Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"immunosuppression"

Original Articles

Immunopathological Changes in the Brain of Immunosuppressed Mice Experimentally Infected with Toxocara canis: Mohamed M. Eid, Samy I. El-Kowrany, Ahmad A. Othman, Dina I. El Gendy, Eman M. Saied; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):51-58.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.51

Abstract
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Toxocariasis is a soil-transmitted helminthozoonosis due to infection of humans by larvae of Toxocara canis. The disease could produce cognitive and behavioral disturbances especially in children. Meanwhile, in our modern era, the incidence of immunosuppression has been progressively increasing due to increased incidence of malignancy as well as increased use of immunosuppressive agents. The present study aimed at comparing some of the pathological and immunological alterations in the brain of normal and immunosuppressed mice experimentally infected with T. canis. Therefore, 180 Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups including normal (control) group, immunocompetent T. canis-infected group, immunosuppressed group (control), and immunosuppressed infected group. Infected mice were subjected to larval counts in the brain, and the brains from all mice were assessed for histopathological changes, astrogliosis, and IL-5 mRNA expression levels in brain tissues. The results showed that under immunosuppression, there were significant increase in brain larval counts, significant enhancement of reactive gliosis, and significant reduction in IL-5 mRNA expression. All these changes were maximal in the chronic stage of infection. In conclusion, the immunopathological alterations in the brains of infected animals were progressive over time, and were exaggerated under the effect of immunosuppression as did the intensity of cerebral infection.

Citations

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Toxocara canis infections in mice: from subtle to severe consequences in 100 weeks
Nicol Bernardová, Jan Novák, Chia-Kwung Fan, Libuše Kolářová, Marta Chanová
Journal of Helminthology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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The potential relationship between Toxocara canis infection and epilepsy in a rat model
Amina M. Salama, Dina I. Elgendy, Rasha A. Elmahy, Asmaa F. Eltantawy, Monira A. Seleem, Ahmed M. Elgohary, Omaima K. Docmac, Marwa E. F. Al Mwafy, Ahmed A. Almeldin, Mahmoud S. Sharaf
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Efficacy of artemether against toxocariasis in mice: parasitological and immunopathological changes in brain, liver, and lung
Dina I. Elgendy, Rasha A. Elmahy, Alaa Ibrahim Mohamed Amer, Hoda A. Ibrahim, Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy, Fotouh Rashed Mansour, Amina M. Salama
Pathogens and Global Health.2024; 118(1): 47. CrossRef
Neurobehavioral Disorders and Pathological Changes in the Brain of Mice Are Caused by Chronic Toxocara canis Larval Invasion with Low to Moderate Inoculum
Nicol Bernardová, Jan Novák, Petr Horák, Chia-Kwung Fan, Libuše Kolářová
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Effects of metformin on parasitological, pathological changes in the brain and liver and immunological aspects during visceral toxocariasis in mice
Amina M. Salama, Rasha A. Elmahy, Hoda A. Ibrahim, Alaa Ibrahim Mohamed Amer, Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy, Dina I. Elgendy
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Opportunistic Parasites among Immunosuppressed Children in Minia District, Egypt: Ekhlas H. Abdel-Hafeez, Azza K. Ahmad, Basma A. Ali, Fadia A. Moslam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):57-62.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.57

Abstract
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A total of 450 stool samples were collected from inpatient and outpatient clinics of Pediatric Department, Minia University Hospital, Minia District, Egypt. Two groups of patients were studied, including 200 immunosuppressed and 250 immunocompetent children. Stool samples were subjected to wet saline and iodine mounts. A concentration technique (formol-ether sedimentation method) was carried out for stool samples diagnosed negative by wet saline and iodine mounts. Samples were stained by 2 different methods; acid fast stain (modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain) and Giemsa stain. Total 188 cases (94%) were diagnosed positive for parasitic infections among immunosuppressed children, whereas 150 cases (60%) were positive in immunocompetent children (P<0.0001). The most common protozoan infection in immunosuppressed group was Cryptosporidium parvum (60.2%), followed by Blastocystis hominis (12.1%), Isospora belli (9.7%), and Cyclospora caytenensis (7.8%). On the other hand, Entamoeba histolytica (24.6%) and Giardia lamblia (17.6%) were more common than other protozoans in immunocompetent children.

