Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"scrub typhus"

Original Articles

Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea: Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):263-271.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22148

The present study aimed to survey the prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi) infection in the northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea. From early February to early June 2015, a total of 17,050 chiggers were collected from striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius, in Cheorwon-gun, Hwacheon-gun, Yanggu-gun, and Goseong-gun, which are well-known endemic areas of scrub typhus in Korea. The chiggers were analyzed using molecular genomic methods, as previously described. Among the 7,964 identified chiggers, the predominant species was Leptotrombidium pallidum (76.9%), followed by L. zetum (16.4%), L. orientale (4.3%), L. palpale (0.3%), L. tectum (0.2%), and Neotrombicula tamiyai (1.8%). The chigger index (CI) was highest in Hwacheon (115.58), followed by Cheorwon (97.02), Yanggu (76.88), and Goseong (54.68). Out of the 79 O. tsutsugamushi-positive chigger pools, 67 (84.8%) were identified as the Boryong strain, 10 (12.7%) as the Youngworl strain, and only 2 were the Jecheon strain. Based on the high infestation of chiggers in striped field rodents and the high rate of O. tsutsugamushi infection in chigger mites, Hwacheon-gun and Cheorwon-gun are presumed to be high-risk areas for scrub typhus. Furthermore, L. pallidum, a major vector of scrub typhus, and the dominant O. tsutsugamushi serotype, the Boryong strain, were found in the northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Surveillance of Vector‐Borne Zoonotic Diseases in South Korea: Uncovering Novel Pathogen Carriers Among Rodents and Mites Nationwide
Beoul Kim, You-Jeong Lee, Hee Il Lee, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo, Nan-hua Chen
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2022년 쯔쯔가무시증 매개 털진드기 감시 현황
세훈 조, 태규 김, 현우 김, 정원 주, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(46): 1563. CrossRef

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Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea: In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):473-479.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.473

Abstract
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A nationwide survey of chigger mites causing scrub typhus and an investigation of epidemiologic factors for chigger mites was conducted at 16 localities in 8 provinces in Korea during autumn 2009, 2012, and 2013. A total of 233 Apodemus agrarius were captured, and all were infested with chigger mites. The chigger index was highest in Chungcheongbuk-do in 2009 (358.3) and 2012 (290.1) and Chungcheongnam-do in 2013 (294.4). The predominant chigger mite species was Leptotrombidium pallidum in the northern and central parts and L. scutellare in the southern and western parts, Korea. L. pallidum was not found in Jellanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do and the distribution of L. scutellare had been expanded in the northern parts of Korea. The chigger index of L. pallidum was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with humidity. The incidence of scrub typhus is dependent on L. scutellare index. These findings could be helpful to monitor the distribution of chigger mites and to develop a preventive measures for scrub typhus in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Scrub typhus update: A re‑emerging global threat beyond the Tsutsugamushi Triangle and the physiological ramifications of scrub typhus infection (Review)
Ankur Vashishtha, Vivek Kumar, Gautam Panwar, Gaurav Kausik, Samaniya Baig, Prigya Sharma, Rajesh Yadav
World Academy of Sciences Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Association Between Environmental Factors and Scrub Typhus: A Review
Shu Yang, Shu Yang, Yuxiang Xie, Wenjing Duan, Yiting Cui, Ai Peng, Yisheng Zhou, Yibing Fan, Hui Li, Peng Huang
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 10(6): 151. CrossRef
Temperature effect on scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: the projection for climate change
Donghee Seo, Yoon-Jung Choi, Yun-Chul Hong
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations of meteorological factors and dynamics of scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: A nationwide time-series study
Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
Environmental Research.2024; 245: 117994. CrossRef
The impact of meteorological parameters on the scrub typhus incidence in Baoshan City, western Yunnan, China
Yun-Yan Luo, Alan Frederick Geater, Jia-Xiang Yin
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea
Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 263. CrossRef
Molecular Identification of Bacillus Isolated from Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) and Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) Feces by Using an SNP-Based 16S Ribosomal Marker
Md-Mafizur Rahman, Sang-Jin Lim, Yung-Chul Park
Animals.2022; 12(8): 979. CrossRef

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Mini Reviews

Research Advances of Leptotrombidium scutellare in China: Rong Xiang, Xian-Guo Guo; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):1-8.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.1

