Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"traveler"

Brief Communication

Outbreak of Cyclosporiasis in Korean Travelers Returning from Nepal: Da-Won Ma, Myoung-Ro Lee, Bora Ku, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):589-592.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.589

Abstract
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Cyclospora cayetanensis is an apicomplexan protozoan and is one of the most common pathogens causing chronic diarrhea worldwide. Eight stool samples with diarrheal symptom out of 18 Korean residents who traveled to Nepal were obtained, and examined for 25 enteropathogens including 16 bacterial species, 5 viral species, and 4 protozoans in stool samples as causative agents of water-borne and food-borne disease. Only C. cayetanensis was detected by nested PCR, and 3 PCR-positive samples were sequenced to confirm species identification. However, the oocysts of C. cayetanensis in fecal samples could not be detected by direct microscopy of the stained sample. As far as we know, this is the first report of a group infection with C. cayetanensis from a traveler visiting Nepal, and the second report of a traveler’s diarrhea by C. cayetanensis imported in Korea.

Citations

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Food Safety in Developing Countries: Common Foodborne and Waterborne Illnesses, Regulations, Organizational Structure, and Challenges of Food Safety in the Context of Nepal
Deepak Subedi, Madhav Paudel, Sandesh Poudel, Niranjan Koirala
Food Frontiers.2025; 6(1): 86. CrossRef
Imported parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea: status and issues
Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2025; 68(1): 52. CrossRef
Cyclospora and Cyclosporiasis: The Nepalese Perspective
Pitambar Dhakal, Junqiang Li, Bishnu Maya K.C., Yin Fu, Yuancai Chen, Longxian Zhang
Zoonoses.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Perspective (2020–2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods
Sonia Almeria, Leonor Chacin-Bonilla, Jenny G. Maloney, Monica Santin
Microorganisms.2023; 11(9): 2171. CrossRef
Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a review of worldwide outbreaks – an update 2017–2022
Pavlina Bourli, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Ourania Tzoraki, Panagiotis Karanis
Journal of Water and Health.2023; 21(10): 1421. CrossRef
Waterborne protozoan outbreaks: An update on the global, regional, and national prevalence from 2017 to 2020 and sources of contamination
Jun-Yang Ma, Man-Yao Li, Ze-Zheng Qi, Ming Fu, Tian-Feng Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Wei Cong
Science of The Total Environment.2022; 806: 150562. CrossRef
Review on Cyclosporiasis Outbreaks and Potential Molecular Markers for Tracing Back Investigations
Junqiang Li, Feifei Xu, Md Robiul Karim, Longxian Zhang
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2022; 19(12): 796. CrossRef

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Original Article

Development of Molecular Diagnosis Using Multiplex Real-Time PCR and T4 Phage Internal Control to Simultaneously Detect Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis from Human Stool Samples: Ji-Hun Shin, Sang-Eun Lee, Tong Soo Kim, Da-Won Ma, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):419-427.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.419

Abstract
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This study aimed to develop a new multiplex real-time PCR detection method for 3 species of waterborne protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis) identified as major causes of traveler’s diarrhea. Three target genes were specifically and simultaneously detected by the TaqMan probe method for multiple parasitic infection cases, including Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein for C. parvum, glutamate dehydrogenase for G. lamblia, and internal transcribed spacer 1 for C. cayetanensis. Gene product 21 for bacteriophage T4 was used as an internal control DNA target for monitoring human stool DNA amplification. TaqMan probes were prepared using 4 fluorescent dyes, FAMTM, HEXTM, Cy5TM, and CAL Fluor Red® 610 on C. parvum, G. lamblia, C. cayetanensis, and bacteriophage T4, respectively. We developed a novel primer-probe set for each parasite, a primer-probe cocktail (a mixture of primers and probes for the parasites and the internal control) for multiplex real-time PCR analysis, and a protocol for this detection method. Multiplex real-time PCR with the primer-probe cocktail successfully and specifically detected the target genes of C. parvum, G. lamblia, and C. cayetanensis in the mixed spiked human stool sample. The limit of detection for our assay was 2×10 copies for C. parvum and for C. cayetanensis, while it was 2×103 copies for G. lamblia. We propose that the multiplex real-time PCR detection method developed here is a useful method for simultaneously diagnosing the most common causative protozoa in traveler’s diarrhea.

