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Brief Communication

Ixodid Tick Infestation in Cattle and Wild Animals in Maswa and Iringa, Tanzania

You Shine Kwak1,2,3,†, Tae Yun Kim1,2,†, Sung-Hyun Nam1,2, In-Yong Lee1,2, Hyung-Pyo Kim1, Simon Mduma4, Julius Keyyu4, Robert Fyumagwa4, Tai-Soon Yong1,2
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2014;52(5):565-568.
Published online: October 22, 2014

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Corresponding author (tsyong212@yuhs.ac)

†These authors contributed equally to this work.

• Received: February 18, 2014   • Revised: July 17, 2014   • Accepted: August 3, 2014

© 2014, Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Ticks and tick-borne diseases are important in human and livestock health worldwide. In November 2012, ixodid ticks were collected and identified morphologically from cattle and wild animals in the Maswa district and Iringa urban, Tanzania. Amblyomma gemma, A. lepidum, and A. variegatum were identified from Maswa cattle, and A. variegatum was the predominant species. A. marmoreum, Hyalomma impeltatum, and Rhipicephalus pulchellus were identified from Iringa cattle in addition to the above 3 Amblyomma species, and A. gemma was the most abundant species. Total 4 Amblyomma and 6 Rhipicephalus species were identified from wild animals of the 2 areas. A. lepidum was predominant in Maswa buffaloes, whereas A. gemma was predominant in Iringa buffaloes. Overall, A. variegatum in cattle was predominant in the Maswa district and A. gemma was predominant in Iringa, Tanzania.
  • Key words: Ixodid tick, cattle, wild animal, Maswa, Iringa, Tanzania
Ticks are important ectoparasites of the livestock and wild animals worldwide. Ticks and tick-borne diseases are major problems in livestock health, especially in tropical and subtropical countries [1,2], including Sub-Saharan Africa [3]. Ticks also carry and transfer several zoonotic pathogens (virus, bacteria, and protozoa) to humans. In Africa, Tanzania ranks the third in terms of increasing livestock numbers in recent decades [4]. Cattle are the dominant livestock species, accounting for about 75% of the total livestock in Tanzania. Tick-borne diseases reduce cattle productivity in Tanzania and neighboring countries [5,6]. Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma ixodid ticks, which are the most important genera in tick-borne disease transmission, are found in most areas in Tanzania where cattle are bred [7,8]. Among ixodid ticks, R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum are the most widely distributed species in Tanzania. Because the transfer of ticks between domestic and wild animals may influence overall pathogen transmission, there is a need for more intensive studies on ticks and tick infestations of cattle and wild animals in Tanzania.
The study areas were selected from livestock farms and wildlife reserves. The Shinyanga region, located in the west of Serengeti National Park (Fig. 1), has the largest cattle population (>3,500,000) in Tanzania [4]. The Iringa region is located in south central Tanzania and has a cattle population of less than 500,000. Because both regions contain game reserves and national parks, habitats of wild and domestic animals overlap. This study was conducted in the Maswa district of the Shinyanga region and in the Iringa urban of the Iringa region. The Maswa district, 1 of the 8 districts of the Shinyanga region, is located along the southwestern boundary of the Serengeti National Park. In the dry season, the Maswa district is a refuge for many Serengeti wild animals. Iringa urban, which is located in the eastern part of the Ruaha National Park, is the capital of the Iringa region and a transport hub to Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, and other cities in Tanzania.
Cattle from 8 herds in the villages of Mwasinasi, Nyashimba, and Nyasosi in the Maswa Game Reserve were examined. The frequency of acaricide treatment in these herds was unclear. Individual cattle were restrained to the ground, and ticks were collected from the ears, belly, udder, and perineum. In Iringa urban, ticks were collected from the ears, belly, udder, perineum, and the back of newly slaughtered cattle from slaughterhouses. Ticks from wild animals were also collected from the whole body, especially near the horns. The wild animals examined near the Maswa district and Iringa urban included those that were either freshly hunted down or roadkill; buffalos (Syncerus caffer), bush buck (Tragelaphus sp.), bush pig (Potamochoerus larvatus), eland (Taurotragus oryx), leopard (Panthera pardus), roan antelope (Hippotragus equines), topi (Damaliscus korrigum), warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), and zebra (Equus quagga). Generally, not all the ticks from an individual animal were collected. Collected ticks were placed immediately in 70% ethanol. Morphological identification of tick species was performed by stereomicroscopic observations using an identification guideline [9]. Unidentifiable nymphs were excluded from the study.
