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Original Article
Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells
Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):491-503.
Published online October 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.491
The effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were evaluated on growth inhibition of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii in host ARPE-19 cells. The number of tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) was counted after treatment with TKIs. T. gondii protein expression was assessed by western blot. Immunofluorescence assay was performed using Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and T. gondii GRA3 antibodies. The TKIs were divided into 3 groups; non-epidermal growth factor receptor (non-EGFR), anti-human EGFR 2 (anti-HER2), and anti-HER2/4 TKIs, respectively. Group I TKIs (nintedanib, AZD9291, and sunitinib) were unable to inhibit proliferation without destroying host cells. Group II TKIs (lapatinib, gefitinib, erlotinib, and AG1478) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to control pyrimethamine (5 ?M) at 20 μM and higher, without affecting host cells. Group III TKIs (neratinib, dacomitinib, afatinib, and pelitinib) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to pyrimethamine at 1-5 μM, but host cells were destroyed at 10-20 ?M. In Group I, TgHSP90 and SAG1 inhibitions were weak, and GRA3 expression was moderately inhibited. In Group II, TgHSP90 and SAG1 expressions seemed to be slightly enhanced, while GRA3 showed none to mild inhibition; however, AG1478 inhibited all proteins moderately. Protein expression was blocked in Group III, comparable to pyrimethamine. PDCD4 and GRA3 were well localized inside the nuclei in Group I, mildly disrupted in Group II, and were completely disrupted in Group III. This study suggests the possibility of a vital T. gondii TK having potential HER2/4 properties, thus anti-HER2/4 TKIs may inhibit intracellular parasite proliferation with minimal adverse effects on host cells.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Small molecule kinase inhibitor altiratinib inhibits brain cyst forming bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii
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    Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(2): e2409001.     CrossRef
  • The antimicrobial activity of innate host-directed therapies: A systematic review
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    International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2024; 63(5): 107138.     CrossRef
  • Novel therapeutic opportunities for Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Giardia intestinalis infections
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    Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents.2023; 33(3): 211.     CrossRef
  • Latent Toxoplasmosis among Breast Cancer Patients in Jahrom, South of Iran
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    International Journal of Breast Cancer.2023; 2023: 1.     CrossRef
  • Discovery of N-(3-bromo-1H-indol-5-yl)-quinazolin-4-amine as an effective molecular skeleton to develop reversible/irreversible pan-HER inhibitors
    Qidong Tang, Ting Peng, Jie Hu, Tao Zhang, Pengqin Chen, Daoxing Chen, Yunjie Wang, Lingfeng Chen, Linjiang Tong, Yi Chen, Hua Xie, Guang Liang
    European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 233: 114249.     CrossRef
  • Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
    Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249.     CrossRef
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