Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea

In-Yong Lee; Hyeon-Je Song; Yeon-Joo Choi; Sun-Hye Shin; Min-Kyung Choi; So-Hyun Kwon; E-Hyun Shin; Chan Park; Heung-Chul Kim; Terry A. Klein; Kyung-Hee Park; Won-Jong Jang

doi:10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.225

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Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea

In-Yong Lee^1,†, Hyeon-Je Song^2,†, Yeon-Joo Choi³, Sun-Hye Shin³, Min-Kyung Choi³, So-Hyun Kwon³, E-Hyun Shin⁴, Chan Park⁴, Heung-Chul Kim⁵, Terry A. Klein⁶, Kyung-Hee Park³, Won-Jong Jang³

The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2014;52(2):225-229.
Published online: April 18, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.225

¹Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.

²Department of Clinical Pathology, Gwangju Health College, Gwangju 506-701, Korea.

³Institute of Global Disease Control and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.

⁴Division of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Health, Osong 363-951, Korea.

^55thMedical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, USA.

⁶Public Health Command Region-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan.

Corresponding author (wjjang@kku.ac.kr)

^†In-Yong Lee and Hyeon-Je Song contributed equally to this work.

• Received: October 14, 2013 • Revised: February 24, 2014 • Accepted: February 25, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
Notes
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
References

Abstract

A total of 9,281 larval chigger mites were collected from small mammals captured at Hwaseong-gun, Gyeonggi-do (Province) (2,754 mites from 30 small mammals), Asan city, Chungcheongnam-do (3,358 mites from 48 mammals), and Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (3,169 for 62 mammals) from April-November 2009 in the Republic of Korea (= Korea) and were identified to species. Leptotrombidium pallidum was the predominant species in Hwaseong (95.8%) and Asan (61.2%), while Leptotrombidium scutellare was the predominant species collected from Jangseong (80.1%). Overall, larval chigger mite indices decreased from April (27.3) to June (4.9), then increased in September (95.2) and to a high level in November (169.3). These data suggest that L. pallidum and L. scutellare are the primary vectors of scrub typhus throughout their range in Korea. While other species of larval chigger mites were also collected with some implications in the transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi, they only accounted for 11.2% of all larval chigger mites collected from small mammals.
Key words: Apodemus agrarius, Leptotrombidium pallidum, Leptotrombidium scutellare, chigger mite, chigger index

Orientia tsutsugamushi is gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria and the causative agent of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease), an acute febrile infectious disease [1,2]. O. tsutsugamushi is maintained in chigger mites (the family Trombiculidae) by transovarian transmission and transmitted by bite of zoonotic hosts and incidentally to humans [1,2]. Zoonotic hosts for larval chigger mites are small mammals and with mite species demonstrating preferential host-feeding patterns [3]. Apodemus agrarius, Micromys minutus, Mus musculus, Microtus fortis, Rattus norvegicus, and Myodes regulus are commonly collected from various habitats throughout the Republic of Korea (=Korea) and host to larval trombiculid mites (other stages are free-living); they were shown to be serologically positive for scrub typhus [3,4,5]. Leptotrombidium pallidum was the predominant larval chigger mite collected from small mammals that were captured from northern provinces (Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do) [3,4], while Leptotrombidium scutellare was the predominant chigger mite collected from small mammals captured from southern provinces of Korea [6].

The purpose of larval chigger mite surveillance was to analyze and identify small mammal hosts, larval chigger mite host preferences, and seasonal abundance of larval chigger mites associated with the seasonal prevalence of scrub typhus (prevalence of scrub typhus is reported separately), in addition to determine the northern limits of L. scutellare. Areas surveyed in this study were geographically separated and ecologically variable. Small mammals, including rodents and soricomorphs were live captured from Hwaseong-gun (1 site), Gyeonggi-do (Province) (37°02'25.3" N, 126°52'11.0" E) and Asan city (1 site), Chungcheongnam-do (36°45'43.2" N, 126°52'04.2" E) in the west central region, and Jangseong-gun (9 sites), Jeollanam-do (36°45'43.2" N, 126°52'04.2" E) in the southwestern region of Korea from April-November 2009 (Fig. 1).

