Abstract
The small intestines of 6 species of rodents and 1 species of insectivore were examined seasonally for Plagiorchis muris infection in 3 different localities in northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), near the demilitarized zone (DMZ). A total of 1,496 animals, including 1,366 Apodemus agrarius, 54 Crocidura lasiura (insectivore), 32 Mus musculus, 28 Micronytus fortis, 9 Eothenomys regulus, 6 Micronys minutus, and 3 Cricetulus triton, were live-trapped at Yeoncheon-gun (n = 351), Paju-shi (804) and Pocheon-gun (343) at 3-mo intervals from December 2004 to September 2005. A total of 1,647 P. muris were collected from 72 (5.3%) A. agrarius. The infection rate was the highest in Pocheon-gun (8.2%), followed by Yeoncheon-gun (5.0%) and Paju-shi (4.2%). A higher infection rate was observed in A. agrarius captured during September (19.4%) than those captured during December (3.0%), June (2.6%), or April (0%). However, the worm burden was the highest in June (av. 32.1/animal), followed by September (24.7), December (4.0), and April (0). None of the other animal species were found infected with P. muris. The results reveal that A. agrarius is a natural definitive host for P. muris, and infection rates and worm burdens vary seasonally and geographically.
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Key words: Plagiorchis muris, wild rodent, Apodemus agrarius, prevalence, worm burden, Gyeonggi-do (Province)
Plagiorchis muris (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) is a small (2.9-3.0 mm in size) intestinal fluke found in various mammals that feed on aquatic insects (
Radomyos et al., 1989). Several human infections have been recorded (
Asada et al, 1962;
Radomyos et al., 1989;
Hong et al., 1996). Metacercariae of
P. muris are found in aquatic snails
Lymnaea ollula, freshwater fish, mosquito larvae, and dragonfly larvae and adults (
Hong et al., 1996,
1999). Dragonflies infected with
P. muris metacercariae were distributed throughout the Republic of Korea, even though the infection rate and metacercarial density varied according to geographical locality and dragonfly species (
Hong et al., 1998,
1999). The patient infected with
P. muris was a resident of Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do (Province), where various freshwater fish and dragonflies were found infected with
P. muris metacercariae (
Hong et al., 1996,
1999).
In sylvatic environments, adult worms have been found in various species of mammals. Feral cats purchased in Busan had
P. muris infections (
Sohn and Chai, 2005). Commensal rodents (e.g.,
Rattus norvegicus), caught from Hadong-gun (Gyeongsangnam-do), Yongin-shi (Gyeonggi-do), and Yangyang-gun (Gangwon-do), were found infected with small numbers of
P. muris (
Seo et al., 1981;
Lee et al., 1990). In a survey of sylvatic rodents caught from northern areas of the Republic of Korea (
Seo et al., 1964), 5 of 6 (83.3%)
Apodemus agrarius (the striped field mouse) were infected with
P. muris, and the other rodent species infected was
Rattus rattus. None (0/357) of
R. norvegicus were found infected. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that sylvatic rodents, in particular
A. agrarius, are an important reservoir for
P. muris in northern areas of the Republic of Korea.
Numerous military field training sites are located along the northern boundary of Gyeonggi-do near the demilitarized zone (DMZ), where civilians are prohibited entry. Along the training sites perimeter and hills, where military activities are limited, the natural ecology is well preserved. Infection of animals with P. muris has never been reported from these areas. This study was initiated to determine the seasonal and geographical infection rates of P. muris among small mammals captured from Paju-shi, Yeoncheon-gun and Pocheon-gun (Gyeonggi-do).
A total of 1,496 small mammals including 6 rodent and 1 insectivore species, i.e., A. agrarius (n = 1,366), Crocidura lasiura (54) (insectivore), Mus musculus (32), Microtus fortis (28), Eothenomys regulus (9), Micronys minutus (6) and Cricetulus triton (3), were live-captured using Sherman traps (3 × 3.5 × 9" folding traps; H.B. Sherman, Tallahassee, Florida, USA) baited with peanut butter between 2 saltine crackers. These small mammals were euthanized in accordance with an approved animal use protocol under biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory conditions. Gastrointestinal organs, including the stomach to the end of the rectum, were removed and preserved in 70% alcohol until examined. Seasonal infection rates were determined quarterly from December 2004 through September 2005. Preserved gastrointestinal organs were opened in a Petri dish containing distilled water and all helminths were collected from their internal contents under a dissecting microscope (× 10). For species identification, worms similar to Plagiorchis were examined morphologically under a light microscope (× 40-100). For statistical analyses of seasonal and geographical infection rates and worm burdens, the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used.
