Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"immune response"

Mini Review

Possible association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and autism spectrum disorder: Tahereh Mikaeili Galeh, Tooran Nayeri, Samira Dodangeh, Zahra Hosseininejad, Asal Tanzif, Alireza Khalilian, Ahmad Daryani; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):201-214.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24066

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is a neurotropic apicomplexan protozoan estimated to affect approximately 30% of the global population. In this review, we aimed to examine scientific evidence on the potential role of T. gondii infection in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. This review summarizes the current literature exploring the possible association between T. gondii and ASD. Findings indicate that toxoplasmosis may contribute to host alterations, including the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses, production of various cytokines, and changes in neurotransmitter levels (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate), as well as the activation of enzymes such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which may influence the pathophysiology of ASD. In conclusion, this review suggests that T. gondii infection could act as a potential risk factor for ASD. However, further intensive studies are necessary to clarify the role of this parasite in the etiology and progression of ASD. This review is anticipated to stimulate further studies aimed at understanding and potentially reducing the burden of neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide.

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Original Articles

Anti-tumor effects of Toxoplasma gondii and antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in mice bearing breast cancer: Bong Kyun Kim, Hei Gwon Choi, Jae-Hyung Lee, In Wook Choi, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):37-49.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24082

Cancer immunotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers to augment the weakened host immune response against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play dual roles in inducing innate and adaptive immunity. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that exhibits anti-tumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little is known about the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii or tumor/parasite antigen-pulsed DCs (DC vaccines, DCV) in breast cancer. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered E0771 mouse breast cancer cells (Cancer-injected) subcutaneously, T. gondii Me49 cysts orally (TG-injected), or DCs pulsed with breast cancer cell lysate antigen and T. gondii lysate antigens (DCV-injected) intraperitoneally. Tumor size and immunological characteristics were subsequently evaluated. We also evaluated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in E0771 mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with T. gondii or DCs by RT-PCR. The tumor volumes of mice injected with breast cancer cells and antigen-pulsed DCs (Cancer/DCV-injected mice) were similar to those of Cancer-injected mice; however, they were significantly reduced in T. gondii-infected tumor-bearing (TG/Cancer-injected) mice. Moreover, tumor volumes were significantly reduced by adding antigen-pulsed DCs (TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice) compared to TG/Cancer-injected mice. The levels of IFN-γ, serum IgG2a levels, and CD8⁺ T cell populations were significantly higher in DCV- and TG-injected mice than in control mice, while no significant differences between Cancer- and Cancer/DCV-injected mice were observed. The levels of IFN-γ, the IgG2a levels, and the percentage of CD8⁺ T cells were significantly increased in TG/Cancer- and TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in Cancer-injected mice. IFN-γ levels and serum IgG2a levels were further increased in TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in TG/Cancer-injected mice. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with live T. gondii, T. gondii lysate antigen, or antigen-pulsed DCs (DCV) but not in inactivated DCs. These results indicate that T. gondii induces anti-tumor effects in breast cancer-bearing mice through the induction of strong Th1 immune responses, but not in antigen-pulsed DCs alone. The addition of antigen-pulsed DCs further augments the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii.

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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses in FFPE Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions Using Real-Time PCR
Selma Usluca, Ayfer Bakir, Ata Arikok, Gizem Korkut, Gulsah Yagiz, Murat Alper
Infection and Drug Resistance.2025; Volume 18: 3149. CrossRef

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Cytokine Production in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells in Response to Clonorchis sinensis Excretory-Secretory Products and Their Putative Protein Components: Jhang Ho Pak, Ji-Yun Lee, Bo Young Jeon, Fuhong Dai, Won Gi Yoo, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):379-387.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.379

