Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread zoonotic helminthiases, which can last an asymptomatic infection for several years. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate serum antibody prevalence of CE among asymptomatic people in Uzbekistan using ELISA. A total of 2,547 serum samples were collected, 66 from confirmed CE patients and 2,481 of patients with other diseases than CE at a hospital in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The serum samples were screened for CE specific IgG antibodies by ELISA using cystic fluid antigen obtained from sheep. The serum antibody positive rate was 89.4% (59/66) in CE and 3.6% (89/2,481) in other disease patients. The present ELISA recognized 89.4% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity. The ELISA absorbance of positive samples was distributed 0.271-0.971 for CE and 0.273-0.887 for other disease patients. The other disease patients with high absorbance over 0.3 were 50 (2.0%) who were presumed to be active CE patients. The patients in their 40s showed the highest positive rate of 5.2% (P=0.181), and women were 4.4% while men were 3.1% positive (P=0.136). The data confirmed that there are many asymptomatic patients of CE in Tashkent. It is indicated that CE is an endemic disease of public health importance in Uzbekistan.
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Key words: Echinococcus granulosus, cystic echinococcosis, serum antibody, ELISA, positive rate, asymptomatic patient, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is the most important zoonotic helminthic disease which is mainly caused by the cystic cyclophyllidean cestode larva of
Echinococcus granulosus [
1]. CE is transmitted in several endemic countries widely from China to Central Asia and Northern Africa [
1-
3]. Its definitive host is the dog, and the intermediate host is the sheep or other herbivorous mammals. Humans are an accidental intermediate host, infected in almost all organs or body parts by intake of contaminated food or water with eggs excreted from the final host [
4]. At the initial stage of human CE, the cyst grows very slowly for several years, and the patient is mostly asymptomatic during that period. Its symptoms appear or complications may lead to serious illness and even to death when the cyst becomes a large mass [
5]. Therefore, human CE is a serious chronic disease and most of the patients with symptoms require emergency surgical intervention in endemic areas [
6,
7].
There have been a few studies investigating the prevalence of CE in Uzbekistan. Torgerson et al. [
3] assumed a 0.7% serology positive rate in whole population to estimate 167,300 positive individuals in 2000. A recent study reported that surgical cases of CE were approximately 3,000 every year from 2002 to 2010 in 14 emergency hospitals over the country [
6]. Since only a small part of human CE is suffering from clinical manifestations, most of the infected asymptomatic humans are unnoticed. It is necessary to identify how many population have asymptomatic CE in this endemic society.
The present study performed serological screening of CE among patients with CE and other diseases in an Uzbekistan emergency hospital using ELISA to investigate the proportion of asymptomatic infections.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Serum samples from patients
The study was conducted in the Republican Research Center for Emergency Medicine (RRCEM), Tashkent, Uzbekistan from 2008 to 2010. A total of 2,547 serum samples were collected and screened in this study. Of these, 66 were obtained from patients with CE who were confirmed by surgical intervention, and 2,481 were arbitrarily selected from individuals with other diseases which were requested for a serological test by other diseases. Among the 66 samples with CE, 59 were also used for the previous study to develop ELISA [
8]. All of the samples were transferred to the serology laboratory of Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea, and were kept frozen at -70˚C until used.
The present study ELISA used the same method which was developed previously [
8]. The procedure was carried out in polystyrene, flat bottomed 96-well microplates (Costar-Corning, Cambridge, California, USA). The plates were coated with 100 μl of cystic fluid antigen in coating buffer and incubated overnight at 4˚C. Excess antigen was removed by washing the plates 5 times in 150 mM PBS-Tween 20 (pH 7.2 PBST containing 0.05% Tween 20). The antigen-coated plates were blocked with 1% BSA in PBST for 1 hr at 37˚C, thereafter washed with PBST for 5 times. The tested serum samples were diluted 1:100 in PBST, and 100 μl aliquots were added to each well and incubated for 2 hr at 37˚C. After washing as before, anti-human IgG horseradish peroxidase (Cappel, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA) diluted 1:24,000 in PBST were added to each well and incubated for 1 hr at 37˚C and then washed with PBST. Followed by incubation with 100 μl tetramethyl benzidine (TMB; Pierce, Rockford, Illinois, USA) as the substrate solution, the reaction was terminated with 4N sulphuric acid (H
2SO
4). The absorbance was measured at 450 nm using the microplate reader, and the absorbance of 0.270 was set as the cut off point based on ELISA reaction as described before [
8].
The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0. The chi-square test was used in order to determine the significance in prevalence by the variables. P-values <0.05 were considered significant.
RESULTS
Demographic data of subjects are presented in
Table 1. They were at the age from 15 to 84 years. Among the 66 CE patients, 59 (89.4%) were serum antibody positive, while 89 (3.6%) were serologically positive out of 2,481 patients with other diseases (
Table 2). The sensitivity and the specificity of the present ELISA were 89.4% (59/66) and 96.4% (2,392/2,481), respectively.