Leptotrombidium scutellare is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. It has been found in more than 15 provinces of China. Especially in Yunnan, it was found to be mainly distributed in some mountainous areas with high altitude, low temperature and low precipitation. Rodents and some other small mammals were the most common hosts of L. scutellare. To date, more than 40 host species of L. scutellare have been recorded with very low host specificity, and the main hosts varied in different geographical regions. L. scutellare had a strong resistance against the cold environment, and the temperature and humidity were 2 important factors affecting its growth and development. Among different individuals of their rodent hosts, L. scutellare mites often showed an aggregated distribution pattern, which reflected the interspecific cooperation of the mites. The chromosome karyotype of L. scutellare was 2n=16 and all the 8 pairs of chromosomes were short rod-shaped with metacentric or sub-metacentric types. The isozyme spectrum supported that L. scutellare, L. deliense and L. rubellum were in the same species group. Based on the natural infection, experimental transmission and epidemiological evidence, L. scutellare has been eventually confirmed as the second major vector of scrub typhus in China, which is second only to L. deliense.

Citations

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Distribution and Host Selection of the Chigger Mite Leptotrombidium rupestre, a Potential Vector of Scrub Typhus, in Southwest China
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Veterinary Medicine and Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Distribution and infestation of Leptotrombidium scutellare (a major vector of scrub typhus) on small mammals across five provincial regions of Southwest China
Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Peng-Wu Yin, Xiao-Bin Huang, Ti-Jun Qian
Veterinary Research Communications.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Seasonal dynamics and niches of three vector chigger species at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Lei Zhang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Infestation, community structure, seasonal fluctuation and climate-driven dynamics of mites on small mammals at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
Peng-Wu Yin, Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Wen-Ge Dong, Dao-Chao Jin
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and long-term impact of meteorological, environmental, and socio-economic factors on scrub typhus in China from 2006 to 2018
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Scientific Data.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Progress on Leptotrombidium deliense: Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Dao-Chao Jin; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):313-324.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.313

Abstract
PDF

This article reviews Leptotrombidium deliense, including its discovery and nomenclature, morphological features and identification, life cycle, ecology, relationship with diseases, chromosomes and artificial cultivation. The first record of L. deliense was early in 1922 by Walch. Under the genus Leptotrombidium, there are many sibling species similar to L. deliense, which makes it difficult to differentiate L. deliense from another sibling chigger mites, for example, L. rubellum. The life cycle of the mite (L. deliense) includes 7 stages: egg, deutovum (or prelarva), larva, nymphochrysalis, nymph, imagochrysalis and adult. The mite has a wide geographical distribution with low host specificity, and it often appears in different regions and habitats and on many species of hosts. As a vector species of chigger mite, L. deliense is of great importance in transmitting scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) in many parts of the world, especially in tropical regions of Southeast Asia. The seasonal fluctuation of the mite population varies in different geographical regions. The mite has been successfully cultured in the laboratory, facilitating research on its chromosomes, biochemistry and molecular biology.

Citations

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Distribution and Host Selection of the Chigger Mite Leptotrombidium rupestre, a Potential Vector of Scrub Typhus, in Southwest China
Rong Yu, Xian‐Guo Guo, Yan Lv, Peng‐Wu Yin, Wen‐Yu Song, Pei‐Ying Peng, Ti‐Jun Qian, Rong Xiang, Yan‐Ling Chen, Bei Li
Veterinary Medicine and Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Zhisong Ni, Shufen Li, Rui Xi, Kemeng Liang, Sihao Song, Chuanlong Cheng, Hui Zuo, Liang Lu, Xiujun Li
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Kartika Saraswati, J Kevin Baird, Stuart D Blacksell, Marlous L Grijsen, Nicholas P J Day
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Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Lei Zhang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Infestation, community structure, seasonal fluctuation and climate-driven dynamics of mites on small mammals at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
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Distribution and host selection of the chigger mite vector of scrub typhus,Leptotrombidium deliense, in southwest China
Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Dao-Chao Jin, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhang-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Wen-Yu Song, Wen-Ge Dong, Ti-Jun Qian, Zhi-Hua Yang
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Taha Hussein Musa, Tauseef Ahmad, Mohammed Nasiru Wana, Wei Li, Hassan Hussein Musa, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Kuldeep Dhama, Wanpen Chaicumpa, Michael C. Campbell, Pingmin Wei
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Original Articles