Abstract
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Clonorchis sinensis is a carcinogenic human liver fluke that promotes hepatic inflammatory environments via direct contact or through their excretory-secretory products (ESPs), subsequently leading to cholangitis, periductal fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). This study was conducted to examine the host inflammatory responses to C. sinensis ESPs and their putative protein components selected from C. sinensis expressed sequenced tag (EST) pool databases, including TGF-β receptor interacting protein 1(CsTRIP1), legumain (CsLeg), and growth factor binding protein 2 (CsGrb2). Treatment of CCA cells (HuCCT1) with the ESPs or bacterial recombinant C. sinensis proteins differentially promoted the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2) in a time-dependent manner. In particular, recombinant C. sinensis protein treatment resulted in increase (at maximum) of ~7-fold in TGF-β1, ~30-fold in TGF-β2, and ~3-fold in TNF-α compared with the increase produced by ESPs, indicating that CsTrip1, CsLeg, and CsGrb2 function as strong inducers for secretion of these cytokines in host cells. These results suggest that C. sinensis ESPs contribute to the immunopathological response in host cells, leading to clonorchiasis-associated hepatobiliary abnormalities of greater severity.

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Immunogenomics of cholangiocarcinoma
Virag Gehl, Colm J. O’Rourke, Jesper B. Andersen
Hepatology.2025; 82(2): 522. CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis-driven hepatocarcinogenesis via E2F1-CD24 transcriptional axis: mechanistic and therapeutic implications
Wen-Min Lu, Jin Yan, Zhao-Ji Liu, Yong Wu, Qian-Ru Cui, Ji Feng, Yu Chen, Guang-Zhi Zhu, Tao Peng, Jing Zhou, Guo-Dong Lu
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The crosstalk between cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells promotes the progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and periductal fibrosis during Clonorchis sinensis infection
Junyeong Yi, Ji Hoon Jeong, Jihee Won, Seok Chung, Jhang Ho Pak
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensisinfection induces pathological changes in feline bile duct epithelium and alters biliary microbiota composition
Feng Li, Yanli Zhang, Chunfu Li, Fenqi Li, Baojiang Gan, Hong Yu, Jian Li, Xinyu Feng, Wei Hu
Parasite.2024; 31: 53. CrossRef
Up-regulation of MDSCs accumulation and Th2 biased response to co-stimulation of CsESP from Clonorchis sinensis and HBeAg in vitro
Qiannan Liu, Nian Wang, Hengchang Sun, Huimin Dong, Xuerong Li, Xinbing Yu, Yan Huang
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107405. CrossRef
The expression of sICAM-1 influenced by Clonorchis sinensis co-infection in CHB patients
J. Qiu, M. Shang, W. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Liao, H. Dong
Journal of Helminthology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Genus Bithynia: morphological classification to molecular identification
Guoyang Huang, Xiaohong Peng
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis granulin promotes malignant transformation of human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells through interaction with M2 macrophages via regulation of STAT3 phosphorylation and the MEK/ERK pathway
Qing He, Xiaowen Pan, Yingxuan Yin, Anyuan Xu, Xueqing Yi, Yinjuan Wu, Xuerong Li
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Recombinant protein EBI3 attenuates Clonorchis sinensis-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation in mice
Lei Zhao, Jia Li, Gang Mo, Deping Cao, Chun Li, Guoyang Huang, Liping Jiang, Gen Chen, Hongbing Yao, Xiaohong Peng