The age and sex distribution of serum antibody positive patients with other diseases are summarized in
Table 3. By age, the positive rate was 5.2% (
P=0.362) in 40-49 years, 4.9% (
P=0.362) in 60-69 years, and 2.7% (
P=0.515) in 70-79 years but all of the positive rates by age were not significant. The serum antibody positive rate was 4.4% in women and 3.1% in men, which was not statistically significant (
P=0.272).
The ELISA absorbance of positive reactions was in the range of 0.271-0.971 (median 0.363) among CE patients and 0.273-0.887 (median 0.312) in those with other diseases (
Fig. 1). The number of patients with absorbance of over 0.3 was 45 (68.2%) among the CE and 50 (2.0%) in other disease patients.
DISCUSSION
The present study recognized that the serum antibody positive rate of patients with other diseases than CE was 3.6% in Uzbekistan. The patients with other diseases included all diagnosis except CE at an emergency hospital, RRCEM in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. This positive rate does not represent the exact prevalence in general population but demonstrates that 3.6% of the RRCEM patients have serum antibodies to the antigen of
E. granulosus. It is much higher than 0.7% of a previous report [
3]. The difference should be considered by methods of serology and target subjects. Since the RRCEM is a general hospital to care for emergency patients in Tashkent, the present finding suggests that at least 3.6% of citizens of Tashkent or suburbs may be potential patients of CE.
The antibodies in positive serum to CE antigen by ELISA exactly demonstrate exposure history to the antigen of
E. granulosus. Among 66 confirmed CE patients, 59 were also included in our previous study [
8]. In that study, 91.5% sensitivity and 96.0% specificity were achieved [
8], which were almost the same as those of the present study. Considering that the diagnostic sensitivity of ELISA was 89.4% and the specificity was 96.4% in the present study, about 10% of the examined subjects with CE were unrecognized by ELISA due to false negative reactions. Some patients with CE are known to demonstrate undetectable immune responses [
9]. The 7 negatives of the 66 CE patients may be caused by chronic status of CE or unknown host factors. It is difficult to explain the reason of the false negative reaction but the present serology negative finding suggests that some patients are not immunologically stimulated by CE [
9]. Moreover, based on a previous report about ELISA [
10], those diagnostic parameters were acceptable.
On the other hand, 89 of the 2,481 patients with other diseases were positive by ELISA. Since other cross-reacting helminthiases are rare, false positive reaction is of little significance in Uzbekistan [
8]. Therefore, most of the positive individuals with other diseases are presumed to be asymptomatic patients of CE. Some of them may be chronic, but some are in their early active stages of CE [
1,
7]. Especially those with high absorbance must be active patients with CE. Of the 89 positive patients with other diseases, 50 (2.0%) revealed absorbance over 0.3 which meant strong positive reactions. The strong serology reaction indicates that they are active but asymptomatic CE patients. It was impossible to trace their clinical status in this study. Nonetheless, most of the ELISA positive individuals may become potentially clinical CE patients in the future, which means its significance in public health points of view. The epidemiological and clinical significance of positive serum antibodies must be determined by further studies.
Several studies investigated serum antibody prevalence of CE in endemic countries. The antibody positive rates were described as 0.7% in Uzbekistan [
3], 1.8-7.3% in Iran [
11-
13], 2.1-6.9% in Turkey [
14,
15], 11.2% in Libya [
16], and 3.2-4.6% in China [
17,
18] (
Table 4). The present positive rate of 3.6% in Tashkent, Uzbekistan is rather in low range compared to those in other endemic countries but it is higher than the previously reported rate of 0.7% in Uzbekistan. Since Tashkent is a big capital city, the present positive rate must have been lower than that in rural areas in Uzbekistan. The number of patients with CE for emergency surgery was recorded mostly in Tashkent because Tashkent is the most populous city, and the emergency hospital in Tashkent is the largest in Uzbekistan [
6]. CE must be transmitted more vigorously in rural provinces than in urbanized cities because the life cycle of
E. granulosus is actively maintained around sheep farms over the country. It is recommended to survey on the antibody positive rate in rural areas of Uzbekistan.
The present positive rates varied by age groups and sex. Women in the 40s demonstrated 6.9% positive rate, which was the highest. Although 4.4% women and 3.1% men were positive, the positive rates by age or sex in this study were not statistically significant. Other studies in Iran, Turkey, and Libya reported higher seropositive rates or prevalence of CE in women than in men [
11,
14,
16]. Although the difference was not significant, it is assumed that women and children are exposed more to infections with CE in their life in Central Asia [
3].
The present study had some limitations. All of the subjects were patients of RRCEM, Tashkent. Therefore the present positive rate of 3.6% does not represent that of the general population. All of the subjected patients aged over 15, and the age and sex distribution was incomplete. A well-designed field cohort study is required to determine the national prevalence of CE and to estimate its real figure of asymptomatic infections and clinical patients in Uzbekistan.
