Abstract
Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease induced by anisakid nematodes, and endoscopic inspection is used for a diagnosis or remedy for it. Anisakis simplex, Anisakis physeteris, and Pseudoterranova decipiens had been reported to be the major species causing human infections, particularly, in Japan. However, in Korea, recent studies strongly suggested that Anisakis pegreffii is the major species of human infections. To support this suggestion, we collected anisakid larvae (n=20) from 20 human patients who were undergone gastrointestinal endoscopy at a health check-up center in Korea, and molecular identification was performed on the larvae using PCR-RFLP analysis and gene sequencing of rDNA ITS regions and mtDNA cox2. In addition, anisakid larvae (n=53) collected from the sea eel (Astroconger myriaster) were also examined for comparison with those extracted from humans. The results showed that all human samples (100%) were identified as A. pegreffii, whereas 90.7% of the samples from the sea eel were A. pegreffii with the remaining 9.3% being Hysterothylacium aduncum. Our study confirmed that A. pegreffii is the predominant species causing human anisakiasis in Korea, and this seems to be due to the predominance of this larval type in the fish (sea eels) popularly consumed by the Korean people. The possibility of human infection with H. aduncum in Korea is also suggested.
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Key words: Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis simplex sensu stricto, Hysterothylacium aduncum, anisakiasis, anisakid larva, gastrointestinal endoscopy, sequencing, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), cox2
Trends of parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea (=Korea) have remarkably changed. In particular, the prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes has been successfully controlled to become very low; however, foodborne parasitic infections are still prevalent in Korea [
1].
Anisakiasis is a foodborne zoonotic infection contracted mainly by the larval nematodes of the genera
Anisakis and
Pseudoterranova after consuming raw or undercooked parasitized fish or squids. Three species,
Anisakis simplex, Anisakis physeteris, and
Pseudoterranova decipiens, have been reported to be the main etiological agents of human infections, particularly, in Japan [
2]. The clinical symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, and the larvae can be removed at gastrointestinal endoscopy or by surgery [
3,
4]. Although the diagnosis is generally made by endoscopic inspections to recover the larvae, the species-specific identification is difficult only by the larval morphology, in which case molecular approaches are essential.
In Korea, there are several studies on the species identification of anisakid larvae collected from human patients. Based on morphological characteristics, between 1989 and 1992, Im et al. [
5] reported
A. simplex (
Anisakis type I larvae) to be the major species (91.1%) among 90 samples that infected humans [
5]. Other reports described that
A. simplex (
Anisakis type I larvae) and
P. decipiens (
Pseudoterranova type A larvae) were the main species causing human anisakiasis in Korea [
6,
7]. Recently, however, using molecular techniques, Lim et al. [
8] reported that 25 of 26 samples collected from 16 human infections during 2000–2013 in Korea were identified as
Anisakis pegreffii, and only 1 sample was
A. simplex [
8]. Both of these species have similar morphologies in their larval stages (
Anisakis type I larvae) from fish hosts [
8]. Therefore, molecular analyses are strongly recommended to make the specific diagnosis of, in particular,
A. simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and
A. pegreffii [
2].
As the traditional habits of eating raw seafood have been maintained in Korea, we need to know the latest tendencies of anisakid larvae occurring in humans and fish (and squids) in Korea. In this study, we carried out molecular studies for a specific diagnosis of anisakid larvae extracted by gastrointestinal endoscopy of health check-up patients in Korea and also of anisakid larvae collected from the sea eel (
Astroconger myriaster) which is popularly eaten by the people and known to be an important source of human anisakiasis in Korea [
2].
A total of 20 nematodes or nematode fragments extracted from the stomach (n=19) or large intestine (n=1) of 20 health check-up patients through endoscopy were referred to the Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Korea, during 2017–2019 for specific diagnosis (
Table 1). All of these samples were morphologically diagnosed as anisakiasis (
Anisakis type I larvae) having a boring tooth and a mucron. In order to obtain a specific diagnosis, the total genomic DNA was isolated from the 20 nematode specimens using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In addition, we also examined 54 larval nematode samples collected from the sea eel for comparison with those from human infections.