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cancerogenic parasites in veterinary medicine: a narrative literature review
Niccolò Fonti, Francesca Parisi, Francesca Mancianti, Giulia Freer, Alessandro Poli
Infectious Agents and Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Mechanisms of Clonorchis sinensis-Host Interactions and Implications for Vaccine Development
Stephane Koda, Xing-Quan Zhu, Kui-Yang Zheng, Chao Yan
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Roles of microRNAs and Long Non-Coding RNAs Encoded by Parasitic Helminths in Human Carcinogenesis
Ana Gabriela Leija-Montoya, Javier González-Ramírez, Gustavo Martínez-Coronilla, María Esther Mejía-León, Mario Isiordia-Espinoza, Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz, Elda Georgina Chávez-Cortez, Viviana Pitones-Rubio, Nicolas Serafín-Higuera
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(15): 8173. CrossRef
The role of helminths in the development of non-communicable diseases
Yifan Wu, Megan Duffey, Saira Elizabeth Alex, Charlie Suarez-Reyes, Eva H. Clark, Jill E. Weatherhead
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Spirocerca lupi Proteomics and Its Role in Cancer Development: An Overview of Spirocercosis-Induced Sarcomas and Revision of Helminth-Induced Carcinomas
Catalina Porras-Silesky, María José Mejías-Alpízar, Javier Mora, Gad Baneth, Alicia Rojas
Pathogens.2021; 10(2): 124. CrossRef
The Dark Side of the Force: When the Immune System Is the Fuel of Tumor Onset
Elisabeth Digifico, Silvia Balinzo, Cristina Belgiovine
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(3): 1224. CrossRef
Tumor-associated macrophages in cholangiocarcinoma: complex interplay and potential therapeutic target
Menghua Zhou, Chaoqun Wang, Shounan Lu, Yanan Xu, Zihao Li, Hongchi Jiang, Yong Ma
EBioMedicine.2021; 67: 103375. CrossRef
Omega-Class Glutathione Transferases of Carcinogenic Liver Fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, Modulate Apoptosis and Differentiation of Host Cholangiocytes
Chun-Seob Ahn, Jeong-Geun Kim, Insug Kang, Yoon Kong
Antioxidants.2021; 10(7): 1017. CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis
Byoung-Kuk Na, Jhang Ho Pak, Sung-Jong Hong
Acta Tropica.2020; 203: 105309. CrossRef
CD19+CD1dhiCD5hi B Cells Can Downregulate Malaria ITV Protection by IL-10 Secretion
Hongli Guan, Jiacong Peng, Liping Jiang, Gang Mo, Xiang Li, Xiaohong Peng
Frontiers in Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Dopaminergic antagonists inhibit bile chemotaxis of adult Clonorchis sinensis and its egg production
Fuhong Dai, Jin-Ho Song, Yeon Pyo Hong, Xuelian Bai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, jong-Yil Chai
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(3): e0008220. CrossRef
Identification and Analysis of the Tegument Protein and Excretory-Secretory Products of the Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Clonorchis sinensis
Yunliang Shi, Kai Yu, Anli Liang, Yan Huang, Fangqi Ou, Haiyan Wei, Xiaoling Wan, Yichao Yang, Weiyu Zhang, Zhihua Jiang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Bile Ductal Transcriptome Identifies Key Pathways and Hub Genes in Clonorchis sinensis-Infected Sprague-Dawley Rats
Won Gi Yoo, Jung-Mi Kang, Huong Giang Lê, Jhang Ho Pak, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 513. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Immune Response of BALB/c Mice toward Putative Calcium Transporter Recombinant Protein of Trichomonas vaginalis: Tahali Mendoza-Oliveros, Victor Arana-Arga?ez, Leidi C. Alvare?z-Sa?nchez, Julio Lara-Riegos, Mari?a Elizbeth Alvare?z-Sa?nchez, Julio C. Torres-Romero; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):33-38.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.33

