Abstract
For evaluation of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran, fecal specimens from diarrheic (n = 129) and non-diarrheic humans (n = 271) were collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. The presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was determined by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining. Humans were grouped according to their age as follows: younger than 15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50, and over 51 years. The results showed that the overall prevalence of infection in all 400 samples was 10.8%, but the prevalence (25.6%) in diarrheic humans was higher than that (3.7%) in non-diarrheic humans. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in the feces of 21.4%, 9.3%, 8.8%, 6.7% and 5.7% of different age groups, respectively. The intensity of oocysts was significantly higher in diarrheic humans than in non-diarrheic ones. There was a significant association between Cryptosporidium sp. infection and occurrence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). The results indicate that Cryptosporidium sp. infection is prevalent in diarrheic humans in Iran.
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Key words: Cryptosporidium sp., cryptosporidiosis, prevalence, diarrhea, Iran
INTRODUCTION
Cryptosporidium sp. is an intestinal protozoan parasite that has been recognized as a human pathogen since 1976 (
Fayer and Ungar, 1986). This parasite is well known to cause severe life-threatening illness in immunocompromised individuals. This parasite invades epithelial cells of the intestinal tract and respiratory tree of vertebrate hosts (
O'Donoghue, 1995;
Sturdee et al., 1999).
Cryptosporidium sp. is a primary pathogen causing acute diarrhea and the most evident symptom of cryptosporidiosis is diarrhea. Non-specific signs, such as dehydration, fever, anorexia, weakness, and progressive loss of conditions may be accompanied. Diarrhea is usually self-limiting in immunocompetent humans, however, it can be life-threatening in children and immunocompromised humans. There are a variety of methods, including microscopy, immunological and molecular techniques, for the detection of
Cryptosporidium oocysts. Microscopic methods include concentration techniques and staining of fecal smears. There are difficulties in distinguishing
Cryptosporidium oocysts from other small particles, such as yeasts, moulds, algae, and plant debris by routine fecal examination techniques in fecal and environmental specimens (
Fayer et al., 2000). The modified acid-fast staining technique is useful and the oocysts appear as pink to red, spherical to ovoid, bodies on a blue or purple background. The stained smears are permanent and can be stored for a long time before examination when the samples are high numbers (
Sevinc et al., 2003).
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in different age groups of diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran by the conventional microscopy method using the modified acid-fast staining.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects and fecal examination
Fecal samples (400 in total number) were collected in sterile plastic bottles from the inhabitants residing in the City of Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran, who presented with diarrhea (n = 129) and non-diarrhea (n = 271) during the period from July 1 to September 30, 2002. Humans were grouped according to their age as follows: under 15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50, and over 51 years. Fecal smears were prepared by formalin-ether sedimentation, and examined after modified acid-fast staining (
Casemore et al., 1985). The intensity of infection was estimated semi-quantitatively according to the average number of oocysts in 20 randomly selected fields at 1,000 x magnification. The categories established were; negative (absence of oocysts); slight (1-5 oocysts); moderate (6-10 oocysts); and severe (> 10 oocysts) (
Sevinc et al., 2003).
The results of the study were analyzed using the SPSS software Version 10.1. The chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the patients who provided the stool samples, and other parameters, such as diarrhea symptoms, and age. The differences were considered significant, when the P-value was less than 0.05.
RESULTS
The total number of
Cryptosporidium oocyst positive specimens was 43, and the prevalence was 10.8%.
Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts appeared as pink to red and spherical to ovoid bodies in modified acid-fast staining.
Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 33 (25.6%) of 129 diarrheic humans, and in 10 (3.7%) of 271 non-diarrheic humans. The age-dependent prevalence was 21.4%, 9.3%, 8.8%, 6.7% and 5.7% in the age groups of younger than 15 years old, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50, and over 51 years, respectively (
Table 1). The intensity of infection in the oocyst numbers was significantly higher in diarrheic humans than in non-diarrheic ones (data not shown). There was a significant association between
Cryptosporidium sp. infection and occurrence of diarrhea (
P < 0.05). Also the prevalence of
Cryptosporidium sp. infection was significantly higher in children under 15 years old than other age groups (
P < 0.05).
DISCUSSION
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of
Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran. In this study, the total number of positive specimens was 43 and the prevalence of
Cryptosporidium sp. in all specimens was 10.8%. There are discrepancies in the prevalence between different surveys, which were done on human cryptosporidiosis. In the Republic of Korea, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis varied according to the localities. For example, Lee et al. (
2005) reported a prevalence of 1% (among non-HIV patients), whereas Yu et al. (
2004) reported a prevalence of 3.3% among the villagers in several rural areas. Also Park et al. (
2006), Seo et al. (
2001), and Chai et al. (
1996) reported 1.5%, 1.9% and 7.9% positive rates of human cryptosporidiosis, respectively. In Tanzania, Houpt et al. (
2005) described a prevalence of 17.3% amongst HIV patients. In Guinea Bissau,
Cryptosporidium sp. had a prevalence of 7.7% and was the second most common parasite with a marked seasonal variation, with peak prevalence found consistently at the beginning of or just before the rainy seasons, i.e., from May to July (
Perch et al., 2001). The bovine genotype of
Cryptosporidium parvum accounts for most cases of human cryptosporidiosis in Iran (
Meamar et al., 2006). There were also discrepancies in different surveys which were done in Iran, about the prevalence rate of
Cryptosporidium sp. (
Table 2). For example, Hamedi et al. (
2005) reported a prevalence of 7% in children in southeastern Iran, but in the present study, the prevalence of
Cryptosporidium infection was 21.4% in children, who are under 15 years old.