All cattle examined in the study areas were infested with ixodid ticks. The numbers and species of the ticks identified in this study are shown in Table 1. A total of 129 ticks were collected from domestic cattle of farms in the Maswa District. The tick index of Maswa district cattle was 8.1 (16/129) ticks per animal. All ticks collected belonged to the genus Amblyomma, and 127 (98.5%) were identified as A. variegatum. One each of A. gemma and A. lepidum were also identified. We collected 74 ixodid ticks from slaughtered cattle in Iringa urban. The tick index was 1.9 (40/74) ticks per animal, which was lower than that of the Maswa district. Urban environment or collecting in slaughtered cattle may influence lowered tick index. Three genera of ixodid ticks, Amblyomma, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus, were identified in Iringa cattle. Forty-four (59.5%) ticks were identified as A. gemma, and 6 (8.1%), 9 (12.2%), and 8 (10.8%) ticks were identified as A. lepidum, Amblyomma marmoreum, and A. variegatum, respectively. Two (2.7%) Hyalomma impeltatum and 5 (6.8%) Rhipicephalus pulchellus were also identified. A. variegatum was the most commonly identified tick species from domestic cattle in the Maswa district, whereas A. gemma was the most commonly identified tick species in Iringa urban.
Ninety-seven ticks were collected from wild animals, including 4 Amblyomma species and 6 Rhipicephalus species (Table 2). A. lepidum (36.1%) was predominant in buffaloes of the Maswa district, whereas A. gemma (26.8%) was predominant in buffaloes of Iringa urban. Unlike in other wild animals, Rhipicephalus ticks were rare in buffaloes.
This study shows that various species of ticks infest the cattle and wild animals of 2 areas in Tanzania. Amblyomma ticks, which are well-known vectors for Ehrlichia and Rickettsia species that cause heartwater, spotted fever, and African tick-bite fever in animals and humans [10], were the most predominant tick species in cattle (Table 1). In the present study, 4 Amblyomma species were isolated in cattle. A. variegatum and A. gemma were the predominant tick species in cattle of the Maswa district and Iringa urban, respectively. Of the Amblyomma species, A. variegatum is the most common and widely distributed tick species in Tanzania, covering sub-humid and low-to-high altitudes of the country [7]. However, A. gemma was common in the arid and semi-arid bushland and wooded grassland areas. In general, A. variegatum is robust, whereas A. gemma and A. lepidum need more specialized environmental conditions. Compared to a previous report [7], no appreciable changes in the distribution of Ambyomma ticks were found in the Maswa and Iringa areas.
Rhipicephalus ticks, which transmit the pathogens causing East Coast fever, Boutonneuse fever, Lyme disease, and Q fever [11], were rare in cattle but common in wild animals in the study areas. The most common ixodid tick species in Tanzania are R. appendiculatus, which comprised 49% of ticks collected in an extensive survey [7]. R. appendiculatus shares most of its range with A. variegatum. It was also reported that R. appendiculatus was the most common tick found on smallholder dairy cattle in Iringa [12]. In this respect, the absence of R. appendiculatus in the cattle in this study was unexpected. The numbers of cattle and wild animals examined in this study were small. Therefore, survey on the ticks from cattle, wild animals, and vegetation of Tanzania are required.
The present study identified ticks infesting cattle and wild animals in 2 regions of Tanzania. Maswa and Iringa are shelters of wild animals in the dry season. Ticks may migrate between cattle and wild animals in these areas. Therefore, more extensive studies are required to control tick infestation and tick-borne diseases in these areas.
National Research Foundation of Korea2012K1A3A9A01027507