Abstract
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Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, which actually does not exist a vaccine for control or prevention. Thus, the identification of new and potent immunogens in T. vaginalis, which can contribute to the development of a vaccine against this parasite, is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of a recombinant Transient Receptor Potential-like channel of T. vaginalis (TvTRPV), as a promising immunogen in BALB/c mice. First, TvTRPV was cloned and expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli BL21 cells and purified by nickel affinity. Next, BALB/c mice were immunized and the antibody levels in mice serum and cytokines from the supernatant of macrophages and from co-culture systems were evaluated. Recombinant TvTRPV triggered high levels of specific total IgG in sera from the immunized mice. Also, a statistically significant increase of cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α after stimulation with the corresponding antigens in vitro, was identified. Moreover, co-cultures using CD4+ T cells from immunized mice were able to identify higher levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ. These results were useful to validate the immunogenicity of TvTRPV in BALB/c mice, where IL-10-IFN-γ-secreting cells could play a role in infection control, supporting the potential of TvTRPV as a promising target for vaccine against T. vaginalis.

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Exposure of Tritrichomonas foetus to sublethal doses of metronidazole induces a specific proinflammatory response in murine macrophages
Emanuel Ceballos‐Góngora, Julio César Torres‐Romero, Victor Ermilo Arana‐Argáez, María Elizbeth Alvarez‐Sánchez, Karla Acosta‐Viana, Antonio Euan‐Canto, Leidi Cristal Alvarez‐Sánchez
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Activation of murine macrophages by membrane proteins from Tritrichomonas foetus grown on iron‐ and calcium‐rich conditions
Antonio Euan‐Canto, Julio César Torres‐Romero, María Elizbeth Alvarez‐Sánchez, Victor Ermilo Arana‐Argáez, Karla Acosta‐Viana, Emanuel Ceballos‐Góngora, Laura Vázquez‐Carrillo, Leidi Alvarez‐Sánchez
Parasite Immunology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
In Vitro Activation of Macrophages by an MHC Class II-restricted Trichomonas Vaginalis TvZIP8-derived Synthetic Peptide
Victor Ermilo Arana-Argáez, Emanuel Ceballos-Góngora, María Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez, Antonio Euan-Canto, Julio Lara-Riegos, Julio César Torres-Romero
Immunological Investigations.2022; 51(1): 88. CrossRef
Local cytokine/chemokine profiles in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in response to T. vaginalis infection
Sonal Yadav, Vivek Verma, Rakesh Singh Dhanda, Sumeeta Khurana, Manisha Yadav
Experimental Parasitology.2022; 239: 108287. CrossRef
The molecular characterization and immune protection of adhesion protein 65 (AP65) of Trichomonas vaginalis
Zhenchao Zhang, Xiaoxiao Song, Zhengbo Zhang, Haoran Li, Yujuan Duan, Hao Zhang, Haoran Lu, Chengyang Luo, Mingyong Wang
Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 152: 104750. CrossRef
The Molecular Characterization and Immunity Identification of Trichomonas vaginalis Adhesion Protein 33 (AP33)
Zhenchao Zhang, Yuhua Li, Shuai Wang, Lixia Hao, Yunqing Zhu, Haoran Li, Xiaoxiao Song, Yujuan Duan, Yuhui Sang, Pucheng Wu, Xiangrui Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Evaluation of Protective Immune Response Induced by a DNA Vaccine Encoding GRA8 against Acute Toxoplasmosis in a Murine Model: Jia-Qi Chu, Shuai Huang, Wei Ye, Xuan-Yan Fan, Rui Huang, Shi-Cai Ye, Cai-Yuan Yu, Wei-Yun Wu, Yu Zhou, Wei Zhou, Young-Ha Lee, Juan-Hua Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):325-334.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.325

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded animals, including humans. The heavy incidence and severe or lethal damage caused by T. gondii infection clearly indicate a need for the development of an effective vaccine. T. gondii GRA8 is a member of the dense granules protein family and is used as a marker of acute infection. In the present study, we evaluated the protective immunity induced by DNA vaccination based on a recombinant eukaryotic plasmid, pDsRed2-GRA8, against acute toxoplasmosis in mice. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with the pDsRed2-GRA8 plasmid and then challenged by infection with the highly virulent GFP-RH strain of T. gondii. The specific immune responses and protective efficacy against T. gondii of this vaccine were analyzed by measuring cytokine and serum antibody titers, splenocyte proliferation assays, and the survival times of mice after challenge. Our results showed that mice immunized with pDsRed2-GRA8 demonstrated specific humoral and cellular responses, induced higher IgG antibody titers with predominant IgG2a production; increased levels of IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IFN-γ, TNF-α, and splenocyte proliferation; and prolonged survival times compared to those of control mice. The present study showed that DNA immunization with pDsRed2-GRA8 induced humoral and cellular immune responses, and all immunized mice showed greater Th1-type immune responses and longer survival times than those of control mice. These results indicated that T. gondii GRA8 DNA immunization induces a partial protective effect against acute toxoplasmosis.

