Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"plerocercoid"

Original Article

Proteomic and Immunological Identification of Diagnostic Antigens from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Plerocercoid: Yan Lu, Jia-Hui Sun, Li-Li Lu, Jia-Xu Chen, Peng Song, Lin Ai, Yu-Chun Cai, Lan-Hua Li, Shao-Hong Chen; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):615-623.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.615

Human sparganosis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by the plerocercoids of Spirometra species. Clinical diagnosis of sparganosis is crucial for effective treatment, thus it is important to identify sensitive and specific antigens of plerocercoids. The aim of the current study was to identify and characterize the immunogenic proteins of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids that were recognized by patient sera. Crude soluble extract of the plerocercoids were separated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with immunoblot and mass spectrometry analysis. Based on immunoblotting patterns and mass spectrometry results, 8 antigenic proteins were identified from the plerocercoid. Among the proteins, cysteine protease protein might be developed as an antigen for diagnosis of sparganosis.

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Lysine acetylation in the spargana of Spirometra mansoni: Insights into glycolysis and EF-hand domain proteins
Yuke Zeng, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Qin Meng, Shuyu Chen, Xiaoruo Tan, Cuiqin Huang, Shiquan Lu, Teng Zhong, Yuanpeng Hu, Yisong Liu, Wei Liu
Acta Tropica.2025; : 107932. CrossRef
Establishment of Animal Infection Model of Spirometra Mansoni and Identification of Spirometra Mansoni by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Anqi Luo, Shuyu Chen, Mingye He, Xiaoruo Tan, Zhikang Li, Wei Liu, Yisong Liu
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunoproteomics: Approach to Diagnostic and Vaccine Development
Virendra Supaji Gomase, Suchita Prabhakar Dhamane, Kiran Ramesh Kemkar, Pavan Ganpat Kakade, Abhay Dewappa Sakhare
Protein & Peptide Letters.2024; 31(10): 773. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Mass Death of Predatory Carp, Chanodichthys erythropterus, Induced by Plerocercoid Larvae of Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae): Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Soo Gun Jung, Koo Hwan Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):363-368.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.363

Abstract
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We describe here the mass death of predatory carp, Chanodichthys erythropterus, in Korea induced by plerocercoid larvae of Ligula intestinalis as a result of host manipulation. The carcasses of fish with ligulid larvae were first found in the river-edge areas of Chilgok-bo in Nakdong-gang (River), Korea at early February 2016. This ecological phenomena also occurred in the adjacent areas of 3 dams of Nakdong-gang, i.e., Gangjeong-bo, Dalseong-bo, and Hapcheon-Changnyeong-bo. Total 1,173 fish carcasses were collected from the 4 regions. To examine the cause of death, we captured 10 wondering carp in the river-edge areas of Hapcheon-Changnyeong-bo with a landing net. They were 24.0-28.5 cm in length and 147-257 g in weight, and had 2-11 plerocercoid larvae in the abdominal cavity. Their digestive organs were slender and empty, and reproductive organs were not observed at all. The plerocercoid larvae occupied almost all spaces of the abdominal cavity under the air bladders. The proportion of larvae per fish was 14.6-32.1% of body weight. The larvae were ivory-white, 21.5-63.0 cm long, and 6.0-13.8 g in weight. We suggest that the preference for the river-edge in infected fish during winter is a modified behavioral response by host manipulation of the tapeworm larvae. The life cycle of this tapeworm seems to be successfully continued as the infected fish can be easily eaten by avian definitive hosts.