Intestinal parasites are very common in developing countries and
Cryptosporidium has been revealed as one of the most common parasites, which causes diarrhea, and diarrhea is the most pronounced clinical feature of cryptosporidiosis.
Cryptosporidium parasitizes the small intestinal epithelium, therefore, the infection results in an accelerated loss of villous enterocytes, leading to severe villous atrophy and a malabsorptive and secretory diarrhea. Other symptoms include dehydration, weight loss, stomach cramp, or pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting (
Abdel-Messih et al., 2005).
Several studies have observed higher prevalences of
Cryptosporidium sp. infections among diarrheic calves as compared with non-diarrheic calves (
Naciri, 1999;
De la Fuente et al., 1999;
Lefay et al., 2000;
Uga et al., 2000;
Castro-Hermid et al., 2002). Also in the present study,
Cryptosporidium sp. was detected in 33 (25.6%) and 10 (3.7%) of diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans, respectively. The majority of the diarrheic humans (39.5%) were younger than 15 years and 18 (35.3%) of them were positive for
Cryptosporidium sp. infection. The infection was detected in 19 (21.4%), 8 (9.3%), 7 (8.8%), 5 (6.7%) and 4 (5.7%) of humans in the age groups < 15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50 and over 51 years, respectively.
Though humans seem to be susceptible at any time in their lives (
Fayer and Ungar, 1986), results of this research showed that the prevalence of
Cryptosporidium sp. was higher in children under 15 years old. The high prevalence of
Cryptosporidium sp. in children is similar to previous reports (
Bezerra et al., 2001;
Yu et al., 2004). Also previous studies in tropical countries have shown the highest prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in children younger than 2 years. However, recent studies in Kuwait (
Sulaiman et al., 2005) have indicated that children infected with
Cryptosporidium were significantly older. The occurrence of high infection rates in children less than 15 years old might be attributed to their weak immune responses. However, more studies need to be done in order to confirm this hypothesis. From prevalence studies, oocyst excretion rates are known to vary between 1% and 3% in industrialized countries and around 10% in less industrialized nations.
Cryptosporidium sp. infection generally occurs in 10-15% of children with diarrhea in the developing world, but in this study
Cryptosporidium sp. infection was found in 35.3% of the children with diarrhea. The most common clinical manifestation of cryptosporidiosis is diarrhea, characteristically profuse and watery, and often containing mucus, but rarely blood or leucocytes (
Fayer and Ungar, 1986). The diarrhea is watery, and stool frequency can be up to 10 times a day with a mean volume of 1 liter (
Chen and LaRusso, 1999).
The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. in diarrheic humans was higher than that in non-diarrheic humans in Iran, and children under 15 years old are more susceptible to Cryptosporidium sp. infection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wish to thank Mrs. Diane Simpson for editing this article.
References
Table 1.The prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in different age groups of diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran
Table 1.
|
Age groups (years) |
No. exam. |
No. positive (%) |
Diarrheic humans
|
Non-diarrheic humans
|
|
No. exam. |
No. posit. (%) |
No. exam. |
No. posit. (%) |
|
< 15 |
89 |
19 (21.4) |
51 |
18 (35.3) |
38 |
1 (2.6) |
|
16-25 |
86 |
8 (9.3) |
28 |
7 (25.0) |
58 |
2 (3.5) |
|
26-35 |
80 |
7 (8.8) |
23 |
3 (13.0) |
57 |
2 (3.5) |
|
36-50 |
75 |
5 (6.7) |
15 |
2 (13.3) |
60 |
3 (5.0) |
|
> 51 |
70 |
4 (5.7) |
12 |
3 (25.0) |
58 |
2 (3.5) |
|
Total |
400 |
43 (10.8) |
129 |
33 (25.6) |
271 |
10 (3.7) |
Table 2.A brief review of the reported prevalences of human cryptosporidiosis in Iran
Table 2.
|
Author (year) |
Area surveyed |
No. exam. |
No. positive (%) |
|
Nouri et al. (1991) |
Azerbaijan |
363 |
28 (7.7) |
|
Hoghooghi-Rad (1994) |
Ahvaz |
1,333 |
29 (2.2) |
|
Fallah and Haghighi (1996) |
Hamadan |
554 |
30 (4.1) |
|
Khoshzaban and Dalimi-Asl (1998) |
Tehran |
1,000 |
48 (4.8) |
|
Maleki and Sadegh Hasani (2003) |
West of Tehran |
500 |
5 (1.0) |
|
Hamedi et al. (2005) |
Bandar Abbas |
- |
- (7.0) |
|
Nahrevanian et al. (2007) |
Tehran |
104 |
3 (2.9) |