Citations

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Toxoplasma gondii vaccine candidates: a concise review
Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Anwar Fathollahi, Zahra Arab-Mazar, Kobra kohansal, Matin Fathollahi, Adel Spotin, Homayoon Bashiri, Arezoo Bozorgomid
Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -).2023; 192(1): 231. CrossRef
Insight into the current Toxoplasma gondii DNA vaccine: a review article
Xirui Zhang, Hao Yuan, Yasser S. Mahmmod, Zipeng Yang, Mengpo Zhao, Yining Song, Shengjun Luo, Xiu-Xiang Zhang, Zi-Guo Yuan
Expert Review of Vaccines.2023; 22(1): 66. CrossRef
Co-Immunization with DNA Vaccines Expressing SABP1 and SAG1 Proteins Effectively Enhanced Mice Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Acute Infection
Xiaoyu Sang, Xiang Li, Ran Chen, Ying Feng, Ting He, Xiaohan Zhang, Saeed El-Ashram, Ebtsam Al-Olayan, Na Yang
Vaccines.2023; 11(7): 1190. CrossRef
Evaluation of anti‐tick efficiency in rabbits induced by DNA vaccines encoding Haemaphysalis longicornis lipocalin homologue
Xiang‐Yuan Fan, Xiao‐Can Xu, Ya‐Xue Wu, Xiao‐Ya Liu, Feng Yang, Yong‐Hong Hu
Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2022; 36(4): 511. CrossRef
Review of DNA Vaccine Approaches Against the Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Rosalie C. Warner, Ryan C. Chapman, Brianna N. Davis, Paul H. Davis
Journal of Parasitology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A systematic review on the role of GRA proteins of Toxoplasma gondii in host immunization
Fatemeh Rezaei, Mahdi Sharif, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Seyed Hossein Hejazi, Sargis Aghayan, Abdol Sattar Pagheh, Samira Dodangeh, Ahmad Daryani
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2019; 165: 105696. CrossRef

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Immune Responses Induced by HSP60 DNA Vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Kunming Mice: Zhong-Yuan Li, Jing Lu, Nian-Zhang Zhang, Jia Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(3):237-245.
Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.237

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii can infect all the vertebrates including human, and leads to serious toxoplasmosis and considerable veterinary problems. T. gondii heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is associated with the activation of antigen presenting cells by inducing initial immune responses and releasing inflammatory cytokines. It might be a potential DNA vaccine candidate for this parasite. A pVAX-HSP60 DNA vaccine was constructed and immune responses was evaluated in Kunming mice in this study. Our data indicated that the innate and adaptive immune responses was elicited by successive immunizations with pVAX-HSP60 DNA, showing apparent increases of CD3e+CD4+ and CD3e+CD8a+ T cells in spleen tissues of the HSP60 DNA-immunized mice (24.70±1.23% and 10.90±0.89%, P<0.05) and higher levels of specific antibodies in sera. Furthermore, the survival period of the immunized mice (10.53±4.78 day) were significantly prolonged during the acute T. gondii infection. Decrease of brain cysts was significant in the experimental group during the chronic infection (P<0.01). Taken together, TgHSP60 DNA can be as a vaccine candidate to prevent the acute and chronic T. gondii infections.

