Clonorchis sinensis is a biological carcinogen inducing human cholangiocarcinoma, and clonorchiasis is one of the important endemic infectious diseases in East Asia. The present study investigated survival longevity of C. sinensis adult worms in various in vitro conditions to find the best way of keeping the worms longer. The worms were maintained in 0.85% NaCl, 1×PBS, 1×Locke's solution, RPMI-1640, DMEM, and IMDM media, and in 1×Locke's solution with different supplements. All of the worms died within 3 and 7 days in 0.85% NaCl and 1×PBS, respectively, but survived up to 57 days in 1×Locke's solution. The worms lived for 106 days in DMEM, and 114 days in both RPMI-1640 and IMDM media. The survival rate in RPMI-1640 medium was the highest (50%) compared to that in DMEM (20±10%) and in IMDM (33.3±25.2%) after 3 months. The 1×Locke's solution with 0.005% bovine bile supplement showed increased duration of maximum survival from 42 days to 70 days. Higher concentration of bile supplements than 0.005% or addition of glucose were disadvantageous for the worm survival. The worms died rapidly in solutions containing L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, and adenine compared to L-arginine, L-serine, and L-tryptophan. In conclusion, the 1×Locke's solution best supports the worms alive among inorganic solutions for 57 days, and the RPMI-1640 medium maintains living C. sinensis adults better and longer up to 114 days in vitro than other media.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Clonorchis sinensis and Cholangiocarcinoma Eun-Min Kim, Sung-Tae Hong Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Truman Show for Human Helminthic Parasites: A Review of Recent Advances in In Vitro Cultivation Platforms Smita Sutrave, Martin Heinrich Richter Microorganisms.2023; 11(7): 1708. CrossRef
In vitro culture and morphology of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) collected from the intestine of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) farmed in the Brazilian Amazon M. I. B. Oliveira, C. Majolo, F. A. Sebastião, M. Tavares-Dias, F. R. Brandão, E. C. Chagas Brazilian Journal of Biology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics of potential inhibitors targeting sodium-bile acid co-transporter of carcinogenic liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis Won Gi Yoo, Fuhong Dai, Jhang Ho Pak, Sung-Jong Hong, Jin-Ho Song, Sutas Suttiprapa PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(11): e0010909. CrossRef
Amino acids serve as an important energy source for adult flukes of Clonorchis sinensis Shan Li, Xueqing Chen, Juanjuan Zhou, Zhizhi Xie, Mei Shang, Lei He, Pei Liang, Tingjin Chen, Qiang Mao, Chi Liang, Xuerong Li, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu, John Pius Dalton PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(4): e0008287. CrossRef
Sodium-bile acid co-transporter is crucial for survival of a carcinogenic liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis in the bile Fuhong Dai, Won Gi Yoo, Yanyan Lu, Jin-Ho Song, Ji-Yun Lee, Youngro Byun, Jhang Ho Pak, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, John Pius Dalton PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(12): e0008952. CrossRef
Characterization of a novel organic solute transporter homologue from Clonorchis sinensis Yanyan Lu, Won Gi Yoo, Fuhong Dai, Ji-Yun Lee, Jhang Ho Pak, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, John Pius Dalton PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2018; 12(4): e0006459. CrossRef
Sequence analysis and characterization of pyruvate kinase from Clonorchis sinensis, a 53.1-kDa homopentamer, implicated immune protective efficacy against clonorchiasis Tingjin Chen, Hongye Jiang, Hengchang Sun, Zhizhi Xie, Pengli Ren, Lu Zhao, Huimin Dong, Mengchen Shi, Zhiyue Lv, Zhongdao Wu, Xuerong Li, Xinbing Yu, Yan Huang, Jin Xu Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
