Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Leptotrombidium"

Original Article

Seroepidemiological Survey of Zoonotic Diseases in Small Mammals with PCR Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers, Gwangju, Korea: Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung, Sun Hee Kim, Sun Ju Cho, Yi Deun Ha, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Hyun Jae Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Jah Pyus, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Il Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):307-313.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.307

Abstract
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Serosurveillance for zoonotic diseases in small mammals and detection of chiggers, the vector of Orientia tsutsugamushi, were conducted from September 2014 to August 2015 in Gwangju Metropolitan Area. Apodemus agrarius was the most commonly collected small mammals (158; 91.8%), followed by Myodes regulus (8; 4.6%), and Crocidura lasiura (6; 3.5%). The highest seroprevalence of small mammals for O. tsutsugamushi (41; 26.3%) was followed by hantaviruses (24; 15.4%), Rickettsia spp. (22; 14.1%), and Leptospira (2; 1.3%). A total of 3,194 chiggers were collected from small mammals, and 1,236 of 3,194 chiggers were identified with 7 species of 3 genera: Leptotrombidium scutellare was the most commonly collected species (585; 47.3%), followed by L. orientale (422; 34.1%), Euchoengastia koreaensis (99; 8.0%), L. palpale (58; 4.7%), L. pallidum (36; 2.9%), Neotrombicula gardellai (28; 2.3%), and L. zetum (8; 0.6%). L. scutellare was the predominant species. Three of 1,236 chigger mites were positive for O. tsutsugamushi by PCR. As a result of phylogenetic analysis, the O. tsutsugamushi strain of chigger mites had sequence homology of 90.1-98.2% with Boryong. This study provides baseline data on the distribution of zoonotic diseases and potential vectors for the development of prevention strategies of vector borne diseases in Gwangju metropolitan area.

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Hak Seon Lee, Seong Yoon Kim, Hee Il Lee
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Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
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Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers and Small Mammals in Laos
Ivo Elliott, Rawadee Kumlert, Neeranuch Thangnimitchok, Stuart D. Blacksell, Ampai Tanganuchitcharnchai, Daniel H. Paris, Paul N. Newton, Serge Morand
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2022; 22(10): 505. CrossRef
Nationwide Incidence of Chigger Mite Populations and Molecular Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Bong-Goo Song, Tae-Kyu Kim, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(8): 1563. CrossRef
First report of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto detection in a commune genospecies in Apodemus agrarius in Gwangju, South Korea
Choon Mee Kim, So Young Park, Dong-Min Kim, Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of Rodents and Chiggers with Orientia Tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea
Jung Wook Park, Dae Sung Yu, Gi Seong Lee, Jin Jong Seo, Jae Keun Chung, Jae Il Lee
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Molecular Epidemiology of an Orientia tsutsugamushi Gene Encoding a 56-kDa Type-Specific Antigen in Chiggers, Small Mammals, and Patients from the Southwest Region of Korea
Jung Wook Park, Sun Hee Kim, Duck Woong Park, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Mi Hee Seo, Hyeon Je Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Choon-Mee Kim, Byong Chul Gill, Hang Jin Jeong, Jeong Min Lee, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Keun Chung
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018; 98(2): 616. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea: In-Yong Lee, Hyeon-Je Song, Yeon-Joo Choi, Sun-Hye Shin, Min-Kyung Choi, So-Hyun Kwon, E-Hyun Shin, Chan Park, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kyung-Hee Park, Won-Jong Jang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):225-229.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.225

Abstract
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A total of 9,281 larval chigger mites were collected from small mammals captured at Hwaseong-gun, Gyeonggi-do (Province) (2,754 mites from 30 small mammals), Asan city, Chungcheongnam-do (3,358 mites from 48 mammals), and Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (3,169 for 62 mammals) from April-November 2009 in the Republic of Korea (= Korea) and were identified to species. Leptotrombidium pallidum was the predominant species in Hwaseong (95.8%) and Asan (61.2%), while Leptotrombidium scutellare was the predominant species collected from Jangseong (80.1%). Overall, larval chigger mite indices decreased from April (27.3) to June (4.9), then increased in September (95.2) and to a high level in November (169.3). These data suggest that L. pallidum and L. scutellare are the primary vectors of scrub typhus throughout their range in Korea. While other species of larval chigger mites were also collected with some implications in the transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi, they only accounted for 11.2% of all larval chigger mites collected from small mammals.