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De Novo transcriptome assembly of Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790 (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) plerocercoids and their host, the common bream Abramis Brama L. (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae): model for studying host-parasite interactions
Albina Tsekova, Polina Drozdova, Irina Sukhovskaya, Daria Lebedeva, Liudmila Lysenko, Nadezhda Kantserova
Molecular Biology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of parasitic infection on microplastic ingestion in a native leuciscid hybrid species (Alburnus derjugini x Squalius orientalis) from Kürtün Dam Lake, Türkiye
Mert Minaz, Zeynep Zehra Ipek, Esra Bayçelebi, Munevver Oral, Tanju Mutlu, Baris Karsli, Sevki Kayis
Chemosphere.2024; 363: 142978. CrossRef
Destabilization Processes in the Hemopoietic Organs of Goldfish as a Consequence of the Survival Strategy of Cestode Ligula (Digramma) interrupta (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)
O. E. Mazur, I. A. Kutyrev, Zh. N. Dugarov
Inland Water Biology.2022; 15(4): 476. CrossRef
Impact of Endocrine Disruption on Host-Parasite Interaction: A Digest from a Cosmopolitan Cestode Model Ligula intestinalis
Roshmi Biswas, Anirban Ash
Proceedings of the Zoological Society.2021; 74(4): 523. CrossRef
Comparative mitogenomics supports synonymy of the genera Ligula and Digramma (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae)
Wen X. Li, Pei P. Fu, Dong Zhang, Kellyanne Boyce, Bing W. Xi, Hong Zou, Ming Li, Shan G. Wu, Gui T. Wang
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Identification of Cestoda Isolated from Erythroculter erythropterus
Aram HEO, Nam-Sil LEE, KwangIl KIM, Na Young KIM, Sung-Hee JUNG, Myoung Sug KIM
JOURNAL OF FISHRIES AND MARINE SCIENCES EDUCATION.2018; 30(6): 1978. CrossRef
Infection status with plerocercoid of ligulid tapeworm in cyprinid fish from three lakes in Republic of Korea
H. B. Song, G. M. Park
Helminthologia.2018; 55(3): 251. CrossRef

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Plerocercoids of Nybelinia surmenicola (Cestoda: Tentacularidae) in Squids, Todarodes pacificus, from East Sea, the Republic of Korea: Joon Yup Lee, Ji Woon Kim, Gab Man Park; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):221-224.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.221

Abstract
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A visceral helminth of the squid, Todarodes pacificus, is reported from the East Sea, the Republic of Korea. Total 39 squid samples were purchased from a fish market in Jumunjin-eup, Gangneung-si (City) from August 2014 to July 2015 and were examined for helminth parasites with naked eyes and under a stereomicroscope after opening the abdominal cavity with a pair of scissors. Whitish larval worms were mainly found in the stomach and abdominal cavity of the squid. They were detected in 25 (64.1%) out of 39 squids examined, and the infection density was 7 larvae per infected squid. Spatula-shaped larvae were 8.2×2.0 mm in average size, round to slightly flattened anteriorly, with round hatching posteriorly, and had characteristic 4 tentacles with numerous hooklets in the scolex. The larvae were identified as the plerocercoid stage of Nybelinia surmenicola by their morphological features. This finding represents a new host record and the first report of N. surmenicola infection in T. pacificus squids from the east coast of Korea.

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Saleh Al Quraishy, Mohamed Abdel Monem Dkhil, Rewaida Abdel-Gaber, Esam Al-Shaebi, Ahmad Abu Jaffal, Kareem Morsy
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Omar M. Amin, Richard A. Heckmann
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Original Article

Genetic Identification of Spirometra decipiens Plerocercoids in Terrestrial Snakes from Korea and China: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Hansol Park, Dongmin Lee, Seongjun Choe, Kyu-Heon Kim, Woon- Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):181-185.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.181

Abstract
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Human sparganosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with larval forms (procercoid/plerocercoid) of Spirometra spp. The purpose of this study was to identify Spirometra spp. of infected snakes using a multiplex PCR assay and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence data from the spargana of terrestrial snakes obtained from Korea and China. A total of 283 snakes were obtained that included 4 species of Colubridae comprising Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus (n=150), Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum (n=64), Elaphe davidi (n=2), and Elaphe schrenkii (n=7), and 1 species of Viperidae, Agkistrodon saxatilis (n=60). The snakes were collected from the provinces of Chungbuk, Chungnam, and Gyeongbuk in Korea (n=161), and from China (n=122). The overall infection rate with spargana was 83% (235/283). The highest was recorded for D. rufozonatum rufozonatum (100%), followed by A. saxatilis (85%) and R. tigrinus tigrinus (80%), with a negative result for E. davidi (0%) and E. schrenkii (0%). The sequence identities between the spargana from snakes (n=50) and Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (KJ599680) or S. decipiens (KJ599679) control specimens were 90.8% and 99.2%, respectively. Pairwise genetic distances between spargana (n=50) and S. decipiens ranged from 0.0080 to 0.0107, while those between spargana and S. erinaceieuropaei ranged from 0.1070 to 0.1096. In this study, all of the 904 spargana analyzed were identified as S. decipiens either by a multiplex PCR assay (n=854) or mitochondrial cox1 sequence analysis (n=50).

