As most infections by the helminth parasite elicit the recruitment of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T (Treg) cells, many scientists have suggested that these cells could be used for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammation and associated diseases. In order to investigate the distribution and alteration of activated Treg cells, we compared the expression levels of Treg cell activation markers in the ileum and gastrocnemius tissues 1, 2, and 4 weeks after infection. The number of Treg cells was monitored using GFP-coded Foxp3 transgenic mice. In mice at 1 week after Trichinella spiralis infection, the number of activated Treg cells was higher than in the control group. In mice at 2 weeks after infection, there was a significant increase in the number of cells expressing Foxp3 and CTLA-4 when compared to the control group and mice at 1 week after infection. At 4 weeks after infection, T. spiralis was easily identifiable in nurse cells in mouse muscles. In the intestine, the expression of Gzmb and Klrg1 decreased over time and that of Capg remained unchanged for the first and second week, then decreased in the 4th week. However, in the muscles, the expression of most chemokine genes was increased due to T. spiralis infection, in particular the expression levels of Gzmb, OX40, and CTLA-4 increased until week 4. In addition, increased gene expression of all chemokine receptors in muscle, CXCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR9, and CCR10, was observed up until the 4th week. In conclusion, various chemokine receptors showed increased expressions combined with recruitment of Treg cells in the muscle tissue.
Chemokines and chemokine receptors: Insights from human disease and experimental models of helminthiasis Lucas Kraemer, Derek M. McKay, Remo Castro Russo, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews.2022; 66: 38. CrossRef
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Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential Madeleine P. J. White, Caitlin M. McManus, Rick M. Maizels Immunology.2020; 160(3): 248. CrossRef
Trichinella spiralis:inflammation modulator Jing Ding, Xiaolei Liu, Xue Bai, Yang Wang, Jian Li, Chun Wang, Shicun Li, Mingyuan Liu, Xuelin Wang Journal of Helminthology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 on the Efficacy of the Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Vaccine Against Schistosoma japonicum Chun-lian Tang, Qun Pan, Ya-ping Xie, Ying Xiong, Rong-hui Zhang, Jin Huang Frontiers in Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Regulatory effect of two Trichinella spiralis serine protease inhibitors on the host’s immune system Jingyun Xu, Pengcheng Yu, Lijia Wu, Mingxu Liu, Yixin Lu Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The opposite roles of PAS-5 and Galectin-1 in immune response during the early infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis Lan-Zhu Yan, Xiao-Meng Shi, Yan-Wen Zu, Yuan-Yuan Shen, Xi-Xi Chen, Meng-Jing Zhao, Xing-Pan Li, Bao-Long Yan, Hui-Cong Huang Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
In Trichinella spiralis infection, type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-related and regulatory T (Treg) cell-related immune responses are the most important immune events. In order to clarify which Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are closely associated with these responses, we analyzed the expression of mouse TLR genes in the small intestine and muscle tissue during T. spiralis infection. In addition, the expression of several chemokine- and cytokine-encoding genes, which are related to Th2 and Treg cell mediated immune responses, were analyzed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/TIR-associated proteins (TIRAP) and Toll receptor-associated activator of interferons (TRIF) adapter protein deficient and wild type (WT) mice. The results showed significantly increased TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression in the small intestine after 2 weeks of T. spiralis infection. In the muscle, TLR1, TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9 gene expression significantly increased after 4 weeks of infection. Only the expression of the TLR4 and TLR9 genes was significantly elevated in WT MEF cells after treatment with excretory-secretory (ES) proteins. Gene expression for Th2 chemokine genes were highly enhanced by ES proteins in WT MEF cells, while this elevation was slightly reduced in MyD88/TIRAP-/- MEF cells, and quite substantially decreased in TRIF-/- MEF cells. In contrast, IL-10 and TGF-β expression levels were not elevated in MyD88/TIRAP-/- MEF cells. In conclusion, we suggest that TLR4 and TLR9 might be closely linked to Th2 cell and Treg cell mediated immune responses, although additional data are needed to convincingly prove this observation.
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