Sherman® live capture traps (7.7×9×23 cm), i.e., aluminum folding traps (H.B. Sherman, Tallahassee, Florida, USA) baited with peanut butter and rolled oats (1:3 ratio by volume) were set in 6 trap lines, each consisting of 10 traps set at 1-3 m intervals. Traps were set at 15:00-17:00 hr and collected the following morning between 06:00-07:00 hr. Traps positive for small mammals were sequentially numbered according to the site and returned to the central laboratory, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea. Each small mammal was given a unique identification code, anesthetized using CO₂, identified to species, sexed, weighed, and then euthanized by cardiac puncture in accordance with Konkuk University Animal Use Guidelines. Following cardiac puncture, the spleen, kidneys, and liver tissues were removed, and the animal carcasses hung by the heels over a container with water to collect chigger mites as described by Ree et al. [6]. The population densities, by species of larval chigger mite, were calculated as the mean number of larval chigger mites per infested small mammal by species.

Overall, a total of 140 small mammals consisting of 3 species (A. agrarius, M. regulus, and Crocidura lasiura) were collected (Table 1). The trap rates were highest at Hwaseong (23.3%) and lowest at Jangseong (13.7%). Only A. agrarius (n=30) was collected from Hwaseong, while A. agrarius and M. regulus were collected from Asan, and A. agrarius, M. regulus, and C. lasiura were collected at Jangseong. A. agrarius is the most commonly collected rodent throughout most areas of Korea [5], and during this study it accounted for 92.1%, while C. lasiura and M. regulus accounted for 6.4% and 1.4% of the small mammals collected, respectively. Small mammals were trapped during the spring/early summer (April-June) and again during the fall (September-November) (Table 1). Overall, larval chigger mite infestation rates for A. agrarius were 72.1%, 67.9%, and 86.7% for Asan, Jangseong, and Hwaseong, respectively (Table 1). The mean larval chigger mite infestation rate for A. agrarius was 73.1%, ranging from a low level of 44.4% (June) to a high level of 100% (November) (Table 1). Seasonal larval chigger mite indices decreased from 27.3 in April to 4.9 in June, then increased from 95.2 in September to high levels of 180.0 and 169.3 in October and November, respectively. Only 1/2 M. regulus was infested with larval chigger mites during October when larval chigger indices were high for A. agrarius. Chigger indices for M. regulus and C. lasiura captured during October were similar, 73.0% and 77.0% respectively.

A total of 5,088 L. pallidum and 3,422 L. scutellare were collected from A. agrarius (Tables 2, 3). The proportions of L. pallidum and L. scutellare collected from each site were highest during the late fall (October and November). Other larval chigger mites only accounted for 0.3% of the total number collected at Hwaseong, 16.6% at Asan, and 7.6% at Jangseong. The greatest diversity of larval chigger mites was observed at Asan, with 10 larval chigger mite species, while there were only 6 and 4 species observed at Jangseong and Hwaseong, respectively. Both Hwaseong and Asan had the highest proportion of L. pallidum, accounting for 95.8% and 61.2% of all chigger mites collected, respectively (Table 3). For A. agrarius, the lowest L. scutellare mite indices were observed at Hwaseong (3.2), the most northern collection site. The larval chigger mite indices increased for L. scutellare collected from A. agrarius at Asan (22.6), south of Hwaseong, and were highest at Jangseong (74.2), the most southern collection site.

In this study, as well as others, larval chigger indices were highest prior to and during periods when peak numbers of scrub typhus cases were observed [2]. These studies provide evidence that L. scutellare is the principal vector in the southern region, while L. pallidum is the principal vector in the northern region of Korea, and with transmission of O. tsutsugamushi correlated with high larval chigger mite indices for both species in the fall [7,8]. It has been shown that the northern limit line of L. scutellare is reported for areas where the annual mean temperature is greater than 10℃ [9]. During this study, low numbers of L. scutellare were collected where the mean temperature was <10℃. According to a recent report, L. scutellare was also collected at Songsan (chigger index, 0.4) and Jangan (3.9), Gyeonggi-do [1].

The effect of global warming may have contributed to the increase of scrub typhus cases in Korea over the past several years by extending the geographical range of L. scutellare. Continued surveillance of small mammals and associated larval chigger mites should be conducted to determine the northern limit of L. scutellare, as well as the southern limit of L. pallidum and potential changes in geographical distributions due to global warming. In addition, detailed studies that identify specific habitats, hosts of larval chigger mites, and associated risks for transmission of O. tsutsugamushi are needed to develop disease risk assessments.