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Lynn Glyschewski, Hagen Frickmann, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Betty Roberta Norman, Albert Dompreh, Emmanuel Acheamfour-Akowuah, Martin Kofi Agyei, Shadrack Osei Asibey, Richard Boateng, Edmund Osei Kuffour, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Sven Poppert, Felix Weinreic
Infectious Disease Reports.2025; 17(5): 129. CrossRef
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Oumaima Hachimi, Rebecca Falender, Gabriel Davis, Rispa Vranka Wafula, Melissa Sutton, June Bancroft, Paul Cieslak, Christine Kelly, Devrim Kaya, Tyler Radniecki
Science of The Total Environment.2024; 947: 174219. CrossRef
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Atul Kumar Sharma, K. Gururaj, Rama Sharma, Anjana Goel, Souvik Paul, Dinesh Kumar Sharma
Cell Biochemistry and Function.2023; 41(1): 45. CrossRef
The Importance of Endoscopy with Biopsy: Real-World Evidence of Gastrointestinal Involvement in Primary Immunodeficiency in Two Main Northern Italian Centres
Stefania Nicola, Francesco Cinetto, Stefano Della Mura, Luca Lo Sardo, Elena Saracco, Ilaria Vitali, Riccardo Scarpa, Helena Buso, Vera Bonato, Claudia Discardi, Giovanni Rolla, Carla Felice, Marcello Rattazzi, Luisa Brussino
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Efficacy of a membrane concentration method combined with real-time PCR for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water
Jiang Jingyi, Yao Ping, Xu Jian, Chen Jia, Mao Xujian, Li Qiong, Tu Bowen, Wang Fengming
Letters in Applied Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Abdallah Abdelsattar, Alyaa Dawoud, Salsabil Makky , Rana Nofal, Ramy Aziz, Ayman El-Shibiny
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.2022; 23(3): 337. CrossRef
Comparative Evaluation of Real-Time Screening PCR Assays for Giardia duodenalis and of Assays Discriminating the Assemblages A and B
Felix Weinreich, Andreas Hahn, Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Simone Kann, Torsten Feldt, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Hagen Frickmann, Ulrike Loderstädt
Microorganisms.2022; 10(7): 1310. CrossRef
Review on Cyclosporiasis Outbreaks and Potential Molecular Markers for Tracing Back Investigations
Junqiang Li, Feifei Xu, Md Robiul Karim, Longxian Zhang
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2022; 19(12): 796. CrossRef
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Hanbi Kim, Hee Jae Huh, Eunkyoung Park, Doo-Ryeon Chung, Minhee Kang
BioChip Journal.2021; 15(1): 14. CrossRef
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Damien Costa, Louise Soulieux, Romy Razakandrainibe, Louise Basmaciyan, Gilles Gargala, Stéphane Valot, Frédéric Dalle, Loic Favennec
Pathogens.2021; 10(6): 647. CrossRef
A review on application of next-generation sequencing methods for profiling of protozoan parasites in water: Current methodologies, challenges, and perspectives
N.P. Mthethwa, I.D. Amoah, P. Reddy, F. Bux, S. Kumari
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2021; 187: 106269. CrossRef
Comparison of Three Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting the SSU rRNA Gene, the COWP Gene and the DnaJ-Like Protein Gene for the Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. in Stool Samples
Felix Weinreich, Andreas Hahn, Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Torsten Feldt, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Hagen Frickmann, Ulrike Loderstädt
Pathogens.2021; 10(9): 1131. CrossRef
Advances in Cyclosporiasis Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention
Junqiang Li, Zhaohui Cui, Meng Qi, Longxian Zhang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of commercial and in-house real-time PCR platforms for 15 parasites and microsporidia in human stool samples without a gold standard
Thomas Köller, Andreas Hahn, Enkhtsetseg Altangerel, Jaco J. Verweij, Olfert Landt, Simone Kann, Denise Dekker, Jürgen May, Ulrike Loderstädt, Andreas Podbielski, Hagen Frickmann
Acta Tropica.2020; 207: 105516. CrossRef
Biochemical Markers of the Functional State of the Liver during Giardiasis
D. V. Morozenko, K. V. Gliebova, S. V. Ivannikova, O. G. Geyderikh, O. V. Shapovalova, A. V. Derevyanko
Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu.2019; 4(2): 149. CrossRef
Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections – What's new?
R.C.A. Thompson, A. Ash
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2019; 75: 103951. CrossRef
Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update
Sonia Almeria, Hediye N. Cinar, Jitender P. Dubey
Microorganisms.2019; 7(9): 317. CrossRef