Molecular identification was performed using PCR-RFLP and sequencing of nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial genes. We amplified the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, with primers ITS A (5′-GTC GAA TTC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG GAA GGA TCA-3′) and ITS B (5′-GCC GGA TCC GAA TCC TGG TTA GTT TCT TTT CCT-3′) [
9] using 2×MasterMix (MGmed, Seoul, Korea) under initial denaturation for 10 min at 95°C and 30 cycles of denaturation for 30 sec at 95°C, annealing for 30 sec at 55°C, extension for 75 sec at 72°C and final extension for 7 min at 72°C. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cytochrome
c oxidase 2 (
cox2), was amplified using the primers 211F (5′-TTT TCT AGT TAT ATA GAT TGG TTC AT-3′) and 210R (5′-CAC CAA CTC TTA AAA TTA TC-3′) [
10] under initial denaturation for 2 min at 95°C and 32 cycles of denaturation for 30 sec at 95°C, annealing for 30 sec at 48°C, extension for 60 sec at 72°C, and final extension for 7 min at 5°C.
Each ITS PCR product was digested overnight at 37°C with
HinfI restriction endonuclease (Enzynomics, Daejeon, Korea) and 10×EZ-one buffer (Enzynomics). The restriction fragment patterns were separated by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels stained with StaySafe
TM Nucleic Acid Gel Stain (Real Biotech Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan) and visualized using illumination with UV light. Automated DNA sequencing experiments on all ITS or
cox2 PCR products were performed at Macrogen Co. Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). Nucleotide sequences obtained from each of the 2 isolates were aligned using the Geneious software version 10.2.6 (
http://www.geneious.com) [
11].
According to the PCR-RFLP results, the product from PCR-amplified ITS region revealed an approximately 1,000 bp sized band for all samples, and RFLP patterns using
HinfI restriction enzyme presented
A. pegreffii as 3 different fragments, 250 bp, 300 bp, and 350 bp, and
Hysterothylacium aduncum as 2 different fragments, 370 bp and 650 bp (
Fig. 1) [
12]. A hybrid form of
A. simplex s.s. and
A. pegreffii reported in Iberian Peninsula [
13] and Japan [
14] showing 4 bands (620 bp, 370 bp, 300 bp, and 250 bp) using
HinfI restriction enzyme was not detected in this study.
We also confirmed the species-identification using sequencing of the ITS and
cox2. All
Anisakis larvae samples removed from humans showed 100% identity with
A. pegreffii (AB277823) and 99.4% with
A. simplex (AB277822) in a sequence of the ITS region (311 bp). In
cox2 (378 bp) sequencing, the samples revealed 97.9–100% identity with
A. pegreffiii (EU413958) and 94.7–96.6% with
A. simplex (AB517560) (
Table 1).
In the case of anisakid larvae from the sea eel, most samples (49 of 54 larvae; 90.7%) were shown to be
A. pegreffii with 100% identity in ITS region (608 bp) and 96.9–100% identity in
cox2 (511 bp) (
Table S1), while the others (5/54; 9.3%) were
H. aduncum representing 100% identity (AB277826) in ITS region (877 bp) and 97.1–98.1% identity (KT439397) in
cox2 region (582 bp).
For visualizing the evolutionary relationships among these larval samples from humans, UPGMA phylogenetic trees were obtained by nuclear rDNA ITS and mtDNA
cox2 sequence, including anisakid nematodes, using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version X (MEGA-X) software (
Fig. 2). All our samples from human cases were clearly nested within the phylogenetic position of
A. pegreffii analyzed by rDNA ITS (
Fig. 2A) and mitochondrial
cox2 (
Fig. 2B).
Anisakiasis is one of the most important public health problems causing symptomatic infections in humans consuming raw or undercooked parasitized marine fish or cephalopods [
2,
3].
