Most previous studies have focused on the pathogenesis, clinical, and epidemiologic aspects of toxoplasmosis. However, several recent studies are highlighted by the duality of parasitic infections, i.e., parasites are occasionally helpful rather than harmful for the prognosis of some other diseases. For instance, T. gondii has been suggested as a protozoan parasite for immunotherapy of other diseases. The growth of Lewis lung carcinoma is inhibited following an oral infection with T. gondii ME49 strain [9]. Mice injected with both T. gondii and cancer cells showed an increase in CD8⁺ T-cells, IFN-γ mRNA levels, and serum IgG2a titers. In addition, hemoglobin concentration inside the Matrigel plug inserted into mice was decreased by T. gondii infection, and a decrease in the tumor mass by inhibition of angiogenesis was suggested [9]. IFN-γ, TNFRp55, and iNOS are important for the inflammatory lesion and tissue parasitism after T. gondii infection [10]. IFN-γ, TNF family ligands, and iNOS are also known to be associated with anti-tumorigenic mechanisms by macrophages and NK cells [11-13]. However, the mechanism is not yet fully elucidated and the possibility of direct immuno-modulation by antigenic proteins of T. gondii has not been determined.

The present study investigated the effects of T. gondii lysate antigens (TLA) on tumorigenesis in BALB/c mice. For this purpose, a murine lymphoma cell line, sarcoma-180 (S-180) cells, was used for tumor generation and successfully created solid tumors (S-180 tumors). The anti-tumor effects were determined by measuring the tumor size and weight, and the expression of CD31 in the tumor tissue. The present study was performed to observe the changing patterns of the tumor size and CD31 expression in the S-180 tumor mass in mice injected with TLA or formalin-fixed T. gondii tachyzoites.

Female BALB/c mice were purchased from ORIENT BIO Animal Center (Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Mice were housed at room temperature (20-23℃) on a 12-hr light and 12 hr-dark cycle, with unlimited supplies with food and water sterilized by irradiation and autoclaving. All experiments using mice were performed according to the ethical standards formulated from the IACUC (SNU-090102-3) in the Seoul National University. TLA were prepared according to the procedure described previously, with a slight modification [14]. Briefly, tachyzoites of the virulent T. gondii RH strain were obtained from the peritoneal exudate of intraperitoneally-infected mice. The exudate was passed twice through a 25-gauge needle and followed by passing through filter membranes of 5 µm pore size to remove debris and host cells. The isolated parasites were washed, resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), and sonicated on ice. The supernatant (TLA) was filter-sterilized through a 0.22 µm pore size membrane. The protein concentration of TLA was determined by the BCA™ Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Michigan, USA) and stored at -70℃ until used. Tumors were generated by subcutaneous injection of a mixture of 1.0 × 10⁷ S-180 cells (KCLB 40066, Korean Cell Line Bank, Seoul, Korea) and 500 µl of growth factor-reduced BD Matrigel™(BD Science, Miami, Florida, USA) at the mid-backs of 6-week-old BALB/c mice [9,15].

When tumors were grown to an average volume of approximately 40 mm³ on day 14 after the injection of S-180 cells, mice were randomly divided into the following 3 experimental groups (N = 3 for each group); TLA, formalin-fixed T. gondii, and PBS. After fixation of tachyzoites with formalin for 20 min, tachyzoites were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm, 4℃ for 10 min and washed 5 times to remove formalin completely. These formalin-fixed tachyzoites were injected into the tumor mass of tumor-bearing mice. The residual formalin in the last washing solution was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to prove the safety of the injection into mice; 10 µl of the last washing solution was applied to HPLC (Gilson, Middleton, Wisconsin, USA). In this experiment, 5 × 10⁵ formalin-fixed tachyzoites were injected into the tumor mass once during the experimental period. However, TLA diluted in PBS was injected with 50 µg/100 µl twice weekly. The control group was injected with 100 µl PBS into the tumor mass. An Ultra-Fine II Insulin Syringe (BD Science) was used to minimize the tissue damage by twice weekly TLA or PBS injections. The tumor size was measured using a caliper and calculated by the following formula: length × width × height × 0.5 [16]. The tumor weight was also measured once after the mice were sacrificed (data not shown). Tumor proteins were prepared in RIPA buffer (1 × PBS, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate) supplemented with 1 × Roche complete Mini protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, USA). The protein concentration was measured using the BCA method (Thermo Scientific). The statistics programs used were SPSS 12.0K and SigmaPlot 10.0. A P-value < 0.05 was regarded as significant.

Tumor sizes were measured on day 9 post-injection of TLA or formalin-fixed T. gondii, then the tumor masses were isolated from the mice after sacrifice (Fig. 1). The tumor sizes of TLA (1,731 ± 366.5 mm³) or T. gondii-injected (2,200 ± 669.6 mm³) groups were smaller than those of PBS-injected control group (4,667 ± 549.4 mm³). These observations were in agreement with the results of different tumors used in T. gondii infections, including Lewis lung carcinoma [9] and WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma [17]. The TLA-treated group was significantly smaller than the control group in the tumor size (P = 0.00153). Both formalin-fixed T. gondii-injection and TLA-treatment showed the same effects on the inhibition of tumor growth and the effect would be augmented by a repeated TLA injection. CD31 is expressed on platelets and endothelial cells, involved in cell recognition, motility, and signaling in the biological process, and suggested as an important marker of angiogenesis in tumors [18]. Expression of CD31 (PECAM-1) was investigated by immunohistochemical staining of the sectioned tumor mass and the results showed a decrease in spots stained with anti-CD31 mAb in TLA- or T. gondii-injected tumors (data not shown). The CD31 protein levels were determined in the tumor mass and appeared to be decreased in the TLA- and T. gondii-treatment groups compared to the control group on Western blots (Fig. 2). Because CD31 is highly expressed on tumor tissues in a general state of angiogenesis [18], our results may be correlated with anti-angiogenesis (Figs. 1B, 2). Although it is known that immune responses after T. gondii infection are related with anticancer effects in tumor-bearing mice [9,18], further studies are needed using TLA to better elucidate anti-angiogenesis.

Our study focused on the effects of T. gondii-antigenic proteins, as well as T. gondii injection, on anti-tumorigenic effects. The results showed a decrease in CD31, a marker of angiogenesis, after TLA injection into the tumor mass. This result demonstrates the anti-tumorigenic effect of a protozoan parasite, T. gondii, may be induced by the intervention of molecular mechanisms inhibiting vascular formation by T. gondii lysate proteins. However, the relationship between the immune response induced by TLA- or formalin-fixed T. gondii-injection and the suppression of tumor growth must not be overlooked. In this regard, we observed the increase of IL-12 in TLA-injected tumor-bearing mice (data not shown). IL-12 is related to suppression of angiogenesis when tumors are produced [19,20]. IL-12 has also been shown to be induced by T. gondii antigens (TLA) in promonocytic cell line cultures (THP-1 cells) [21]. Considering the possible mechanisms by which TLA exerts an effect (a direct anti-tumorigenic effect, or indirect immune response), this study supports the results of previous studies reporting anti-angiogenesis effects of T. gondii infection.