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Mini Review

An Overview of Fish-borne Nematodiases among Returned Travelers for Recent 25 Years? Unexpected Diseases Sometimes Far Away from the Origin: Jorge Costa Eiras, Gilberto Cezar Pavanelli, Ricardo Massato Takemoto, Yukifumi Nawa; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(3):215-227.
Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.215

Abstract
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Along with globalization of traveling and trading, fish-borne nematodiases seems to be increasing in number. However, apart from occasional and sporadic case reports or mini-reviews of particular diseases in particular countries, an overview of fish-borne nematodiasis among travelers have never been performed. In this review, we gathered fishborne nematodiasis among travelers for recent 25 years by an extensive global literature survey using appropriate keywords, e.g. travelers diseases, human infection, anisakiasis, gnathostomiasis, capillariasis, sushi, sashimi, ceviche, Gnathostoma, Pseudoterranova, Anisakis, Capillaria, etc., as well as various combinations of these key words. The Internet search engines PubMed, Medline, Google and Googler Scholar were used as much as possible, and the references of every paper were checked in order to identify useful and reliable publications. The results showed unexpectedly high incidence of gnathostomiasis and low incidence of anisakidosis. The different incidence values of the infection with several fish-borne zoonotic nematode species are discussed, as well as some epidemiological aspects of the infections. The difficulties of differential diagnosis in non-endemic countries are emphasized. It is concluded that travelers must avoid risky behaviors which can lead to infection and that physicians and health authorities must advice travelers on the risks of eating behaviors during travel.

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Case Report

A Case of Furuncular Myiasis Due to Cordylobia anthropophaga in a Korean Traveler Returning from Uganda: Su-Min Song, Shin-Woo Kim, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong, Meesun Ock, Hee-Jae Cha, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):327-331.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.327

Abstract
PDF

A fly larva was recovered from a boil-like lesion on the left leg of a 33-year-old male on 21 November 2016. He has worked in an endemic area of myiasis, Uganda, for 8 months and returned to Korea on 11 November 2016. The larva was identified as Cordylobia anthropophaga by morphological features, including the body shape, size, anterior end, posterior spiracles, and pattern of spines on the body. Subsequent 28S rRNA gene sequencing showed 99.9% similarity (916/917 bp) with the partial 28S rRNA gene of C. anthropophaga. This is the first imported case of furuncular myiasis caused by C. anthropophaga in a Korean overseas traveler.

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Rafael A.N. Ramos, Hassan Hakimi, Sidouin K. Metinou, Wachellet Danzabe, Macon Overcast, Jeremiah Cox, Rebecca Garabed, Philip Tchindebet Ouakou, Richard Ngandolo Bongo Nare, Fernando Torres-Velez, Lucienne Tritten, Meriam N. Saleh, Guilherme G. Verocai
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Original Article

Travelers' malaria among foreigners at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, Thailand: a 6-year review (2000-2005): Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Srivicha Krudsood, Udomsak Silachamroon, Karnchana Pornpininworakij, Phatcharee Danwiwatdecha, Supat Chamnachanan, Polrat Wilairatana, Sornchai Looareesuwan; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):229-232.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.229

Abstract
PDF

We retrospectively examined the charts of travelers admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, Thailand, with malaria during the years 2000-2005. Twenty-one cases of malaria were identified, of which 12 (57%) were Plasmodium vivax infections and 9 (43%) were P. falciparum infections. There was one mixed case with vivax and falciparum infection. Only 1 P. falciparum case had complications. All cases were successfully treated with standard antimalarial drugs. Only 3 of the 21 cases were thought to be acquired in Thailand, the rest were regarded to be imported.

Citations

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Epidemiologic trends and clinical outcomes of imported malaria in a tertiary care hospital, Bangkok, Thailand: A retrospective analysis (2013–2022)
Panita Looareesuwan, Rachata Charoenwisedsil, Punyisa Asawapaithulsert, Phimphan Pisutsan, Viravarn Luvira, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Wasin Matsee
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 62: 102775. CrossRef
Closing the gap in travel medicine
Annelies Wilder-Smith
Journal of Travel Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
The impact of human reservoir of malaria at a community-level on individual malaria occurrence in a low malaria transmission setting along the Thai-Myanmar border
Saranath Lawpoolsri, Irwin F Chavez, Surapon Yimsamran, Supalap Puangsa-art, Nipon Thanyavanich, Wanchai Maneeboonyang, Wuthichai Chaimungkun, Pratap Singhasivanon, James H Maguire, Laura L Hungerford
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