Notes

We declare that we have no conflict of interest related to this study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Jong-Koo Lee, former Director General, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (K-CDC) for his support during this study. We sincerely thank Ms. Suk-Hee Yi, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, 65th Medical Brigade, for providing GIS maps of collection sites. Funding for this work was provided by the Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province), Korea (Title: Environmental cues on the aggregated distribution of Leptotrombidium mites, vector of scrub typhus, Project code no. 2009 E00549-00). Portions of this study were supported by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, Silver Spring, Maryland, and the Public Health Command Region-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan. The opinions and assertions contained herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.

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Fig. 1

Small mammal survey sites. (1) Jangan-ri, Jangan-myeon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do (Province). (2) Gundeok-ri, Seonjang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, in the central region. (3) Bukil-myeon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do in southern region.

Table 1.

Number of traps set, number of small mammals collected (trap rate^a), number small mammals infested (infestation rate^b) with larval chigger mites, number (chigger mite index^c) of larval chigger mites collected from small mammals at Hwaseong (Gyeonggi-do), Asan (Chungcheongnam-do) and Jangseong (Jeollanam-do) from April-November 2009, Korea

Table 1.
Sites	Month	No. traps	Apodemus agrarius			Myodes regulus			Crosidura lasiura			Total
Sites	Month	No. traps	No. Collected (Trap Rate)^a	No. w/Chiggers (Infestation Rate)^b	No. Chiggers (Chigger Index)^c	No. Collected (Trap Rate)^a	No. w/Chiggers (Infestation Rate)^b	No. Chiggers (Chigger Index)^c	No. Collected (Trap Rate)^a	No. w/Chiggers (Infestation Rate)^b	No. Chiggers (Chigger Index)^c	No. Collected (Trap Rate)^a	No. w/Chiggers (Infestation Rate)^b	No. Chiggers (Chigger Index)^c
Hwaseong	Apr.	30	5(16.6)	3 (60.0)	162(54.0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	5(16.6)	3 (60.0)	162(54.0)
	May	25	5 (20.0)	5(100)	253 (50.6)	0	0	0	0	0	0	5 (20.0)	5(100)	253 (50.6)
	Jun.	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d
	Sep.	7	2 (30.0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2 (30.0)	0	0
	Oct.	35	7 (20.0)	7(100)	579 (82.7)	0	0	0	0	0	0	7 (20.0)	7(100)	579 (82.7)
	Nov.	32	11 (34.0)	11 (100)	1,760 (160.0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	11 (34.0)	11 (100)	1,760(160.0)
	Subtotal	129	30	26 (86.7)	2,754 (105.9)	0	0	0	0	0	0	30	26 (86.7)	2,754 (105.9)
Asan	Apr.	65	11 (17.0)	6 (54.5)	136(22.6)	0	0	0	1	0	0	12(64.0)	6 (50.0)	136(22.6)
	May	30	6 (20.0)	6(100)	23 (3.8)	0	0	0	0	0	0	6 (20.0)	6(100)	23 (3.8)
	Jun.	40	8 (20.0)	1 (12.5)	3 (3.0)	0	0	0	0	0	0	8 (20.0)	1 (12.5)	3 (3.0)
	Sep.	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d
	Oct.	65	10(15.5)	10(100)	1,739 (173.9)	0	0	0	4	0	0	14(15.5)	10(71.4)	1,739 (173.9)
	Nov.	30	8 (26.6)	8(100)	1,457(182.1)	0	0	0	0	0	0	8 (26.6)	8(100)	1,457 (182.1)
	Subtotal	230	43	31 (72.1)	3,358 (108.3)	0	0	0	5(10.4)	0	0	48	31 (64.6)	3,358 (108.3)
Jangseong	Apr	90	6 (6.7)	6(100)	102 (18.7)	0	0	0	0	0	0	6 (6.7)	6(100)	102 (18.7)
	May	80	7 (8.9)	5(71.4)	14(3.6)	1	0	0	0	0	0	8(10)	5 (62.5)	14(3.6)
	Jun.	90	19(21.1)	11 (57.9)	34(5.1)	0	0	0	0	0	0	19(21.1)	11 (57.9)	34 (5.1)
	Sep.	90	7 (7.8)	5(71.4)	446(95.2)	0	0	0	0	0	0	7 (7.8)	5(71.4)	446 (95.2)
	Oct.	60	17(28.0)	11 (64.7)	2,423 (247.5)	1 (1.7)	1 (100)	73 (73.0)	4 (7.0)	4(100)	77 (77.0)	22 (37.0)	12(54.5)	2,573 (233.7)
	Nov.	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d
	Subtotal	410	56	38 (67.9)	3 ,019(89.1)	2	1 (50.0)	73 (73.0)	4	4(100)	77 (77.0)	62	39 (62.9)	3,169(88.9)
Total	Apr		22 (44.0)	15(68.2)	400 (27.3)	0	0	0	1	0	0	23 (46.0)	15(65.2)	400 (27.3)
	May		18(60.0)	16(88.9)	290 (18.4)	1	0	0	0	0	0	19(63.0)	16(84.2)	290 (18.4)
	Jun.		27 (34.0)	12(44.4)	37 (4.9)	0	0	0	0	0	0	27 (34.0)	12(44.4)	379 (4.9)
	Sep.		9 (90.0)	5 (55.6)	446(95.2)	0	0	0	0	0	0	9 (90.0)	5 (55.6)	446 (95.2)
	Oct.		34 (57.0)	28 (80.0)	4,741 (180.0)	1	1 (100)	73 (73.0)	8(13.3)	4(100)	77 (77.0)	43 (72.0)	29 (67.4)	4,891 (176.6)
	Nov.		19(63.0)	19(100)	3,217(169.3)	0	0	0	0	0	0	19(63.0)	19(100)	3,217(169.3)
	Total		129	95(73.1)	9,131(100.0)	2	1 (50.0)	73 (73.0)	9	4(100)	77 (77.0)	140	96 (68.6)	9,281 (99.8)