Citations

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Detection and identification of highly antigenic proteins from cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii by immune-proteomics
Noé Lagunas-Cortés, Brenda Yomara García-Sánchez, Emmanuel Ríos-Castro, Marco Antonio Vega-López, Sirenia González-Pozos, Rubén Darío Diaz-Martín, Juan Manuel Carranza, Carlos J. Ramírez-Flores, Ricardo Mondragón-Flores
Journal of Proteomics.2025; 317: 105454. CrossRef
Live-attenuated PruΔgra72 strain of Toxoplasma gondii induces strong protective immunity against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice
Jing Li, Yu Kang, Ze-Xuan Wu, Shu-Feng Yang, Yu-Yang Tian, Xing-Quan Zhu, Xiao-Nan Zheng
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Insight into the current Toxoplasma gondii DNA vaccine: a review article
Xirui Zhang, Hao Yuan, Yasser S. Mahmmod, Zipeng Yang, Mengpo Zhao, Yining Song, Shengjun Luo, Xiu-Xiang Zhang, Zi-Guo Yuan
Expert Review of Vaccines.2023; 22(1): 66. CrossRef
Phylogenetic analysis of Babesia gibsoni isolates of south India using apical membrane antigen, 50 kDa surface antigen, and 70 kDa heat shock protein genes
Chundayil Kalarickal Deepa, Anju Varghese, Christophe Angeline Felicia Bora, Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith Kumar, Lijo John, Muhasin Asaf, Sunanda Chulliparambil, Reghu Ravindran
Experimental Parasitology.2023; 246: 108461. CrossRef
Review of DNA Vaccine Approaches Against the Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Rosalie C. Warner, Ryan C. Chapman, Brianna N. Davis, Paul H. Davis
Journal of Parasitology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Mini Review

Immunological Mechanisms by Which Concomitant Helminth Infections Predispose to the Development of Human Tuberculosis: Patricia M?ndez-Samperio; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):281-286.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.281

Abstract
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Helminthic infections afflict over 1.5 billion people worldwide, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one third of the world's population, resulting in 2 million deaths per year. Although tuberculosis and helminthic infections coexist in many parts of the world, and it has been demonstrated that the T-helper 2 and T-regulatory cell responses elicited by helminths can affect the ability of the host to control mycobacterial infection, it is still unclear whether helminth infections in fact affect tuberculosis disease. In this review article, current progress in the knowledge about the immunomodulation induced by helminths to diminish the protective immune responses to bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination is reviewed, and the knowledge about the types of immune responses modulated by helminths and the consequences for tuberculosis are summarized. In addition, recent data supporting the significant reduction of both M. tuberculosis antigen-specific Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9 expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to TLR2 and TLR9 ligands in individuals with M. tuberculosis and helminth co-infection were discussed. This examination will allow to improve understanding of the immune responses to mycobacterial infection and also be of great relevance in combating human tuberculosis.

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Advances in tuberculosis co-infections: Mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapeutics
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Paradoxical Use of Benralizumab in Reactive Hypereosinophilia from Toxocariasis and Tuberculosis Co-Infection—Case Report and Literature Review
Nicoleta Sorina Bertici, Talida Georgiana Cut, Amalia Ridichie, Andrei Raul Manzur, Razvan Adrian Bertici
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(17): 8117. CrossRef
Spatial associations of Hansen’s disease and schistosomiasis in endemic regions of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Jessica L. Stephens, Lucia A. O. Fraga, José A. Ferreira, Laura De Mondesert, Uriel Kitron, Julie A. Clennon, Jessica K. Fairley, Georgios Pappas
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(12): e0012682. CrossRef
Immunological reactivity and natural resistance in patients with tuberculosis, toxocariasis and tuberculosis associated with toxocariasis
Angela Guila
Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Medical Sciences.2024; 77(3): 239. CrossRef
Clinical Analysis of the Renal Protective Effect of GLP-1 on Diabetic Patients Based on Edge Detection
Jing Wang, Yang Wang, Ping Pang, Xiaomeng Jia, Xu Yan, Zhaohui Lv, Bhagyaveni M.A
Journal of Healthcare Engineering.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Helminth infections and immunosenescence: The friend of my enemy
Amir Abdoli, Hoda Mirzaian Ardakani
Experimental Gerontology.2020; 133: 110852. CrossRef
Fasciola hepatica coinfection modifies the morphological and immunological features of Echinococcus granulosus cysts in cattle
Christian Hidalgo, Caroll Stoore, Marcela Hernández, Rodolfo Paredes
Veterinary Research.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Intestinal parasites and HIV in Ethiopian tuberclosis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Getenet Dessie, Ayenew Negesse, Fasil Wagnew, Desalegne Amare, Balew Zeleke Tiruneh, Henok Mulugeta, Berhanu Abebaw Mekonen, Dessalegn Haile, Tilksew Ayalew, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold
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Neglected Factors Affecting the Burden of Tuberculosis
Amir Abdoli, Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi
Archives of Medical Research.2019; 50(1): 19. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection among children in a rural community in Fars province, southern Iran
Bahador Sarkari, Roya Alirezaei, Akram Layegh Gigloo, Zahra Rezaei, Fataneh Mikaeili, Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Mohammad Fararouei
Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Triazole Schiff’s Base Derivatives as Potential Antitubercular Agents
Asma A. Sager, Zainab S. Abood, Wedad M. El-Amary, Salah M. Bensaber, Inass A. Al-Sadawe, Nouri B. Ermeli, Salah B. Mohamed, Mohamed Al-Forgany, Ibrahim A. Mrema, Mabrouk Erhuma, Anton Hermann, Abdul M. Gbaj
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Parasitismo intestinal y tuberculosis
Anuar Alonso Cedeño-Burbano, Ronal Fredy Cerón-Ortega, Carlos Eberth Pacichana-Agudelo, David Andrés Muñoz-García, Gerardo Alfonso Galeano-Triviño, Diana Catalina Cardona-Gómez, William Andrés Manquillo-Arias, Regina Victoria Plaza-Rivera
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Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helmith infection
Patricia Méndez-Samperio
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Toll-like receptor signaling in parasitic infections
Dalia S Ashour
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Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes Through Parasite Infection
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Xin-Xu Li, Xiao-Nong Zhou
Parasites & Vectors.2013;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Immune Responses of NIH Mice Infected with Avirulent and Virulent Strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami Single and Mixed Infections: M. J. Namazi, R. S. Phillips; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):23-33.
Published online March 18, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.23