We have no conflict of interest related to this work.

This study was supported by the Project of Cooperation on Bioresources with Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2012K1A3A9A01027507).
  • 1. Rajput ZI, Hu SH, Chen WJ, Arijo AG, Xiao CW. Importance of ticks and their chemical and immunological control in livestock. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006;7:912-921.
  • 2. Vesco U, Knap N, Labruna MB, Avšič-Županc T, Estrada-Peña A, Guglielmone AA, Bechara GH, Gueye A, Lakos A, Grindatto A, Conte V, De Meneghi D. An integrated database on ticks and tick-borne zoonoses in the tropics and subtropics with special reference to developing and emerging countries. Exp Appl Acarol 2011;54:65-83.
  • 3. Uilenberg G. International collaborative research: significance of tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases to world animal health. Vet Parasitol 1995;57:19-41.
  • 4. Livestock, Tanzania Government Portal. http://www.tanzania.go.tz/livestock.html
  • 5. Kambarage DM. East Coast fever as a continued constraint to livestock improvement in Tanzania: a case study. Trop Anim Health Prod 1995;27:145-149.
  • 6. French NP, Tyrer J, Hirst WM. Smallholder dairy farming in the Chikwaka communal land, Zimbabwe: birth, death and demographic trends. Prev Vet Med 2001;48:101-112.
  • 7. Lynen G, Zeman P, Bakuname C, Di Giulio G, Mtui P, Sanka P, Jongejan F. Cattle ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma of economic importance in Tanzania: distribution assessed with GIS based on an extensive field survey. Exp Appl Acarol 2007;43:303-319.
  • 8. Lynen G, Zeman P, Bakuname C, Di Giulio G, Mtui P, Sanka P, Jongejan F. Shifts in the distributional ranges of Boophilus ticks in Tanzania: evidence that a parapatric boundary between Boophilus microplus and B. decoloratus follows climate gradients. Exp Appl Acarol 2008;44:147-164.
  • 9. Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG, Latif AA, Pegram RG, Preston PM. Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species. Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Bioscience Reports; 2013. p. 29-221.
  • 10. Ganguly S, Mukhopadhayay SK. Tick-borne ehrlichiosis infection in human beings. J Vector Borne Dis 2008;45:273-280.
  • 11. Olwoch JM, Van Jaarsveld AS, Scholtz CH, Horak IG. Climate change and the genus Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2007;74:45-72.
  • 12. Ogden NH, Swai E, Beauchamp G, Karimuribo E, Fitzpatrick JL, Bryant MJ, Kambarage D, French NP. Risk factors for tick attachment to smallholder dairy cattle in Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 2005;67:157-170.
Fig. 1
Location of the study areas near Maswa and Iringa in Tanzania.
kjp-52-565-g001.jpg
Table 1.
Identification of ticks from cattle in Maswa and Iringa
Table 1.
Tick species No. Ticks from cattle
Maswa (n = 16)
 Iringa (n = 40)
 Total (%)
Male Female Subtotal (%) Male Female Subtotal (%)
Amblyomma gemma - 1 1 (0.8) 37 7 44 (59.5) 45 (22.2)
A. lepidum - 1 1 (0.8) 6 - 6 (8.1) 7 (3.5)
A. marmoreum - - - 9 - 9 (12.2) 9 (4.4)
A. variegatum 96 31 127 (98.5) 7 1 8 (10.8) 135 (66.5)
Hyalomma impeltatum - - - 1 1 2 (2.7) 2 (1.0)
Rhipicephalus pulchellus - - - 4 1 5 (6.8) 5 (2.5)
Total 96 33 129 64 10 74 203
Table 2.
Identification of ticks collected from wild animals
Table 2.
Tick species Maswa
 Iringa
 Total (%)
Buffalo (n = 2) Bush buck (n = 1) Bush pig (n = 1) Eland (n = 1) Leopard (n = 1) Warthog (n = 1) Zebra (n = 1) Buffalo (n = 2)
A. gemma 2 - - - - - - 24 26 (26.8)
A. lepidum 26 - - 9 - - - - 35 (36.1)
A. marmoreum 1 - - - - - - 1 2 (2.1)
A. variegatum 2 - - - - 2 - - 4 (4.1)
R. appendiculatus - - 5 - - - - - 5 (5.2)
R. e. evertsi - - - - - - 1 - 1 (1.0)
R. muhsamae - - 4 - - - - - 4 (4.1)
R. pravus - - - - 4 1 - - 5 (5.2)
R. pulchellus 2 - - - - - 8 1 11 (11.3)
R. simus - - 4 - - - - - 4 (4.1)
Total 33 0 13 9 4 3 9 26 97

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Ixodid Tick Infestation in Cattle and Wild Animals in Maswa and Iringa, Tanzania
Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52(5):565-568.   Published online October 22, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.565
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Ixodid Tick Infestation in Cattle and Wild Animals in Maswa and Iringa, Tanzania
Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52(5):565-568.   Published online October 22, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.565
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Ixodid Tick Infestation in Cattle and Wild Animals in Maswa and Iringa, Tanzania
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Fig. 1 Location of the study areas near Maswa and Iringa in Tanzania.

Fig. 1

Ixodid Tick Infestation in Cattle and Wild Animals in Maswa and Iringa, Tanzania
Tick species No. Ticks from cattle
Maswa (n = 16)
Iringa (n = 40)
Total (%) Male Female Subtotal (%) Male Female Subtotal (%) Amblyomma gemma - 1 1 (0.8) 37 7 44 (59.5) 45 (22.2) A. lepidum - 1 1 (0.8) 6 - 6 (8.1) 7 (3.5) A. marmoreum - - - 9 - 9 (12.2) 9 (4.4) A. variegatum 96 31 127 (98.5) 7 1 8 (10.8) 135 (66.5) Hyalomma impeltatum - - - 1 1 2 (2.7) 2 (1.0) Rhipicephalus pulchellus - - - 4 1 5 (6.8) 5 (2.5) Total 96 33 129 64 10 74 203 Tick species Maswa
Iringa
Total (%) Buffalo (n = 2) Bush buck (n = 1) Bush pig (n = 1) Eland (n = 1) Leopard (n = 1) Warthog (n = 1) Zebra (n = 1) Buffalo (n = 2) A. gemma 2 - - - - - - 24 26 (26.8) A. lepidum 26 - - 9 - - - - 35 (36.1) A. marmoreum 1 - - - - - - 1 2 (2.1) A. variegatum 2 - - - - 2 - - 4 (4.1) R. appendiculatus - - 5 - - - - - 5 (5.2) R. e. evertsi - - - - - - 1 - 1 (1.0) R. muhsamae - - 4 - - - - - 4 (4.1) R. pravus - - - - 4 1 - - 5 (5.2) R. pulchellus 2 - - - - - 8 1 11 (11.3) R. simus - - 4 - - - - - 4 (4.1) Total 33 0 13 9 4 3 9 26 97
Table 1. Identification of ticks from cattle in Maswa and Iringa
Table 2. Identification of ticks collected from wild animals

Table 1.

Table 2.

PHD : Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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