^aTrap rate=No. of small mammals captured/No. of traps set.

^bInfestation rate=No. of small mammals with larval chigger mites/No. of small mammals captured.

^cChigger mite index=No. of larval chigger mites collected/No. of small mammals infested with chiggers.

Table 2.

Seasonal prevalence of L. pallidum and L. scutellare and the percent (%) collected by month from small mammals captured at 3 primary localities in Korea

Table 2.
Month	Leptotrombidium pallidum				Leptotrombidium scutellare
Month	Hwaseong	Asan	Jangseong	Total	Hwaseong	Asan	Jangseong	Total
May	158 (6.0)	86 (4.2)	39 (9.9)	283	n/d^b	n/d	10 (0.4)	10
June	252 (9.6)	21 (1.0)	14 (3.5)	287	n/d	n/d	n/d	n/d
July	n/d	n/d	22 (5.6)	22	n/d	n/d	5 (0.2)	5
September	n/d	n/d	56 (14.2)	56	n/d	n/d	360 (14.2)	360
October	487 (18.5)	928 (45.1)	264 (66.8)	1,679	92 (83.6)	600 (77.5)	2,163 (85.2)	2,855
November	1,740 (66.0)	1,021 (49.7)	n/d	2,761	18 (16.4)	174 (22.5)	n/d	192
Total^a	2,637 (51.8)	2,056 (40.4)	395 (7.8)	5,088	110 (3.2)	774 (22.6)	2,538 (74.2)	3,422

^aPercent of total for each species by location.

^bn/d=not done.

Table 3.

Number (% of total/collection site) of larval chigger mites, by species, collected from small mammals captured at Hwaseong (Gyeonggi-do), Asan (Chungcheongnam-do) and Jangseong (Jeollanam-do) from April-November 2009, Korea

Table 3.
Genus/Species	Central Provinces^a		Southern Province^b
Genus/Species	Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi Province^c	Asan-si, Chungcheongnam Province^c	Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam Province^c	Total (%)^d
Leptotrombidium pallidum	2,637 (95.8)	2,056 (61.2)	395 (12.5)	5,088 (54.8)
Leptotrombidium scutellare	110 (4.0)	774 (23.0)	2,538 (80.1)	3,422 (36.9)
Leptotrombidium palpale	4 (0.1)	152 (4.5)	18 (0.6)	174 (1.9)
Leptotrombidium orientale	3 (0.1)	110 (3.3)	115 (3.6)	228 (2.5)
Leptotrombidium zetum	-	83 (2.5)	70 (2.2)	153 (1.6)
Leptotrombidium gemiticulum	-	41 (1.2)	-	41 (0.4)
Neotrombidium japonica	-	63 (1.9)	-	63 (0.7)
Neotrombidium gardellai	-	6 (0.2)	-	6 (0.1)
Cheladonta ikaoensis	-	16 (0.5)	-	16 (0.2)
Euschoengastica koreaensis	-	57 (1.7)	33 (1.0)	90 (1.0)
Total (%)	2,754 (29.7)	3,358 (36.2)	3,169 (34.2)	9,281 (100.0)

^aCentral Provinces include Hwaseong-Si (City Area), Gyeonggi-do and Asan-Si, Chungcheongnam-do.