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Geographical distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in chiggers from three provinces in Korea
Yeon‐Joo Choi, In‐Yong Lee, Hyeon‐Je Song, Jeoungyeon Kim, Hye‐Jin Park, Dayoung Song, Won‐Jong Jang
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Gab-Man Park, Ho-Sung Shin
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Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung, Sun Hee Kim, Sun Ju Cho, Yi Deun Ha, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Hyun Jae Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Jah Pyus, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Il Lee
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(4): 509. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Monthly Occurrence of Vectors and Reservoir Rodents of Scrub Typhus in an Endemic Area of Jeollanam-do, Korea: Seung Hyun Lee, Young-Sun Lee, In Yong Lee, Jae Won Lim, Hee-Kwan Shin, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):327-331.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.327

Abstract
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Monthly surveys were conducted to investigate the occurrence of chigger mites and seroprevalence of scrub typhus among small mammals in Jeollanam-do, the southwestern part of Korea, from November 2006 through October 2007. Fifty-eight small mammals, including 57 Apodemus agrarius (98.3%) and 1 Crocidura lasiura (1.7%), were captured, and a total of 4,675 chigger mites representing 4 genera and 8 species were collected from them. The chigger infestation rate among small mammals was 69.0%. The most predominant species in A. agrarius was Leptotrombidium scutellare (54.0%), followed by Leptotrombidium pallidum (39.4%), Leptotrombidium orientale (4.4%), Leptotrombidium palpale (1.1%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (0.6%), Eushoengastia koreaensis (0.3%), Neotrombicula gardellai (0.3%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (<0.1%). The chigger index of A. agrarius was the highest in October (740.0), followed by November (242.0), September (134.6), March (98.3), February (38.2), January (35.3), December (34.5), April (30.8), and May (1.7). The average antibody positive rate of scrub typhus in wild rodents was 50.0%. The seropositive rates were high in October (100.0%) and November (83.3%), whereas those in other months were relatively low (28.6-57.1%). The chigger index of L. scutellare rapidly increased in September to form an acuminate peak in October, followed by a gradual decline. These results suggest that the outbreak of scrub typhus in the southwestern part of Korean peninsula is mostly due to L. scutellare.

