides spp. collected per trap night (Trap Index [TI]) was highest for C. punctatus (409.3), followed by C. arakawae (144.2), C. tainanus (4.1), C. oxystoma (1.2), C. circumscriptus (0.7), C. homotomus (0.6), C. erairai (0.4), C. kibunensis (0.3), and C. nipponensis (0.04). Peak TIs were observed for C. punctatus (1,188.7) and C. arakawae (539.0) during July and August, respectively. C. punctatus and C. arakawae have been implicated in the transmission of arboviruses and other pathogens of veterinary importance that adversely impact on animal and bird husbandry.

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Brief Communications

Ticks Collected from Selected Mammalian Hosts Surveyed in the Republic of Korea During 2008-2009: Heung Chul Kim, Sang Hoon Han, Sung Tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Chang-Yong Choi, Hyun-Young Nam, Hee-Young Chae, Hang Lee, Sungjin Ko, Jun-Gu Kang, Joon-Seok Chae; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):331-335.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.331

Abstract
PDF

A tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the Republic of Korea (ROK) during 2008-2009. A total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 Metropolitan Cities in ROK. Haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), Ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), Ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), Ixodes persulcatus (4.6%), and Haemaphysalis japonica (0.1%). Adults (57.0%) and nymphs (28.7%) of Ixodes and Haemaphysalis spp. were collected most frequently from medium or large mammals in this survey, while few larvae (14.3%) were collected. Hydropotes inermis was the most frequently captured mammal (52.6%), with a 16.4 tick index and 5 of 6 species of ticks collected during this survey. H. longicornis (69.7%) was the predominant tick collected from H. inermis, followed by H. flava (22.2%), I. persulcatus (6.1%), I. nipponensis (1.8%), and H. japonica (0.2%).

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Mosquito Species Composition and Plasmodium vivax Infection Rates on Baengnyeong-do (Island), Republic of Korea: Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, In-Yong Lee, Myung-Soon Kim, Richard C. Wilkerson, Genelle Harrison, Leopoldo M. Rueda, Heung Chul Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):313-316.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.313

Abstract
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Vivax malaria is a significant military and civilian health threat in the north of the Republic of Korea (ROK). The island of Baengnyeong-do is the westernmost point of the ROK and is located close to the southwestern coast of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Mosquitoes were collected using a black light trap on Baengnyeong-do, and Anopheles spp. were assayed by PCR, to identify the species, and screened for sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax. Of a subsample of 257 mosquitoes, Anopheles lesteri was the most frequently collected (49.8%), followed by Anopheles sinensis (22.6%), Anopheles pullus (18.7%), Anopheles kleini (7.8%), and Anopheles belenrae (1.2%). The overall sporozoite rate was 3.1%, with the highest rates observed in An. kleini (15.0%), An. sinensis (5.2%), and An. lesteri (1.6%). No sporozoite positive An. pullus or An. belenrae were observed. The results extend our knowledge of the distribution and potential role in malaria transmission of An. kleini, An. lesteri, and An. sinensis, for an area previously considered to be at a low risk for contracting vivax malaria.

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Original Articles

Serosurveillance of Scrub Typhus in Small Mammals Collected from Military Training Sites near the DMZ, Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Chiggers from Mammals Examined: Heung Chul Kim, In Yong Lee, Sung Tae Chong, Allen L. Richards, Se Hun Gu, Jin-Won Song, John S. Lee, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):237-243.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.237

Abstract
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Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. palpale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (14.3%), L. orientale (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticulum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L. subintermedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpale (21.4), were observed during the spring season.

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Geographical Distribution and Relative Abundance of Vectors of Scrub Typhus in the Republic of Korea: In Yong Lee, Heung Chul Kim, Young-Sun Lee, Jang Hoon Seo, Jae Won Lim, Tae Soon Yong, Terry A. Klein, Won Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):381-386.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.381

Abstract
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A survey to determine the geographical distribution and relative abundance of potential vectors of scrub typhus was conducted from October to November 2006 at 13 localities throughout the Republic of Korea. Apodemus agrarius accounted for 97.6% (80/82) of all rodents, while only 2 Myodes regulus (2/82) were collected. A total of 10,860 chiggers were collected from A. agrarius belonging to 4 genera and 8 species, while only Walchia fragilis (40) was collected from Myodes regulus. Leptotrombidium pallidum (8,137; 74.9%), a vector of scrub typhus, was the predominant species collected from A. agrarius followed by Leptotrombidium scutellare (2,057, 18.9%), Leptotrombidium palpale (279; 2.7%), Leptotrombidium orientale (232; 2.1%), and Leptotrombidium zetum (79; 0.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (58; 0.5%), Euschoengastica koreaensis (16; 0.1%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (2; < 0.1%). L. pallidum was the predominant chigger collected at collection sites in Gangwon (100%), Gyeonggi (87.2%), Chungnam (100%), Chungbuk (100%), Jeonbuk (73.9%), Jeonnam (77.0%), and Gyeongbuk (66.1%) provinces, whereas L. scutellare was the predominant chigger collected in Gyeongnam province (77.9%) and Jeju Island (62.3%). Data suggest a correlation between chigger population abundance and human cases of scrub typhus in Korea.

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