Monthly Occurrence of Vectors and Reservoir Rodents of Scrub Typhus in an Endemic Area of Jeollanam-do, Korea: Seung Hyun Lee, Young-Sun Lee, In Yong Lee, Jae Won Lim, Hee-Kwan Shin, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):327-331.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.327

Abstract
PDF

Monthly surveys were conducted to investigate the occurrence of chigger mites and seroprevalence of scrub typhus among small mammals in Jeollanam-do, the southwestern part of Korea, from November 2006 through October 2007. Fifty-eight small mammals, including 57 Apodemus agrarius (98.3%) and 1 Crocidura lasiura (1.7%), were captured, and a total of 4,675 chigger mites representing 4 genera and 8 species were collected from them. The chigger infestation rate among small mammals was 69.0%. The most predominant species in A. agrarius was Leptotrombidium scutellare (54.0%), followed by Leptotrombidium pallidum (39.4%), Leptotrombidium orientale (4.4%), Leptotrombidium palpale (1.1%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (0.6%), Eushoengastia koreaensis (0.3%), Neotrombicula gardellai (0.3%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (<0.1%). The chigger index of A. agrarius was the highest in October (740.0), followed by November (242.0), September (134.6), March (98.3), February (38.2), January (35.3), December (34.5), April (30.8), and May (1.7). The average antibody positive rate of scrub typhus in wild rodents was 50.0%. The seropositive rates were high in October (100.0%) and November (83.3%), whereas those in other months were relatively low (28.6-57.1%). The chigger index of L. scutellare rapidly increased in September to form an acuminate peak in October, followed by a gradual decline. These results suggest that the outbreak of scrub typhus in the southwestern part of Korean peninsula is mostly due to L. scutellare.

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Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2021; 15(3): 1442. CrossRef
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Serosurveillance of Scrub Typhus in Small Mammals Collected from Military Training Sites near the DMZ, Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Chiggers from Mammals Examined: Heung Chul Kim, In Yong Lee, Sung Tae Chong, Allen L. Richards, Se Hun Gu, Jin-Won Song, John S. Lee, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):237-243.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.237

Abstract
PDF

Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. palpale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (14.3%), L. orientale (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticulum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L. subintermedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpale (21.4), were observed during the spring season.

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Geographical Distribution and Relative Abundance of Vectors of Scrub Typhus in the Republic of Korea: In Yong Lee, Heung Chul Kim, Young-Sun Lee, Jang Hoon Seo, Jae Won Lim, Tae Soon Yong, Terry A. Klein, Won Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):381-386.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.381

Abstract
PDF

A survey to determine the geographical distribution and relative abundance of potential vectors of scrub typhus was conducted from October to November 2006 at 13 localities throughout the Republic of Korea. Apodemus agrarius accounted for 97.6% (80/82) of all rodents, while only 2 Myodes regulus (2/82) were collected. A total of 10,860 chiggers were collected from A. agrarius belonging to 4 genera and 8 species, while only Walchia fragilis (40) was collected from Myodes regulus. Leptotrombidium pallidum (8,137; 74.9%), a vector of scrub typhus, was the predominant species collected from A. agrarius followed by Leptotrombidium scutellare (2,057, 18.9%), Leptotrombidium palpale (279; 2.7%), Leptotrombidium orientale (232; 2.1%), and Leptotrombidium zetum (79; 0.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (58; 0.5%), Euschoengastica koreaensis (16; 0.1%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (2; < 0.1%). L. pallidum was the predominant chigger collected at collection sites in Gangwon (100%), Gyeonggi (87.2%), Chungnam (100%), Chungbuk (100%), Jeonbuk (73.9%), Jeonnam (77.0%), and Gyeongbuk (66.1%) provinces, whereas L. scutellare was the predominant chigger collected in Gyeongnam province (77.9%) and Jeju Island (62.3%). Data suggest a correlation between chigger population abundance and human cases of scrub typhus in Korea.

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Seroepidemiological Survey of Zoonotic Diseases in Small Mammals with PCR Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers, Gwangju, Korea
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Unusual Genotypic Distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi Strains Causing Human Infections on Jeju Island
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Environmental survey on the vectors and hosts of Tsutsugamushi disease in Jeonnam province, Korea
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Serosurveillance of Scrub Typhus in Small Mammals Collected from Military Training Sites near the DMZ, Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Chiggers from Mammals Examined
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