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Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Spirometra Tapeworms from Snakes in Hunan Province
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Yang-Ha Hwang, Wonsoo Son, Yong-Won Kim, Dong-Hun Kang, Hyun-Ha Chang, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung
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Development of EST-derived microsatellite markers to investigate the population structure of sparganum — the causative agent of zoonotic sparganosis
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(1): 87. CrossRef
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Brief Communications

Partial Purification and Characterization of a Cysteine Protease Inhibitor from the Plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei: Young-Bae Chung, Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):183-186.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.183

Abstract
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Helminthic cysteine proteases are well known to play critical roles in tissue invasion, nutrient uptake, and immune evasion of the parasites. In the same manner, the sparganum, the plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni, is also known to secrete a large amount of cysteine proteases. However, cysteine protease inhibitors regulating the proteolytic activities of the cysteine protease are poorly illustrated. In this regard, we partially purified an endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor from spargana and characterized its biochemical properties. The cysteine protease inhibitor was purified by sequential chromatographies using Resource Q anion exchanger and Superdex 200 HR gel filtration from crude extracts of spargana. The molecular weight of the purified protein was estimated to be about 11 kD on SDS-PAGE. It was able to inhibit papain and 27 kDa cysteine protease of spargana with the ratio of 25.7% and 49.1%, respectively, while did not inhibit chymotrypsin. This finding suggests that the cysteine protease inhibitor of spargana may be involved in regulation of endogenous cysteine proteases of the parasite, rather than interact with cysteine proteases from their hosts.

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Yadong Xue, Xiumei Liu, Yajun Wang, Jing Chang, Xubo Wang
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Lin Huang, Ling Mai, Gang Lv, Xinjun Chen
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Characterization of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Plerocercoid Cysteine Protease and Potential Application for Serodiagnosis of Sparganosis
Li Na Liu, Zhong Quan Wang, Xi Zhang, Peng Jiang, Xin Qi, Ruo Dan Liu, Zi Fang Zhang, Jing Cui, Xiao-Nong Zhou
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2015; 9(6): e0003807. CrossRef
Analysis of Structures, Functions, and Epitopes of Cysteine Protease fromSpirometra erinaceieuropaeiSpargana
Li Na Liu, Jing Cui, Xi Zhang, Tong Wei, Peng Jiang, Zhong Quan Wang
BioMed Research International.2013; 2013: 1. CrossRef
Differential protein expression in Spirometra erinacei according to its development in its final host
Jae-Hwan Kim, Young Ju Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Young Mee Bae, Sung-Tae Hong, Min-Ho Choi
Parasitology Research.2009; 105(6): 1549. CrossRef

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Feminization and reduction of testicular weight in mouse sparganosis: Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):167-169.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.167

Abstract
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After infection of male mice with the plerocercoids (spargana) of Spirometra mansoni, serum levels of estrogen and testicular weight were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and weighing machine, respectively. The serum level of estrogen increased progressively in infected mice compared with normal controls, whereas the testicular weight of infected mice decreased significantly (P < 0.05). These results suggest that certain substances from spargana change the steroid hormone metabolisms in the host by unknown pathways, and chronic infection may contribute to change of the function of steroid hormone target organ, i.e., testis, in male mice.

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Changes of Serum Adiponectin Levels in Murine Experimental Sparganosis
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(2): 91. CrossRef

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A new method for concentration of proteins in the calcareous corpuscles separated from the spargana of Spirometra erinacei: Yun-Kyu Park, Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(3):119-122.
Published online September 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.3.119

Abstract
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Calcareous corpuscles are a characteristic structure found in larval and adult stage cestodes. These corpuscles are known to contain several protein components and to possess protein-binding activity. However, the proteins bound to calcareous corpuscles in situ have not been studied. The present study was undertaken to identify the proteins on calcareous corpuscles. Calcareous corpuscles were purified from the plerocercoids (= spargana) of Spirometra erinacei, and serially dissolved using 0.1 M sulfamic acid solution. Collected supernatants were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and silver staining. The results showed that only the fraction remaining after the 19^th dissolved fraction contained proteins. A total of 20 protein molecules were detected in gel, with major bands at 56, 53, 46, 40, 35, 29, 28, 24.5, 21, 19, 16, 13, 10 and 8 kDa. In particular, the proteins corresponding to the 21 and 16 kDa bands were most abundant. Our results demonstrated for the first time the protein contents of the calcareous corpuscles of spargana. Further studies on the functions of these proteins are required.

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Acta Tropica.2015; 144: 31. CrossRef
Differential protein expression in Spirometra erinacei according to its development in its final host
Jae-Hwan Kim, Young Ju Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Young Mee Bae, Sung-Tae Hong, Min-Ho Choi
Parasitology Research.2009; 105(6): 1549. CrossRef