In conclusion, 3.6% of the patients at a general emergency hospital in Tashkent, Uzbekistan were positive for serum antibodies to CE. Most of them may be asymptomatic patients of CE and this implicates its significance in public health.
Notes
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We have no conflict of interest related to this work.
The authors appreciate the Serology Laboratory of RRCEM, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, for collection of serum samples, and Ms. Hye Seong Kim, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea for her technical assistance of ELISA.
Fig. 1.Distribution of ELISA absorbance to cystic Echinococcus antigen of CE and other diseases patients. The cut-off OD value was 0.27 and was indicated by the dotted line.
Table 1.Demographic characteristics of subjected patients
Table 1.
|
Parameters |
No. of patients with
|
|
CE |
Other diseasesa
|
Total |
|
Age (yr) |
< 20 |
1 |
202 |
203 |
|
20-29 |
8 |
442 |
450 |
|
30-39 |
6 |
347 |
353 |
|
40-49 |
3 |
387 |
390 |
|
50-59 |
1 |
450 |
451 |
|
60-69 |
0 |
361 |
361 |
|
70-79 |
1 |
218 |
219 |
|
≥ 80 |
1 |
62 |
63 |
|
Sex |
Men |
8 |
1,088 |
1,096 |
|
Women |
7 |
1,059 |
1,066 |
|
Unidentifiedb
|
|
47 |
340 |
387 |
|
Total |
|
66 |
2,481 |
2,547 |
Table 2.Serology findings of patients with CE and other diseases by ELISA
Table 2.
|
ELISA result |
Total |
No.(%) of patients with
|
|
CE |
Other diseases |
|
Positive |
148 |
59 (89.4) |
89 (3.6) |
|
Negative |
2,399 |
7 (10.6) |
2,392 (96.4) |
|
Total |
2,547 |
66 |
2,481 |
Table 3.ELISA positive rates by age and sex of patients with other disease
Table 3.
|
Age/Sex |
|
No. of examination |
No. of positive |
Positive rate (%) |
P-value |
|
< 20 |
Men |
108 |
2 |
1.9 |
0.128 |
|
Women |
83 |
5 |
6.0 |
|
|
Total |
191 |
7 |
3.7 |
|
|
20-29 |
Men |
229 |
4 |
1.7 |
0.207 |
|
Women |
157 |
6 |
3.8 |
|
|
Total |
386 |
10 |
2.6 |
|
|
30-39 |
Men |
163 |
5 |
3.1 |
0.824 |
|
Women |
142 |
5 |
3.5 |
|
|
Total |
305 |
10 |
3.3 |
|
|
40-49 |
Men |
166 |
6 |
3.6 |
0.181 |
|
Women |
159 |
11 |
6.9 |
|
|
Total |
325 |
17 |
5.2 |
|
|
50-59 |
Men |
183 |
9 |
4.9 |
0.194 |
|
Women |
204 |
5 |
2.5 |
|
|
Total |
387 |
14 |
3.6 |
|
|
60-69 |
Men |
132 |
5 |
3.8 |
0.432 |
|
Women |
174 |
10 |
5.7 |
|
|
Total |
306 |
15 |
4.9 |
|
|
70-79 |
Men |
85 |
3 |
3.5 |
0.515 |
|
Women |
101 |
2 |
2.0 |
|
|
Total |
186 |
5 |
2.7 |
|
|
≥ 80 |
Men |
19 |
0 |
0 |
0.295 |
|
Women |
36 |
2 |
5.6 |
|
|
Total |
55 |
2 |
3.6 |
|
|
Total |
Men |
1,085 |
34 |
3.1 |
0.136 |
|
Women |
1,056 |
46 |
4.4 |
|
|
Total |
2,141 |
80 |
3.7 |
|
|
Unidentified |
|
340 |
9 |
2.6 |
|
|
Total |
|
2,481 |
89 |
3.6 |
|
Table 4.Summary of serology positive rates reported from endemic regions
Table 4.
|
Countries |
Regions |
Year of exam. |
No. of exam. |
Positive rates (%) |
References |
|
Uzbekistan |
Tashkent (hospital) |
2008-2010 |
2,481 |
3.6 |
Present study |
|
General population |
2006 (publication year) |
Unknown |
0.7 |
[3] |
|
Iran |
Kerman (village) |
2006-2008 |
1,062 |
7.3 |
[11] |
|
Yansuj (health centers) |
2009 (publication year) |
500 |
7.2 |
[12] |
|
Meshkinshahr (health centers) |
2011 (publication year) |
670 |
1.8 |
[13] |
|
Turkey |
Denizli (township) |
2009 |
1,133 |
6.9 |
[14] |
|
Manisa (university) |
2013 (publication year) |
2,034 |
2.1 |
[15] |
|
Libya |
Northern region (village) |
1999 (publication year) |
10,096 |
11.2 |
[16] |
|
China |
Ningxia (hospital) |
1994-2001 |
1,357 |
4.6 |
[17] |
|
Sichuan (township) |
2001-2008 |
10,186 |
3.2 |
[18] |
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