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Brief Communication

Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses: Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):303-308.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.303

Abstract
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This study investigated whether elevated host immune capacity can inhibit T. gondii infection. For this purpose, we used silk protein extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons as a natural supplement to augment immune capacity. After silk protein administration to BALB/c mice for 6 weeks, ratios of T lymphocytes (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells) and splenocyte proliferative capacities in response to Con A or T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) were increased. Of various cytokines, which regulate immune systems, Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12, were obviously increased in splenocyte primary cell cultures. Furthermore, the survival of T. gondii (RH strain)-infected mice increased from 2 days to 5 or more days. In a state of immunosuppression induced by methylprednisolone acetate, silk protein-administered mice were resistant to reduction in T-lymphocyte (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells) numbers and the splenocyte proliferative capacity induced by Con A or TLA with a statistical significance. Taken together, our results suggest that silk protein augments immune capacity in mice and the increased cellular immunity by silk protein administration increases host protection against acute T. gondii infection.

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Original Articles

Immune Responses of Mice Intraduodenally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii KI-1 Tachyzoites: Eun-Hee Shin, Yeoun Sook Chun, Won-Hee Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):115-123.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.115

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii Korean isolate (KI-1) tachyzoites were inoculated intraduodenally to BALB/c mice using a silicon tube, and the course of infection and immune responses of mice were studied. Whereas control mice, that were infected intraperitoneally, died within day 7 post-infection (PI), the intraduodenally infected mice survived until day 9 PI (infection with 1×10⁵ tachyzoites) or day 11 PI (with 1×10⁶ tachyzoites). Based on histopathologic (Giemsa stain) and PCR (B1 gene) studies, it was suggested that tachyzoites, after entering the small intestine, invaded into endothelial cells, divided there, and propagated to other organs. PCR appeared to be more sensitive than histopathology to detect infected organs and tissues. The organisms spread over multiple organs by day 6 PI. However, proliferative responses of splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells in response to con A or Toxoplasma lysate antigen decreased significantly, suggesting immunosuppression. Splenic CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes showed decreases in number until day 9 PI, whereas IFN-γ and IL-10 decreased slightly at day 6 PI and returned to normal levels by day 9 PI. No TNF-α was detected throughout the experimental period. The results showed that intraduodenal infection with KI-1 tachyzoites was successful but did not elicit significant mucosal immunity in mice and allowed dissemination of T. gondii organisms to systemic organs. The immunosuppression of mice included reduced lymphoproliferative responses to splenocytes and MLN cells to mitogen and low production of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10, in response to T. gondii infection.

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Resistance toToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses
Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 303. CrossRef

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Growth and development of Gymnophalloides seoi in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed C3H/HeN mice: Jong-Yil Chai, Won-Jae Chung, Jina Kook, Min Seo, Yun-Kyu Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Min-Ho Choi, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(1):21-26.
Published online March 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.21

Abstract
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The growth and development of Gymnophalloides seoi were studied in C3H/HeN mice and effects of immunosuppression of the host on the worm development were observed. Two hundred metacercariae of G. seoi were orally administered to each mouse, and worms were recovered on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 post-infection (PI). The worm recovery rate was significantly higher in immunosuppressed (ImSP) mice than in immunocompetent (ImCT) mice except on days 1 and 3 PI. The worms attained sexual maturity by day 3 PI with eggs in the uterus, and worm dimensions and the number of uterine eggs continuously increased until day 14 PI in ImSP mice. Worms recovered from ImSP mice were significantly larger in size than those from ImCT mice on days 1 and 3 PI, and the number of uterine eggs was significantly larger in ImSP mice on days 5 and 7 PI. Genital organs such as the ovary, testes, and vitellaria, that were already developed in the metacercarial stage, grew a little in size until day 14 PI. The results show that the C3H/HeN mouse is, though not excellent, a suitable laboratory host for G. seoi.

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