Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"inhibition"

Brief Communication

Evaluation of the anti-Toxoplasma gondii Activity of Hederagenin in vitro and in vivo: Run-Hui Zhang, Runhao Jin, Hao Deng, Qing-Kun Shen, Zhe-Shan Quan, Chun-Mei Jin; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):297-301.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.297

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii infection is widespread worldwide, not only posing a serious threat to human food safety and animal husbandry, but also endangering human health. The selectivity index was employed to measure anti-T. gondii activity. Hederagenin (HE) exhibited potent anti-T. gondii activity and low cytotoxicity. For this reason, HE was selected for in vivo experiments. HE showed 64.8%±13.1% inhibition for peritoneal tachyzoites in mice, higher than spiramycin 56.8%±6.0%. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde, illustrated that HE was a good inhibitor of T. gondii in vivo. This compound was also effective in relieving T. gondii-induced liver damage. Collectively, it was demonstrated that HE had potential as an anti-T. gondii agent.

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An updated review of the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of hederagenin and its derivatives
Huize Zhang, Yong Li, Yi Liu
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive Insights into the Development of Antitoxoplasmosis Drugs: Current Advances, Obstacles, and Future Perspectives
Siyang Liu, Minghao Cai, Zhendi Liu, Weixin Gao, Junjie Li, Yuxueqing Li, Xiayire Abudouxukuer, Jili Zhang
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2024; 67(23): 20740. CrossRef
Sulfadiazine analogs: anti-Toxoplasma in vitro study of sulfonamide triazoles
Fadwa M Arafa, Doaa Hassan Osman, Mona Mohamed Tolba, Nadjet Rezki, Mohamed R Aouad, Mohamed Hagar, Mervat Osman, Heba Said
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(10): 2353. CrossRef
Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti -Toxoplasma gondii activity of tetraoxane-substituted ursolic acid derivatives
Ya-Lan Wang, Li-Li Jin, Xu Cheng, Wei-Feng Yan, Hao Deng, Qing-Kun Shen, Zhe-Shan Quan, Chun-Mei Jin, Chang-Hao Zhang
Natural Product Research.2023; 37(21): 3654. CrossRef
Pharmacological overview of hederagenin and its derivatives
Xing Huang, Qing-Kun Shen, Hong-Yan Guo, Xiaoting Li, Zhe-Shan Quan
RSC Medicinal Chemistry.2023; 14(10): 1858. CrossRef
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Hederagenin Derivatives
Xing Huang, Changhao Zhang, Hao Deng, Qingkun Shen, Hongyan Guo, Zheshan Quan, Zhiyong Li, Lili Jin
Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry.2022; 42(9): 2877. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells: Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):491-503.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.491

Abstract
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The effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were evaluated on growth inhibition of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii in host ARPE-19 cells. The number of tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) was counted after treatment with TKIs. T. gondii protein expression was assessed by western blot. Immunofluorescence assay was performed using Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and T. gondii GRA3 antibodies. The TKIs were divided into 3 groups; non-epidermal growth factor receptor (non-EGFR), anti-human EGFR 2 (anti-HER2), and anti-HER2/4 TKIs, respectively. Group I TKIs (nintedanib, AZD9291, and sunitinib) were unable to inhibit proliferation without destroying host cells. Group II TKIs (lapatinib, gefitinib, erlotinib, and AG1478) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to control pyrimethamine (5 ?M) at 20 μM and higher, without affecting host cells. Group III TKIs (neratinib, dacomitinib, afatinib, and pelitinib) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to pyrimethamine at 1-5 μM, but host cells were destroyed at 10-20 ?M. In Group I, TgHSP90 and SAG1 inhibitions were weak, and GRA3 expression was moderately inhibited. In Group II, TgHSP90 and SAG1 expressions seemed to be slightly enhanced, while GRA3 showed none to mild inhibition; however, AG1478 inhibited all proteins moderately. Protein expression was blocked in Group III, comparable to pyrimethamine. PDCD4 and GRA3 were well localized inside the nuclei in Group I, mildly disrupted in Group II, and were completely disrupted in Group III. This study suggests the possibility of a vital T. gondii TK having potential HER2/4 properties, thus anti-HER2/4 TKIs may inhibit intracellular parasite proliferation with minimal adverse effects on host cells.

Citations

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Tirosh Shapira, Matthew Christofferson, Yossef Av-Gay
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2024; 63(5): 107138. CrossRef
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Francesca Arrighi, Arianna Granese, Paola Chimenti, Paolo Guglielmi
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Latent Toxoplasmosis among Breast Cancer Patients in Jahrom, South of Iran
Marzeieh Haghbin, Salar Maani, Mohammad Aref Bagherzadeh, Ahmadreza Bazmjoo, Heshmatollah Shakeri, Ali Taghipour, Shahab Falahi, Azra Kenarkoohi, Milad Badri, Amir Abdoli, Mubashir Javed Mintoo
International Journal of Breast Cancer.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
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Qidong Tang, Ting Peng, Jie Hu, Tao Zhang, Pengqin Chen, Daoxing Chen, Yunjie Wang, Lingfeng Chen, Linjiang Tong, Yi Chen, Hua Xie, Guang Liang
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 233: 114249. CrossRef
Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef

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Afatinib Reduces STAT6 Signaling of Host ARPE-19 Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Young-Hoon Park, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):31-38.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.31

Abstract
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Specific gene expressions of host cells by spontaneous STAT6 phosphorylation are major strategy for the survival of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii against parasiticidal events through STAT1 phosphorylation by infection provoked IFN-γ. We determined the effects of small molecules of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on the growth of T. gondii and on the relationship with STAT1 and STAT6 phosphorylation in ARPE-19 cells. We counted the number of T. gondii RH tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) after treatment with TKIs at 12-hr intervals for 72 hr. The change of STAT6 phosphorylation was assessed via western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Among the tested TKIs, Afatinib (pan ErbB/EGFR inhibitor, 5 ?M) inhibited 98.0% of the growth of T. gondii, which was comparable to pyrimethamine (5 ?M) at 96.9% and followed by Erlotinib (ErbB1/EGFR inhibitor, 20 ?M) at 33.8% and Sunitinib (PDGFR or c-Kit inhibitor, 10 ?M) at 21.3%. In the early stage of the infection (2, 4, and 8 hr after T. gondii challenge), Afatinib inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT6 in western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Both JAK1 and JAK3, the upper hierarchical kinases of cytokine signaling, were strongly phosphorylated at 2 hr and then disappeared entirely after 4 hr. Some TKIs, especially the EGFR inhibitors, might play an important role in the inhibition of intracellular replication of T. gondii through the inhibition of the direct phosphorylation of STAT6 by T. gondii.

Citations

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Small molecule kinase inhibitor altiratinib inhibits brain cyst forming bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(2): e2409001. CrossRef
iTRAQ-Based Phosphoproteomic Analysis Exposes Molecular Changes in the Small Intestinal Epithelia of Cats after Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Bintao Zhai, Yu-Meng Meng, Shi-Chen Xie, Jun-Jie Peng, Yang Liu, Yanhua Qiu, Lu Wang, Jiyu Zhang, Jun-Jun He
Animals.2023; 13(22): 3537. CrossRef
Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef
A Human Proteome Array Approach to Identifying Key Host Proteins Targeted by Toxoplasma Kinase ROP18
Zhaoshou Yang, Yongheng Hou, Taofang Hao, Hee-Sool Rho, Jun Wan, Yizhao Luan, Xin Gao, Jianping Yao, Aihua Pan, Zhi Xie, Jiang Qian, Wanqin Liao, Heng Zhu, Xingwang Zhou
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.2017; 16(3): 469. CrossRef
Adverse Event Profile of Pyrimethamine-Based Therapy in Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review
Ruben R. Ben-Harari, Elizabeth Goodwin, Julio Casoy
Drugs in R&D.2017; 17(4): 523. CrossRef
Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells
Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 491. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Superoxide Anion Production by Human Neutrophils Activated by Trichomonas vaginalis: Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):479-484.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.479

Abstract
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Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in vaginal discharges of patients infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. In this study, we examined superoxide anion (O₂^.-) production by neutrophils activated by T. vaginalis. Human neutrophils produced superoxide anions when stimulated with either a lysate of T. vaginalis, its membrane component (MC), or excretory-secretory product (ESP). To assess the role of trichomonad protease in production of superoxide anions by neutrophils, T. vaginalis lysate, ESP, and MC were each pretreated with a protease inhibitor cocktail before incubation with neutrophils. Superoxide anion production was significantly decreased by this treatment. Trichomonad growth was inhibited by preincubation with supernatants of neutrophils incubated for 3 hr with T. vaginalis lysate. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) production by neutrophils was stimulated by live trichomonads. These results indicate that the production of superoxide anions and MPO by neutrophils stimulated with T. vaginalis may be a part of defense mechanisms of neutrophils in trichomoniasis.

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Trichomonas vaginalis triggers neutrophil extracellular traps reducing parasite integrity and growth
María G. Ramírez-Ledesma, Yordan J. Romero-Contreras, Mayra C. Rodríguez, Ruth Reyes-Cortes, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata, Eva E. Avila
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(5): 1355. CrossRef
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Tume Christopher, Oumar Mahamat, Miyanui N. Chungong, C. Atemenkeh Ngwa, P. Maishu Samka
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Shahin Hallaj, Anahita Ghorbani, Seyed Ali Mousavi‐Aghdas, Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari, Andrey Sevbitov, Vida Hashemi, Tooba Hallaj, Farhad Jadidi‐Niaragh
Immunology & Cell Biology.2021; 99(2): 192. CrossRef
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César Díaz-Godínez, Julio C. Carrero
Bioscience Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Yi-Ting Xie, Jiang-Mei Gao, Ya-Ping Wu, Petrus Tang, Geoff Hide, De-Hua Lai, Zhao-Rong Lun
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Adenosine reduces reactive oxygen species and interleukin-8 production by Trichomonas vaginalis-stimulated neutrophils
Amanda Piccoli Frasson, Camila Braz Menezes, Gustavo Krumel Goelzer, Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto, Solange Cristina Garcia, Tiana Tasca
Purinergic Signalling.2017; 13(4): 569. CrossRef

