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Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Status in the Republic of Korea Following Reemergence: Jae-Won Park, Gyo Jun, Joon-Sup Yeom; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S39.
Published online October 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S39

Abstract
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The annual incidence of Plasmodium vivax malaria that reemerged in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 1993 increased annually, reaching 4,142 cases in 2000, decreased to 864 cases in 2004, and once again increased to reach more than 2,000 cases by 2007. Early after reemergence, more than two-thirds of the total annual cases were reported among military personnel. However, subsequently, the proportion of civilian cases increased consistently, reaching over 60% in 2006. P. vivax malaria has mainly occurred in the areas adjacent to the Demilitarized Zone, which strongly suggests that malaria situation in ROK has been directly influenced by infected mosquitoes originating from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Besides the direct influence from DPRK, local transmission within ROK was also likely. P. vivax malaria in ROK exhibited a typical unstable pattern with a unimodal peak from June through September. Chemoprophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and primaquine, which was expanded from approximately 16,000 soldiers in 1997 to 200,000 soldiers in 2005, contributed to the reduction in number of cases among military personnel. However, the efficacy of the mass chemoprophylaxis has been hampered by poor compliance. Since 2000, many prophylactic failure cases due to resistance to the HCQ prophylactic regimen have been reported and 2 cases of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant P. vivax were reported, representing the first-known cases of CQ-resistant P. vivax from a temperate region of Asia. Continuous surveillance and monitoring are warranted to prevent further expansion of CQ-resistant P. vivax in ROK.

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Case Report

Reemergence of the bedbug Cimex lectularius in Seoul, Korea: In-Yong Lee, Han-Il Ree, Song-Jun An, John Alderman Linton, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):269-271.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.269

Abstract
PDF

A healthy 30-yr-old woman carrying an insect that had been caught in her living room visited the International Clinic at Severance Hospital, Seoul, in December 2007. The insect she brought was identified to be a nymph of a bedbug, Cimex lectularius, and her skin rashes looked typical bedbug's bites. Her apartment was investigated, and a dead body of a bedbug, cast skins, and hatched eggs were found in her rooms and neighbors' rooms in the same building. She was living in that apartment in Seoul for 9 months since she had moved from New Jersey, USA. We assume that the bedbugs were introduced from abroad, since there had been no report on bedbugs in Seoul for more than 2 decades at least. This is a report of a reemergence of the common bedbug, C. lectularius in Seoul, Korea.

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Original Article

Border malaria characters of reemerging vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea: Weon-Gyu Kho, Ji-Yeon Jang, Sung-Tae Hong, Hyong-Woo Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Jong-Soo Lee; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):71-76.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.71

Abstract
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Since 1993, the number of vivax malaria cases has increased every year in the northern part of the Republic of Korea (ROK). This study was designed to characterize factors related to the reemergence of malaria in the ROK. A total of 21 cases diagnosed in 1993 and 1994 distributed sporadically in the narrow zone along the demilitarized zone (DMZ). Of total 317 civilian inhabitant cases reported in 1994-1997, 287 cases were studied and 80.8% of them resided within 10 km from the southern border of the DMZ. The frequency distribution of anti-Plasmodium vivax antibody titers using indirect fluorescent antibody test was compared in three villages in relation with distance from the DMZ. The number of inhabitants with high antibody titers was larger in the village nearest to the border than that in more distant villages. The present results highly suggested that the reemerging vivax malaria start in the border area, most possibly caused by infected mosquitoes which flew across the border. This pattern of transmission repeated year after year.