C3H/He Mice as an Incompatible Cholangiocarcinoma Model by Clonorchis sinensis, Dicyclanil and N-Nitrosodimethylamine Md. Hafiz Uddin, Shunyu Li, Yan Jin, Min-Ho Choi, Ja June Jang, Sung-Tae Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 281. CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase: identification and characterization of its potential role in surviving in the bile duct Jinsi Lin, Hongling Qu, Guishan Chen, Lei He, Yanquan Xu, Zhizhi Xie, Mengyu Ren, Jiufeng Sun, Shan Li, Wenjun Chen, Xueqing Chen, Xiaoyun Wang, Xuerong Li, Chi Liang, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Involvement of PSMD10, CDK4, and Tumor Suppressors in Development of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma of Syrian Golden Hamsters Induced by Clonorchis sinensis and N-Nitrosodimethylamine Md. Hafiz Uddin, Min-Ho Choi, Woo Ho Kim, Ja-June Jang, Sung-Tae Hong, Xiao-Nong Zhou PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2015; 9(8): e0004008. CrossRef
Advanced Enzymology, Expression Profile and Immune Response of Clonorchis sinensis Hexokinase Show Its Application Potential for Prevention and Control of Clonorchiasis Tingjin Chen, Jinyun Yu, Zeli Tang, Zhizhi Xie, Zhipeng Lin, Hengchang Sun, Shuo Wan, Xuerong Li, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu, Jin Xu, Aaron R. Jex PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2015; 9(3): e0003641. CrossRef
Production and Deformation of Clonorchis sinensis Eggs during In Vitro Maintenance Md. Hafiz Uddin, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jason Mulvenna PLoS ONE.2012; 7(12): e52676. CrossRef
The existence of symbiotic relationships between Acanthamoeba and a variety of bacteria is well-documented. However, the ability of Acanthamoeba interacting with host bacterial pathogens has gained particular attention. Here, to understand the interactions of Escherichia coli K1 and E. coli K5 strains with Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and cysts, association assay, invasion assay, survival assay, and the measurement of bacterial numbers from cysts were performed, and nonpathogenic E. coli K12 was also applied. The association ratio of E. coli K1 with A. castellanii was 4.3 cfu per amoeba for 1 hr but E. coli K5 with A. castellanii was 1 cfu per amoeba for 1 hr. By invasion and survival assays, E. coli K5 was recovered less than E. coli K1 but still alive inside A. castellanii. E. coli K1 and K5 survived and multiplied intracellularly in A. castellanii. The survival assay was performed under a favourable condition for 22 hr and 43 hr with the encystment of A. castellanii. Under the favourable condition for the transformation of trophozoites into cysts, E. coli K5 multiplied significantly. Moreover, the pathogenic potential of E. coli K1 from A. castellanii cysts exhibited no changes as compared with E. coli K1 from A. castellanii trophozoites. E. coli K5 was multiplied in A. castellanii trophozoites and survived in A. castellanii cysts. Therefore, this study suggests that E. coli K5 can use A. castellanii as a reservoir host or a vector for the bacterial transmission.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
The impact of environmental factors on the transport and survival of pathogens in agricultural soils from karst areas of Yunnan province, China: Laboratory column simulated leaching experiments Zhuo Ning, Shuaiwei Wang, Caijuan Guo, Min Zhang Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Interaction between Naegleria fowleri and pathogenic Escherichia coli by mannose and changes in N. fowleri protease Dae-Hyun Son, Eun-Jung Kim, Abdul Matin, Suk-Yul Jung Parasitology Research.2022; 121(6): 1805. CrossRef
First report of successful Naegleria detection from environmental resources of some selected areas of Rawlakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Abida Akbar, Abdul Hameed, Abdulaziz S. Alouffi, Mashal M. Almutairi, Tania Tanveer, Abdul Matin Acta Protozoologica.2022; 60: 37. CrossRef
A one health approach versus Acanthamoeba castellanii, a potential host for Morganella morganii Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Anania Boghossian, Noor Akbar, Naveed Ahmed Khan International Microbiology.2022; 25(4): 781. CrossRef
Environmental Free-Living Amoebae Can Predate on Diverse Antibiotic-Resistant Human Pathogens Félix Bornier, Eline Zas, Damien Potheret, Maria-Halima Laaberki, Bénédicte Coupat-Goutaland, Xavier Charpentier, Christopher A. Elkins Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Heat and chlorine resistance of a soil