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Original Article

Detection and characterization of excretory/secretory proteins from Toxoplasma gondii by monoclonal antibodies: Eui-Sun Son, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):49-56.
Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.49

Abstract
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Excretory/secretory proteins (ESP) from Toxoplasma gondii were analyzed to define the function in the penetration process into host cells. Whole ESP obtained at 37℃ were composed of 15 bands with molecular mass of 110, 97, 86, 80, 70, 60, 54, 42, 40, 36, 30, 28, 26, 22, and 19 kDa. Five ESP of 86, 80, 42, 36, and 28 kDa were reacted with monoclonal antibodies (mAb), named as Tg386 (microneme), Tg485 (surface membrane), Tg786 (rhoptry), Tg378, and Tg556 (both dense granules), respectively. The ESP was released by a temperature-dependent/-independent manner and all at once whenever ready to pour out except Tg786. Each ESP was not exhausted within the parasite but the amount was limited. Tg786 was released continuously with increment, whereas Tg378 and Tg556 were ceased to release after 3 and 4 hr. Dense granular Tg378 and Tg556 were released spontaneously and constitutively before the entry into host cells also. The entry of T. gondii was inhibited by all the mAbs differentially. And the parasite deprived of ESP was inhibited to enter exponentially up to 90.1%. It is suggested that ESP play an essential function to provide appropriate environment for the entry of the parasite into host cells.

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Hei Gwon Choi, Fei-Fei Gao, Wei Zhou, Pu-Reum Sun, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee, Guang-Ho Cha
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Abbasali Eskandarian, Somayeh Jahani, Hossein Hejazi, Hossein Yousefi, Vahid Raissi
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Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients of the Isfahan Province
Abbasali Eskandarian, Somayeh Jahani, Hossein Hejazi, Hossein Yousefi, Vahid Raissi
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Ahmad Daryani, Mehdi Sharif, Hamed Kalani, Alireza Rafiei, Farzad Kalani, Ehsan Ahmadpour
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Rhoptry protein 6 from Toxoplasma gondii is an intrinsically disordered protein
Won-Kyu Lee, Hye-Jin Ahn, Yeon Gyu Yu, Ho-Woo Nam
Protein Expression and Purification.2014; 101: 146. CrossRef
Comprehensive Proteome Analysis of the Excretory/Secretory Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii
Won-Kyu Lee, Hye-Jin Ahn, Je-Hyun Baek, Chong-Heon Lee, Yeon Gyu Yu, Ho-Woo Nam
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Seyed Hossein Abdollahi, Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi, Gholamhossein Hassanshah
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Interaction between Parasitophorous Vacuolar Membrane-associated GRA3 and Calcium Modulating Ligand of Host Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum in the Parasitism of Toxoplasma gondii
Ji Yeon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Kyung Ju Ryu, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(4): 209. CrossRef
Host cell binding of GRA10, a novel, constitutively secreted dense granular protein from Toxoplasma gondii
Hye-Jin Ahn, Sehra Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2005; 331(2): 614. CrossRef
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Eun-Hee Shin, Sung-Bum Kim, Ho-Woo Nam, Eun-Taek Han, Jae-Hwan Park, Hye-Jin Ahn, Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of Parasitology.2004; 90(1): 161. CrossRef
Protease activity of 80 kDa protein secreted from the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Kyoung-Ju Song, Ho-Woo Nam
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Molecular cloning of ribosomal P protein in Toxoplasma gondii and the availability to detect antibody against recombinant protein in toxoplasmosis patients
Hye-Jin Ahn, Sera Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
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Molecular cloning of the 82-kDa heat shock protein (HSP90) of Toxoplasma gondii associated with the entry into and growth in host cells
Hye-Jin Ahn, Sera Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2003; 311(3): 654. CrossRef
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Hye-Jin Ahn, Kyoung-Ju Song, Eui-Sun Son, Jong-Chul Shin, Ho-Woo Nam
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Molecular cloning and characterization of peroxiredoxin from Toxoplasma gondii
Eui-Sun Son, Kyoung-Ju Song, Jong-Chul Shin, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(2): 133. CrossRef
Effects of specific monoclonal antibodies to dense granular proteins on the invasion of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo
Dong Yeob Cha, In Kwan Song, Gye Sung Lee, Ok-Sun Hwang, Hyung-Jun Noh, Seung-Dong Yeo, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(3): 233. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Immunosuppressive effect of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection on vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis in chicks: Jae Ku Rhee, Hong Ji Yang, Sim Yong Yook, Hyeon Cheol Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(3):203-206.
Published online September 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.203

Abstract
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Two-day-old commercial chicks were inoculated orally with 2 × 10⁶ oocysts of Cryptosporidium baileyi and vaccinated with 10^3.5 EID₅₀/head of a commercially available avian infectious bronchitis (IB) live virus vaccine at 4 and 14 days following inoculation. Chicks infected with C. baileyi were shown to have an immunosuppressive effect on IB virus. It is concluded that infection with the protozoon in early life may increase their susceptibility to IB.

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