The mRNA expression of several cytokines was evaluated in splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of rats infected with Capillaria hepatica by reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR until week 12 after infection. IgG1 and IgG2a, which are associated with Th1 and Th2 response, respectively, were also assessed by ELISA. The results indicated that the majority of cytokines, including the Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) were expressed at maximal levels during the early stage of infection (after week 1-2), and the ELISA data also evidenced a similar pattern of changes in IgG1 and IgG2a. Th1 and Th2 cytokines responded in a similar fashion in this rat model. The expression of cytokines in splenocytes was significantly higher than that in MLN cells, thereby indicating that cytokine production is controlled more by spleen than by MLN. In addition, the observation that IFN-γ expression increased unexpectedly at the time of maximal egg production (6 weeks after infection) indicated that IFN-γ is a cytokine reacting against egg production. However, increased IL-5 expression occurring in tandem with worm activity indicated that the activity of C. hepatica might be controlled by IL-5 expression.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Pathogenic Interleukin-10 Receptor Alpha Variants in Humans — Balancing Natural Selection and Clinical Implications Dominik Aschenbrenner, Ziqing Ye, Ying Zhou, Wenhui Hu, Isabel Brooks, Isabelle Williams, Melania Capitani, Lisa Gartner, Daniel Kotlarz, Scott B. Snapper, Christoph Klein, Aleixo M. Muise, Brian D. Marsden, Ying Huang, Holm H. Uhlig Journal of Clinical Immunology.2023; 43(2): 495. CrossRef
Roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Alleviated Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Rhinitis and IgE-triggered Degranulation of RBL-2H3 Cells Tae Kyeom Kang, Tam Thi Le, Su-Young Choi, Hee-Won Song, Wook-Bin Lee, Sang Hoon Jung Applied Sciences.2022; 12(12): 6116. CrossRef
Luna Virus and Helminths in Wild Mastomys natalensis in Two Contrasting Habitats in Zambia: Risk Factors and Evidence of Virus Dissemination in Semen Samuel Munalula Munjita, Given Moonga, Andrew Nalishuwa Mukubesa, Joseph Ndebe, Benjamin Mubemba, Manu Vanaerschot, Cristina Tato, John Tembo, Nathan Kapata, Simbarashe Chitanga, Katendi Changula, Mashiro Kajihara, Walter Muleya, Ayato Takada, Elisabeth F Pathogens.2022; 11(11): 1345. CrossRef
Discovery of two highly divergent negative-sense RNA viruses associated with the parasitic nematode, Capillaria hepatica, in wild Mus musculus from New York City Simon H. Williams, Xiaoyu Che, Alexandra Oleynik, Joel A. Garcia, Dorothy Muller, Tanja S. Zabka, Cadhla Firth, Robert M. Corrigan, Thomas Briese, Komal Jain, W. Ian Lipkin
Journal of General Virology
.2019; 100(10): 1350. CrossRef
Immune responses induced by co-infection withCapillaria hepaticainClonorchis sinensis-infected rats E.-K. Moon, S.-H. Lee, T.W. Goo, F.-S. Quan Journal of Helminthology.2018; 92(4): 395. CrossRef
Ultrastructure of Capillaria hepatica (Syn. Calodium hepatica) Isolated from the Liver of Mouse Infected with Artificially Embryonated Eggs Collected from House Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Byoung-Hoon Min, Haeng-Sook Lee, Soo-Jin Kim, Kyoung-Hwan Joo Applied Microscopy.2013; 43(4): 146. CrossRef
Concomitant influence of helminth infection and landscape on the distribution of Puumala hantavirus in its reservoir, Myodes glareolus Alexis Ribas Salvador, Emmanuel Guivier, Anne Xuéreb, Yannick Chaval, Patrice Cadet, Marie-Lazarine Poulle, Tarja Sironen, Liina Voutilainen, Heikki Henttonen, Jean-François Cosson, Nathalie Charbonnel BMC Microbiology.2011;[Epub] CrossRef