Acanthamoeba
sp. cysts in water
A.A. Gabriel, D.C. Panaligan Journal of Applied Microbiology.2020; 129(2): 453. CrossRef
АКАНТАМЕБИ ЯК РЕЗЕРВУАР ПАТОГЕННИХ БАКТЕРІЙ ТА ВІРУСІВ A. P. Chobotar Інфекційні хвороби.2019; (2): 66. CrossRef
АКАНТАМЕБИ ЯК РЕЗЕРВУАР ПАТОГЕННИХ БАКТЕРІЙ ТА ВІРУСІВ (огляд літератури) A. P. Chobotar Здобутки клінічної і експериментальної медицини.2019; (2): 12. CrossRef
Environmental Free-Living Amoebae Isolated from Soil in Khon Kaen, Thailand, Antagonize Burkholderia pseudomallei Parumon Noinarin, Pisit Chareonsudjai, Pinich Wangsomnuk, Surasak Wongratanacheewin, Sorujsiri Chareonsudjai, William C. Nierman PLOS ONE.2016; 11(11): e0167355. CrossRef
Current and Past Strategies for Bacterial Culture in Clinical Microbiology Jean-Christophe Lagier, Sophie Edouard, Isabelle Pagnier, Oleg Mediannikov, Michel Drancourt, Didier Raoult Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2015; 28(1): 208. CrossRef
Protozoan Cysts Act as a Survival Niche and Protective Shelter for Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Ellen Lambrecht, Julie Baré, Natascha Chavatte, Wim Bert, Koen Sabbe, Kurt Houf, H. Goodrich-Blair Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2015; 81(16): 5604. CrossRef
Encystment in Acanthamoeba castellanii: A review David Lloyd Experimental Parasitology.2014; 145: S20. CrossRef
Isolation and molecular characterization of potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotypes from diverse water resources including household drinking water from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Tania Tanveer, Abdul Hameed, Ambreen Gul Muazzam, Suk-Yul Jung, Asma Gul, Abdul Matin Parasitology Research.2013; 112(8): 2925. CrossRef
The Fate of Helicobacter pylori Phagocytized by Acanthamoeba polyphaga Demonstrated by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Quantitative Polymerization Chain Reaction Tests Charlotte D. Smith, Nicholas J. Ashbolt Current Microbiology.2012; 65(6): 805. CrossRef
The effects of exogenous glucose in artificial spring water (ASW) were studied on the survival and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. The mean percent survival of cercariae maintained in 1% glucose in ASW for 36 and 48hr was significantly greater than that of cercariae maintained identically in ASW. Cercariae maintained in ASW with or without glucose for 24hr, fixed in neutral buffered formalin, and stained in Oil Red O, showed an accumulation of neutral lipid in the tail. Cercariae maintained as described above and stained in periodic acid-Schiff exhibited depleted glycogen, mainly from the tail. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr did not resynthesize glycogen. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr were as capable of infecting male FVBN202 mice as were freshly emerged cercariae, and increased the percent of worm recovery. Exogeneous glucose added to ASW prolonged the survival of S. mansoni cercariae and increased infectivity in terms of worm recovery.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Heads or tails? Differential translational regulation in cercarial heads and tails of schistosome worms James R. Hagerty, Emmitt R. Jolly, Salah A. Sheweita PLOS ONE.2019; 14(10): e0224358. CrossRef
In Vitro Maintenance of Clonorchis sinensis Adult Worms Md. Hafiz Uddin, Shunyu Li, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(4): 309. CrossRef
Bile components and amino acids affect survival of the newly excysted juvenile Clonorchis sinensis in maintaining media Shunyu Li, Tae Im Kim, Won Gi Yoo, Pyo Yun Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong Parasitology Research.2008; 103(5): 1019. CrossRef
Effects of glucose on survival, infectivity and linear movement of the cercariae of Echinostoma caproni E.L. Ponder, B. Fried Journal of Helminthology.2004; 78(2): 185. CrossRef
Emergence of cercariae of Echinostoma caproni and Schistosoma mansoni from Biomphalaria glabrata under different laboratory conditions B. Fried, R. Laterra, Y. Kim Journal of Helminthology.2002; 76(4): 369. CrossRef
First
Prev