A total of 1,647
P. muris were collected from 72 (5.3%)
A. agrarius (
Table 1). The other 5 species of rodents and 1 insectivore species were not found infected with
P. muris. Among the 3 localities, the infection rate of
A. agrarius was the highest in Pocheon-gun, followed by Yeoncheon-gun and Paju-shi (
Fig. 1A). Differences in infection rates of
A. agrarius between Pocheon-gun and Paju-shi were significant (
P = 0.011). The worm burden was the highest in Paju-shi, followed by Yeoncheon-gun and Pocheon-gun, but was not significantly different (
Fig. 1B). Seasonal infection rates were variable; the infection rate was the highest in September (autumn), i.e., 48/247 (19.4%), followed by December (winter) 11/369 (3.0%) and June (summer) 13/495 (2.6%) (
Fig. 1A). No
P. muris was found in March (spring), i.e., 0/255 (0%). The worm burden was the highest in June (32.2 ± 72.8), followed by September (24.8 ± 40.1) and December (4.1 ± 4.5) (
Fig. 1B). Other helminths collected during this same period will be published separately. The data on
Neodiplostomum seoulense will be published (
Chai et al., 2007) next to this paper.
During this study,
P. muris worms were collected in only 1 rodent species,
A. agrarius, and no
P. muris was observed in other species of small mammals. In a previous study, 33
P. muris were collected from 5
A. agrarius and 1
R. rattus captured at Cheolwon-gun and Gumhwa-gun (Gangwon-do), near the present study area (
Seo et al., 1964). Worm burdens (1,647 worms/ 72
A. agrarius) among
A. agrarius infected with
P. muris were higher than those of previous studies in commensal rodents (2 worms/2 rats) (
Seo et al., 1981) and sylvatic rodents (33 worms/5
A. agrarius and 1
R. rattus) (
Seo et al., 1964). Commensal rodents were not collected from the present study sites. Rodent surveys near villages, where relatively large populations of commensal rodents are found, will provide information about their role in maintenance and distribution of
P. muris.
Based on our studies,
A. agrarius is proved to be an important host for
P. muris in sylvatic environments. In Japan,
A. agrarius was also identified as a natural definitive host for
P. muris (
Ito and Itagaki, 2003). Relatively large populations of
A. agrarius are found in tall grass and crawling vegetation habitats, often associated with water. Similar habitats along roadsides, streams, and civilian communities should be surveyed to determine the role of
A. agrarius and other small mammals in maintenance and distribution of
P. muris in these environments.
Infection rates of
P. muris varied seasonally in
A. agrarius. In all surveyed areas, infection rates were the highest in these striped field mice caught in September. Since many insect larvae develop to adults in autumn, wild animals may have more opportunities to consume larval and adult insects that may be infected with
P. muris metacercariae. In March, few insects are found because most adult insects do not survive the cold winter along the DMZ. Few worms were found in rodents that had been infected in previous seasons, since laboratory studies demonstrated that most infected worms (96%) in albino rates moved from the jejunum to ileum and expelled within day 28 post-infection (
Hong et al., 1998). The average worm burden was the highest in
A. agrarius trapped during June, in part due to one rodent infected with 263 worms. Excluding the data from this rodent, during the fall period, both infection rates and worm burdens were the highest.
Based on locality, P. muris infections were variable. Rodent infection rates in Pocheon (8.2%) were much higher than those in Paju (4.2%) and Yeoncheon (5.0%). During the March trapping period, P. muris-infected rodents were not found in all 3 areas surveyed, while in June and December, P. muris was not observed in A. agrarius captured at Yeoncheon and Pocheon. Whereas there were no remarkable differences in worm burdens of P. muris in rodents according to locality, seasonal differences were observed. The average worm burden in infected rodents was the highest in June in Paju, due to one rodent with a very high worm burden (263 worms), but in Yeoncheon and Pocheon, those were the highest in September. This is mostly likely due to an accumulation of ingested metacercariae by eating infected insects over the late summer and early fall period.
Notes
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Funding for portions of this work was provided by the U.S. Department of Defense, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, Silver Spring, Maryland, and the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, USA.
References
Fig. 1Seasonal variation of infection rates of Apodemus agrarius (A) with Plagiorchis muris and worm burdens (B) in 3 different areas of Gyeonggi-do (n = 255 in March; 495 in June, 247 in September, and 369 in December.). * One Apodemus agrarius captured in June was infected with 263 worms, greatly increasing the overall average worm burden for that period and collection site.
Table 1.Infection rates of Plagiorchis muris in Apodemus agrarius caught from 3 localities in northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea
Table 1.
|
Area surveyed |
No. of A. agrarius examined |
No. positive (%) |
No. of worms collected
|
|
Total |
Mean ± SD |
Range |
|
Paju-shi |
753 |
32 (4.2) |
765 |
23.9 ± 51.7 |
1-263 |
|
Yeoncheon-gun |
321 |
16 (5.0) |
372 |
23.3 ± 36.3 |
1-111 |
|
Pocheon-gun |
292 |
24 (8.2) |
510 |
21.4 ± 42.8 |
1-186 |
|
Total |
1,366 |
72 (5.3) |
1,647 |
22.9 ± 45.5 |
1-263 |