A new murine model of allergic rhinitis by repeated intranasal Cry j 1 challenge Masako TSUNEMATSU, Taketo YAMAJI, Daisuke KOZUTSUMI, Rika MURAKAMI, Hiroichi NAGAI, Kohsuke KINO Biomedical Research.2008; 29(3): 119. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which invades a wide range of hosts including humans. The exact mechanisms involved in its invasion are not fully understood. This study focused on the roles of Ca2+ in host cell invasion and in T. gondii replication. We examined the invasion and replication of T. gondii pretreated with several calcium modulators, the conoid extrusion of tachyzoites. Calmodulin localization in T. gondii were observed using the immunogold method, and Ca2+ levels in tachyzoites by confocal microscopy. In light microscopic observation, tachyzoites co-treated with A23187 and EGTA showed that host cell invasion and intracellular replication were decreased. The invasion of tachyzoites was slightly inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blockers, bepridiland verapamil, and by the calmodulin antagonist, calmidazolium. We observed that calcium saline containing A23187 induced the extrusion of tachyzoite conoid. By immunoelectron microscopy, gold particles bound to anti-calmodulin or anti-actin mAb, were found to be localized on the anterior portion of tachyzoites. Remarkably reduced intracellular Ca2+ was observed in tachyzoites treated with BAPTA/AM by confocal microscopy. These results suggest that host cell invasion and the intracellular replication of T. gondii tachyzoites are inhibited by the calcium ionophore, A23187, and by the extracellular calcium chelator, EGTA.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Unveiling the impact of cGMP-dependent protein kinase of Neospora caninum on calcium fluxes and egress functions through quantitative phosphoproteome analysis Xianmei Wang, Kun Guo, Zhili Shan, Zhu Ying, Zifu Zhu, Shiman Yang, Na Yang, Qun Liu, Lifang Wang, Jing Liu Communications Biology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Microfluidic model for in vitro acute Toxoplasma gondii infection and transendothelial migration Hyunho Kim, Sung-Hee Hong, Hyo Eun Jeong, Sewoon Han, Jinchul Ahn, Jin-A. Kim, Ji-Hun Yang, Hyun Jeong Oh, Seok Chung, Sang-Eun Lee Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondiiinfection and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis Tooran Nayeri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Zahra Hosseininejad, Afsaneh Amouei, Ahmad Daryani Pathogens and Global Health.2020; 114(3): 126. CrossRef
Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the function and integrity of human cerebrovascular endothelial cells and the influence of verapamil treatment in vitro M.S.R. Harun, Victoria Marsh, Nashwa A. Elsaied, Kevin F. Webb, Hany M. Elsheikha Brain Research.2020; 1746: 147002. CrossRef
Resistance towards monensin is proposed to be acquired in aToxoplasma gondiimodel by reduced invasion and egress activities, in addition to increased intracellular replication AHMED THABET, JOHANNES SCHMIDT, SVEN BAUMANN, WALTHER HONSCHA, MARTIN VON BERGEN, ARWID DAUGSCHIES, BERIT BANGOURA Parasitology.2018; 145(3): 313. CrossRef
Anti-Toxoplasmosis Effect of the Herbal Extracts Plantago asiatica L. Sunhwa Hong, Okjin Kim Korean Journal of Plant Resources.2016; 29(1): 26. CrossRef
Anti-Toxoplasmosis effects of herbal extracts against Toxoplasma Gondii Sunhwa Hong, Hyun-A Lee, Yung-Ho Chung, Tae-Wan Kim, Okjin Kim Korean Journal of Veterinary Service.2014; 37(2): 101. CrossRef
Anti-Toxoplasmosis Effect of Meliae fructus Ethanol Extract Hak-Yong Lee, Okjin Kim Journal of Biomedical Research.2014; 15(4): 189. CrossRef