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Journal of Theoretical Biology.2015; 380: 499. CrossRef
Up-regulated S100 calcium binding protein A8 in Plasmodium-infected patients correlates with CD4+CD25+Foxp3 regulatory T cell generation
Hyeong-Woo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon-Joong Kang, Jung-Yeon Kim, Sangeun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Youngjoo Sohn
Malaria Journal.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea (2003-2005) using Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test
Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon-Joong Kang, Won-Ja Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Ung Moon, Seok Ho Cha, Sung-Keun Lee, Yun-Kyu Park, Jhang-Ho Pak, Pyo Yun Cho, Youngjoo Sohn, Hyeong-Woo Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(1): 1. CrossRef
Population genetic structure of the Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (Pvcsp) in Sri Lanka
Sajani Dias, Thilan Wickramarachchi, Imeshi Sahabandu, Ananias A. Escalante, Preethi V. Udagama
Gene.2013; 518(2): 381. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax malaria: A re-emerging threat for temperate climate zones?
Eskild Petersen, Carlo Severini, Stephane Picot
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.2013; 11(1): 51. CrossRef
Evaluation of circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax to estimate its prevalence in the Republic of Korea: an observational study of incidence
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Malaria Journal.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
The polymorphism and the geographical distribution of the knockdown resistance (kdr) of Anopheles sinensis in the Republic of Korea
Seunghyun Kang, Jongwoo Jung, Sanghui Lee, Heeseung Hwang, Won Kim
Malaria Journal.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes
Justin M Cohen, David L Smith, Chris Cotter, Abigail Ward, Gavin Yamey, Oliver J Sabot, Bruno Moonen
Malaria Journal.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimating the malaria transmission of Plasmodium vivax based on serodiagnosis
Jung-Yeon Kim, Hyung-Hwan Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Yeon-Joo Kim, Youngjoo Sohn, Hyuck Kim, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee
Malaria Journal.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk analysis of the re-emergence of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Japan using a stochastic transmission model
Tomoyuki Bitoh, Kaoru Fueda, Hiroshi Ohmae, Mamoru Watanabe, Hirofumi Ishikawa
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.2011; 16(3): 171. CrossRef
Detection of an antibody against Plasmodium vivax in residents of Gimpo-si, South Korea, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test
Won-Ja Lee, Hyung-Hwan Kim, Soon-Mi Hwang, Mi-Young Park, Nam-Ryul Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tae-Sook In, Jung-Yeon Kim, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Youngjoo Sohn, Hyuck Kim, Jong-Koo Lee, Hyeong-Woo Lee
Malaria Journal.2011;[Epub] CrossRef
Validation of Ecological Niche Models for Potential Malaria Vectors in the Republic of Korea
Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, Heung Chul Kim, Tracy Brown, Richard C. Wilkerson, Leopoldo M. Rueda
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association.2010; 26(2): 210. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax PCR genotyping of the first malaria case imported from South Korea into Japan
Moritoshi Iwagami, Shigeyuki Kano, Ichiro Itoda, Seung-Young Hwang, Weon-Gyu Kho
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy.2009; 15(1): 27. CrossRef
Geographic Distribution and Ecology of Potential Malaria Vectors in the Republic of Korea
Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, Heung Chul Kim, William J. Sames, Richard C. Wilkerson, Leopoldo M. Rueda
Journal of Medical Entomology.2009; 46(3): 680. CrossRef
Emerging Parasitic Diseases in Korea
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Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2007; 50(11): 946. CrossRef
Reemergence of Malaria in Korea
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Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2007; 50(11): 959. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Delayed Diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in the Republic of Korea
Hyeong-Woo Lee ., Hiroshi Nishiura ., Shin-Hyeong Cho ., Wook-Gyo Lee ., Tae-Suk In ., Sung-Ung Moon ., Gyung Tae Chung ., Tong-Soo Kim .
Research Journal of Parasitology.2007; 2(1): 72. CrossRef
Estimates of short- and long-term incubation periods of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea
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Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2007; 101(4): 338. CrossRef
ELISA detection of vivax malaria with recombinant multiple stage-specific antigens and its application to survey of residents in endemic areas
Sera Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(4): 203. CrossRef
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction for a differential diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax
Weon-Gyu Kho, Joon-Yong Chung, Eun-Jeong Sim, Myeong-You Kim, Dong-Wook Kim, Somchai Jongwutiwes, Kazuyuki Tanabe
Parasitology International.2003; 52(3): 229. CrossRef
Analysis of the Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen-1 gene from re-emerging Korean isolates
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The Identification of Plasmodium vivax Infected Anopheles sinensis by Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Republic of Korea, 1998
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Evaluation of Anopheline Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea forPlasmodium vivaxCircumsporozoite Protein
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Journal of Medical Entomology.2002; 39(1): 244. CrossRef
Late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea
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Intragenomic Length Variation of the Ribosomal DNA Intergenic Spacer in a Malaria Vector, Anopheles sinensis
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Molecules and Cells.2002; 14(1): 158. CrossRef
Western blot diagnosis of vivax malaria with multiple stage-specific antigens of the parasite
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(2): 171. CrossRef
Analysis of polymorphic region of GAM-1 gene in Plasmodium vivax Korean isolates
Weon-Gyu Kho, Joon-Yong Chung, Ui-Wook Hwang, Jin-Ho Chun, Yeong-Hong Park, Woo-Chul Chung
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(4): 313. CrossRef
Incidence patterns of vivax malaria in civilians residing in a high-risk county of Kyonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea
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Analysis of vivax malaria cases in Gangwon-do (Province), Korea in the year 2000
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(4): 301. CrossRef
The analysis of circumsporozoite-protein gene sequences from South Korean isolates ofPlasmodium vivax
C. S. Lim, Y. K. Kim, K. N. Lee, S. H. Kim, K. J. Hoffman, K.-J. Song, J.-W. Song
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Unstable vivax malaria in Korea
Han-Il Ree
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2000; 38(3): 119. CrossRef
Re-emerging Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1999; 37(3): 129. CrossRef
Two new genotypes of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein found in the Republic of Korea
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