^bSouthern province includes Jangseong-Gun (County) area.

^cNo. of mites collected, by species, from each collection site (province)/Total no. of mites collected from that province.

^dNo. of mites collected from all collection sites, by species/Total no. of mites collected from all collection sites (provinces).

Figure & Data

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Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea

Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52(2):225-229. Published online April 18, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.225

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Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea

Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52(2):225-229. Published online April 18, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.225

Figure

Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea

Fig. 1 Small mammal survey sites. (1) Jangan-ri, Jangan-myeon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do (Province). (2) Gundeok-ri, Seonjang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, in the central region. (3) Bukil-myeon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do in southern region.

Fig. 1

Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea

Sites Month No. traps Apodemus agrarius

Myodes regulus

Crosidura lasiura

Total

No. Collected (Trap Rate)^a No. w/Chiggers (Infestation Rate)^b No. Chiggers (Chigger Index)^c No. Collected (Trap Rate)^a No. w/Chiggers (Infestation Rate)^b No. Chiggers (Chigger Index)^c No. Collected (Trap Rate)^a No. w/Chiggers (Infestation Rate)^b No. Chiggers (Chigger Index)^c No. Collected (Trap Rate)^a No. w/Chiggers (Infestation Rate)^b No. Chiggers (Chigger Index)^c Hwaseong Apr. 30 5(16.6) 3 (60.0) 162(54.0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5(16.6) 3 (60.0) 162(54.0) May 25 5 (20.0) 5(100) 253 (50.6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 (20.0) 5(100) 253 (50.6) Jun. n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d Sep. 7 2 (30.0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 (30.0) 0 0 Oct. 35 7 (20.0) 7(100) 579 (82.7) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 (20.0) 7(100) 579 (82.7) Nov. 32 11 (34.0) 11 (100) 1,760 (160.0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 (34.0) 11 (100) 1,760(160.0) Subtotal 129 30 26 (86.7) 2,754 (105.9) 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 26 (86.7) 2,754 (105.9) Asan Apr. 65 11 (17.0) 6 (54.5) 136(22.6) 0 0 0 1 0 0 12(64.0) 6 (50.0) 136(22.6) May 30 6 (20.0) 6(100) 23 (3.8) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 (20.0) 6(100) 23 (3.8) Jun. 40 8 (20.0) 1 (12.5) 3 (3.0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 (20.0) 1 (12.5) 3 (3.0) Sep. n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d Oct. 65 10(15.5) 10(100) 1,739 (173.9) 0 0 0 4 0 0 14(15.5) 10(71.4) 1,739 (173.9) Nov. 30 8 (26.6) 8(100) 1,457(182.1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 (26.6) 8(100) 1,457 (182.1) Subtotal 230 43 31 (72.1) 3,358 (108.3) 0 0 0 5(10.4) 0 0 48 31 (64.6) 3,358 (108.3) Jangseong Apr 90 6 (6.7) 6(100) 102 (18.7) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 (6.7) 6(100) 102 (18.7) May 80 7 (8.9) 5(71.4) 14(3.6) 1 0 0 0 0 0 8(10) 5 (62.5) 14(3.6) Jun. 90 19(21.1) 11 (57.9) 34(5.1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 19(21.1) 11 (57.9) 34 (5.1) Sep. 90 7 (7.8) 5(71.4) 446(95.2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 (7.8) 5(71.4) 446 (95.2) Oct. 60 17(28.0) 11 (64.7) 2,423 (247.5) 1 (1.7) 1 (100) 73 (73.0) 4 (7.0) 4(100) 77 (77.0) 22 (37.0) 12(54.5) 2,573 (233.7) Nov. n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d Subtotal 410 56 38 (67.9) 3 ,019(89.1) 2 1 (50.0) 73 (73.0) 4 4(100) 77 (77.0) 62 39 (62.9) 3,169(88.9) Total Apr 22 (44.0) 15(68.2) 400 (27.3) 0 0 0 1 0 0 23 (46.0) 15(65.2) 400 (27.3) May 18(60.0) 16(88.9) 290 (18.4) 1 0 0 0 0 0 19(63.0) 16(84.2) 290 (18.4) Jun. 27 (34.0) 12(44.4) 37 (4.9) 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 (34.0) 12(44.4) 379 (4.9) Sep. 9 (90.0) 5 (55.6) 446(95.2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 (90.0) 5 (55.6) 446 (95.2) Oct. 34 (57.0) 28 (80.0) 4,741 (180.0) 1 1 (100) 73 (73.0) 8(13.3) 4(100) 77 (77.0) 43 (72.0) 29 (67.4) 4,891 (176.6) Nov. 19(63.0) 19(100) 3,217(169.3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 19(63.0) 19(100) 3,217(169.3) Total 129 95(73.1) 9,131(100.0) 2 1 (50.0) 73 (73.0) 9 4(100) 77 (77.0) 140 96 (68.6) 9,281 (99.8) Month Leptotrombidium pallidum