Anti-Toxoplasmosis Effect of the Halophyte Suaeda maritime Sunhwa Hong, Hyun-A Lee, Yun-Seong Lee, Dong-Woo Kim, Jae-Hyeok Jeong, Tae-Wan Kim, Okjin Kim Korean Journal of Plant Resources.2014; 27(5): 415. CrossRef
Anti-toxoplasmosis effect of Dictamnus dasycarpus extract against Toxoplasma Gondii Sunhwa Hong, Hyun-A Lee, Yun-seong Lee, Yung-Ho Chung, Okjin Kim Journal of Biomedical Research.2014; 15(1): 7. CrossRef
Interplay of host–pathogen microvesicles and their role in infectious disease Jameel M. Inal, Ephraim A. Ansa-Addo, Sigrun Lange Biochemical Society Transactions.2013; 41(1): 258. CrossRef
The effect of kinase, actin, myosin and dynamin inhibitors on host cell egress by Toxoplasma gondii Lucio Ayres Caldas, Sergio Henrique Seabra, Márcia Attias, Wanderley de Souza Parasitology International.2013; 62(5): 475. CrossRef
Toxoplasmosis and Polygenic Disease Susceptibility Genes: ExtensiveToxoplasma gondiiHost/Pathogen Interactome Enrichment in Nine Psychiatric or Neurological Disorders C. J. Carter Journal of Pathogens.2013; 2013: 1. CrossRef
In vitro effects of aqueous extracts of Astragalus membranaceus and Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI on Toxoplasma gondii Xiaoyan Yang, Bo Huang, Jianping Chen, Shiguang Huang, Huanqin Zheng, Zhao-Rong Lun, Jilong Shen, Yong Wang, Fangli Lu Parasitology Research.2012; 110(6): 2221. CrossRef
Simple and efficient model systems of screening anti-Toxoplasmadrugsin vitro Chunmei Jin, Suk-Yul Jung, Sung Yeon Kim, Hyun-Ok Song, Hyun Park Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery.2012; 7(3): 195. CrossRef
Identification of Putative Potassium Channel Homologues in Pathogenic Protozoa David L. Prole, Neil V. Marrion, Gordon Langsley PLoS ONE.2012; 7(2): e32264. CrossRef
In vitro and experimental therapeutic studies of the calcium channel blocker bepridil: Detection of viable Leishmania (L.) chagasi by real-time PCR Juliana Q. Reimão, Fábio A. Colombo, Vera L. Pereira-Chioccola, André G. Tempone Experimental Parasitology.2011; 128(2): 111. CrossRef
Investigation into in vitro anti-leishmanial combinations of calcium channel blockers and current anti-leishmanial drugs Juliana Quero Reimão, André Gustavo Tempone Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2011; 106(8): 1032. CrossRef
Microscopic analysis of calcium ionophore activated egress of Toxoplasma gondii from the host cell Lucio Ayres Caldas, Wanderley de Souza, Márcia Attias Veterinary Parasitology.2010; 167(1): 8. CrossRef
Induction and regulation of conoid extrusion inToxoplasma gondii M. González Del Carmen, M. Mondragón, S. González, R. Mondragón Cellular Microbiology.2009; 11(6): 967. CrossRef
THE IMPORTANCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN DISEASES PRESENTING WITH HEADACHES. HEADACHES AND ASEPTIC MENINGITIS MAY BE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE JARISCH-HERXHEIMER REACTION JOSEPH PRANDOTA International Journal of Neuroscience.2009; 119(12): 2144. CrossRef
Idiopatyczne nadciśnienie śródczaszkowe, guz rzekomy czaszki oraz aseptyczne zapalenie opon mogą być spowodowane reaktywacją latentnej toksoplazmozy mózgowej Józef Prandota Pediatria Polska.2009; 84(5): 453. CrossRef
Characterization of a New Gene <italic>wx2</italic> in <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> Xiang Wu, Qiong Zhang, Kui Tan, Ronghua Xie, Jiubo Fan, Hengping Shu, Shiping Wang Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica.2007; 39(7): 475. CrossRef
Laser scanning cytometer‐based assays for measuring host cell attachment and invasion by the human pathogen Toxoplasma gondii Jeffrey Mital, Janet Schwarz, Douglas J. Taatjes, Gary E. Ward Cytometry Part A.2006; 69A(1): 13. CrossRef
First
Prev