Abstract
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An understanding of the nature of the immune response to asexual erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites will facilitate vaccine development by identifying which responses the vaccine should preferentially induce. The present study examined and compared the immune responses of NIH mice in either single or mixed infections with avirulent (DK) or virulent (DS) strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami using the ELISA test for detecting and measurement of cytokines and antibody production. In both single and mixed infections, the study showed that both cell- and antibody-mediated responses were activated. In all experiments, an early relatively high level of IFN-γ and IgG2a during the acute phase of the infection, and later elevation of IL-4 and IgG1, suggested that there was a sequential Th1/Th2 response. However, in the avirulent DK strain infection a stronger Th1 response was observed compared to the virulent DS strain-infection or in mixed infections. In the virulent DS infection, there was a stronger Th2 response compared to that in the DK and mixed infections. The faster proliferation rate of the virulent DS strain compared to the DK strain was also evident.

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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Downregulator of Early T Cell-Dependent IFN-γ Responses in Plasmodium chabaudi adami (556 KA)-Infected Mice
Diane Tshikudi Malu, Benoit Bélanger, François Desautels, Karine Kelendji, Esther Dalko, Jaime Sanchez-Dardon, Lin Leng, Richard Bucala, Abhay R Satoskar, Tatiana Scorza
The Journal of Immunology.2011; 186(11): 6271. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Antibody Responses in Sera of Different Mouse Strains Experimentally Infected with Neodiplostomum seoulense: Eun-Taek Han, Jun-Hu Chen, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):279-283.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.279

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To examine humoral immune responses in the host, we measured serum antibody levels in different strains of mice (ICR, BALB/c, and C3H) experimentally infected with Neodiplostomum seoulense. Specific IgG antibody levels were increased remarkably with little difference among 3 strains of mice infected with N. seoulense from day 7 to 35 post-infection. More target proteins of adult parasites reacted with IgG at the time when the worm recovery decreased compared with other times. More than 20 protein bands, from 14 kDa to 94 kDa in size, were separated from the crude antigen of N. seoulense adults by SDS-PAGE, and among them 26, 30, 35, 43, 54, 67, and 94 kDa proteins were the major antigenic proteins. The results suggest that significant IgG antibody responses occur against N. seoulense in mice and this may be related with expulsion of worms.

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Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia
Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S69. CrossRef