Leptotrombidium scutellare

Hwaseong Asan Jangseong Total Hwaseong Asan Jangseong Total May 158 (6.0) 86 (4.2) 39 (9.9) 283 n/d^b n/d 10 (0.4) 10 June 252 (9.6) 21 (1.0) 14 (3.5) 287 n/d n/d n/d n/d July n/d n/d 22 (5.6) 22 n/d n/d 5 (0.2) 5 September n/d n/d 56 (14.2) 56 n/d n/d 360 (14.2) 360 October 487 (18.5) 928 (45.1) 264 (66.8) 1,679 92 (83.6) 600 (77.5) 2,163 (85.2) 2,855 November 1,740 (66.0) 1,021 (49.7) n/d 2,761 18 (16.4) 174 (22.5) n/d 192 Total^a 2,637 (51.8) 2,056 (40.4) 395 (7.8) 5,088 110 (3.2) 774 (22.6) 2,538 (74.2) 3,422 Genus/Species Central Provinces^a

Southern Province^b

Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi Province^c Asan-si, Chungcheongnam Province^c Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam Province^c Total (%)^d Leptotrombidium pallidum 2,637 (95.8) 2,056 (61.2) 395 (12.5) 5,088 (54.8) Leptotrombidium scutellare 110 (4.0) 774 (23.0) 2,538 (80.1) 3,422 (36.9) Leptotrombidium palpale 4 (0.1) 152 (4.5) 18 (0.6) 174 (1.9) Leptotrombidium orientale 3 (0.1) 110 (3.3) 115 (3.6) 228 (2.5) Leptotrombidium zetum - 83 (2.5) 70 (2.2) 153 (1.6) Leptotrombidium gemiticulum - 41 (1.2) - 41 (0.4) Neotrombidium japonica - 63 (1.9) - 63 (0.7) Neotrombidium gardellai - 6 (0.2) - 6 (0.1) Cheladonta ikaoensis - 16 (0.5) - 16 (0.2) Euschoengastica koreaensis - 57 (1.7) 33 (1.0) 90 (1.0) Total (%) 2,754 (29.7) 3,358 (36.2) 3,169 (34.2) 9,281 (100.0)

Table 1. Number of traps set, number of small mammals collected (trap ratea), number small mammals infested (infestation rateb) with larval chigger mites, number (chigger mite indexc) of larval chigger mites collected from small mammals at Hwaseong (Gyeonggi-do), Asan (Chungcheongnam-do) and Jangseong (Jeollanam-do) from April-November 2009, Korea
a

Trap rate=No. of small mammals captured/No. of traps set.

Infestation rate=No. of small mammals with larval chigger mites/No. of small mammals captured.

Chigger mite index=No. of larval chigger mites collected/No. of small mammals infested with chiggers.

Table 2. Seasonal prevalence of L. pallidum and L. scutellare and the percent (%) collected by month from small mammals captured at 3 primary localities in Korea
a

Percent of total for each species by location.

n/d=not done.

Table 3. Number (% of total/collection site) of larval chigger mites, by species, collected from small mammals captured at Hwaseong (Gyeonggi-do), Asan (Chungcheongnam-do) and Jangseong (Jeollanam-do) from April-November 2009, Korea
a

Central Provinces include Hwaseong-Si (City Area), Gyeonggi-do and Asan-Si, Chungcheongnam-do.

Southern province includes Jangseong-Gun (County) area.

No. of mites collected, by species, from each collection site (province)/Total no. of mites collected from that province.

No. of mites collected from all collection sites, by species/Total no. of mites collected from all collection sites (provinces).

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