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Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
Environmental Research.2024; 245: 117994. CrossRef
Epidemiologic changes of a longitudinal surveillance study spanning 51 years of scrub typhus in mainland China
Pei-Ying Peng, Hui-Ying Duan, Lei Xu, Lin-Tao Zhang, Ji-Qin Sun, Ya Zu, Li-Juan Ma, Yan Sun, Ting-Liang Yan, Xian-Guo Guo
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A cross sectional study on molecular prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in household rat population of South India
S. Purushothaman, P. Azhahianambi, M. Dharman, R. Gokula Kannan, K.G. Tirumurugaan, C. Soundararajan, R.P. Aravindh Babu, Panneer Devaraju, John A.J. Prakash
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2024; 111: 102212. CrossRef
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Vigneshwaran Ravishankar, Shridhar Narayanan, Radha Krishan Shandil
Frontiers in Tropical Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Serological Detection and Epidemiological Factors Associated with Scrub Typhus among Undifferentiated Febrile Illness Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
V.M. Somasunder, K. Akila, S. Sijimol, S. Senthamarai, S. Sivasankari, C. Anitha, V.J. Subha
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2021; 15(3): 1442. CrossRef
Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea
In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim
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Jung Wook Park, Dae Sung Yu, Gi Seong Lee, Jin Jong Seo, Jae Keun Chung, Jae Il Lee
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Winsley Rose, Gagandeep Kang, Valsan Philip Verghese, Sadanandane Candassamy, Prasanna Samuel, John Jude Antony Prakash, Jayaprakash Muliyil
BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Moon Bo Choi, Yeongbu Kim, Da Young Kim, Ohseok Kwon
Entomological Research.2019; 49(8): 374. CrossRef
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Ivo Elliott, Isabelle Pearson, Prabin Dahal, Nigel V. Thomas, Tamalee Roberts, Paul N. Newton
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Annual Fluctuation in Chigger Mite Populations and <italic>Orientia Tsutsugamushi</italic> Infections in Scrub Typhus Endemic Regions of South Korea
Seong Yoon Kim, Byoungchul Gill, Bong Gu Song, Hyuk Chu, Won Il Park, Hee Il Lee, E-hyun Shin, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jong Yul Roh
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 307. CrossRef
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Jaewon Kwak, Soojun Kim, Gilho Kim, Vijay Singh, Seungjin Hong, Hung Kim
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In-Yong Lee, Hyeon-Je Song, Yeon-Joo Choi, Sun-Hye Shin, Min-Kyung Choi, So-Hyun Kwon, E-Hyun Shin, Chan Park, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kyung-Hee Park, Won-Jong Jang
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Ji-Hyuk Park, Sun-Ja Kim, Seung-Ki Youn, Kisoo Park, Jin Gwack
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Coincidence between Geographical Distribution of Leptotrombidium scutellare and Scrub Typhus Incidence in South Korea
Jong Yul Roh, Bong Gu Song, Won Il Park, Eun Hee Shin, Chan Park, Mi-Yeoun Park, Kyu Sik Chang, Wook Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Xue-jie Yu
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Jae-Hyoung Im, Ji Hyeon Baek, Jin-Soo Lee, Moon-Hyun Chung, Sun Myoung Lee, Jae-Seung Kang
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Serosurveillance of Scrub Typhus in Small Mammals Collected from Military Training Sites near the DMZ, Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Chiggers from Mammals Examined: Heung Chul Kim, In Yong Lee, Sung Tae Chong, Allen L. Richards, Se Hun Gu, Jin-Won Song, John S. Lee, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):237-243.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.237

Abstract
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Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. palpale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (14.3%), L. orientale (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticulum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L. subintermedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpale (21.4), were observed during the spring season.

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Geographical Distribution and Relative Abundance of Vectors of Scrub Typhus in the Republic of Korea: In Yong Lee, Heung Chul Kim, Young-Sun Lee, Jang Hoon Seo, Jae Won Lim, Tae Soon Yong, Terry A. Klein, Won Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):381-386.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.381

Abstract
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A survey to determine the geographical distribution and relative abundance of potential vectors of scrub typhus was conducted from October to November 2006 at 13 localities throughout the Republic of Korea. Apodemus agrarius accounted for 97.6% (80/82) of all rodents, while only 2 Myodes regulus (2/82) were collected. A total of 10,860 chiggers were collected from A. agrarius belonging to 4 genera and 8 species, while only Walchia fragilis (40) was collected from Myodes regulus. Leptotrombidium pallidum (8,137; 74.9%), a vector of scrub typhus, was the predominant species collected from A. agrarius followed by Leptotrombidium scutellare (2,057, 18.9%), Leptotrombidium palpale (279; 2.7%), Leptotrombidium orientale (232; 2.1%), and Leptotrombidium zetum (79; 0.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (58; 0.5%), Euschoengastica koreaensis (16; 0.1%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (2; < 0.1%). L. pallidum was the predominant chigger collected at collection sites in Gangwon (100%), Gyeonggi (87.2%), Chungnam (100%), Chungbuk (100%), Jeonbuk (73.9%), Jeonnam (77.0%), and Gyeongbuk (66.1%) provinces, whereas L. scutellare was the predominant chigger collected in Gyeongnam province (77.9%) and Jeju Island (62.3%). Data suggest a correlation between chigger population abundance and human cases of scrub typhus in Korea.

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