A. simplex is the most common species throughout the world including Japan where over 90% of worldwide anisakiasis cases have been reported [
15]. In Korea,
Anisakis type I (inclusive of
A. simplex and
A. pegreffii) has been the predominant larval type extracted from humans according to previous information [
16]. However, in our previous study [
8] and also in this study, it has been confirmed that
A. pegreffii is the predominant species of anisakid larvae infecting humans in Korea. This is a remarkably contrasting result from Japan, where
A. simplex s.s. has been the major species infecting humans [
14,
17]. The major reason for this difference between Korea and Japan seems to be different kinds of fish consumed by the people harboring different species of anisakid larvae.
In this study, we confirmed that the most (90.7%) of the anisakid larvae from the sea eel were
A. pegreffii, which is along with our results from human cases. The remaining 5 larvae (9.3%) were
H. aduncum. The RFLP patterns digested with
HinfI were similar between
A. typica and
H. aduncum with 2 different fragments 600–700 bp and 300–400 bp. However, rDNA or mtDNA gene sequencing made this identification clear (100% identity in ITS region and 97.1–98.1% identity in
cox2).
Anisakis type I has been known to be the main larval type in the sea eel in Korea; however,
A. pegreffii had been rarely documented in earlier studies [
18]. According to a recent study, Cho et al. [
18] clarified that the major species of anisakid larvae in the sea eel in Korea was
A. pegreffii to which our results fully agree.
H. aduncum, another Anisakidae species, is regularly found in Mediterranean fish [
19]. However, few reports have been available regarding this species from marine fish in Korea other than a report of
Hysterothylacium sp. found in the chub mackerel (
Scomber japonicus) [
20] and largehead hairtail (
Trichiurus japonicus) [
21]. We have for the first time confirmed
H. aduncum infection in the sea eel using a molecular technique in Korea. The possibility of human infections with
H. aduncum needs to be elucidated.
Sporadic cases of human anisakiasis have been occurring continuously all over the world. Our study showed that A. pegreffii is predominant for human anisakiasis in Korea. The primary treatment of anisakiasis is endoscopic removal of the worm, and there is no specific medication. Prevention is the best way through avoiding ingestion of raw seafood or well cooking or deep-freezing of the seafood before consumption.
Notes
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST
We have no conflict of interest related to this work.
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Table S1.
Nucleotide identity (%) of Anisakis spp. larvae from the sea eel with Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex s.s., and A. typica by gene sequencing
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the staff and medical doctors of Korea Association of Health Promotion who kindly cooperated in collection of anisakid larvae extracted from the health check-up patients under gastrointestinal endoscopy during 2017 and 2019. We also thank our staff Mr. Geun-Hoon Lee and Ms. Sooji Hong of Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Korea for their kind cooperation. This research was supported by a grant from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2017–2019 (17162MFDAS034) and also by a Hallym University Research Fund (HRF-201610-011) of which the recipient was Sun Huh.
Fig. 1PCR-RFLP analysis of ITS region for molecular identification of anisakid larvae. Each PCR product was digested with HinfI and analyzed on 2% agarose gel. Sample H1 and H3, genomic DNA of Anisakis spp. from humans; H2 and H4, A. pegreffii (250, 300, and 350 bp); S1 and S3, genomic DNA of Anisakis spp. from the sea eel; S2, A. pegreffii (370 and 650 bp); S4, H. aduncum; M, 100-bp ladder.
Fig. 2Phylogenetic trees showing the genetic relationship of anisakid genera. Phylogenetic trees were analyzed with Anisakis larvae from humans and reference sequences from GenBank. The trees were constructed by the UPGMA using MEGA-X based on (A) ITS region (311 bp) and (B) cox2 gene (378 bp). The scale bar represents the evolutionary distance.
Table 1Identification of Anisakis larvae extracted by gastrointestinal endoscopy from health checkup patients using gene sequencing
Table 1
|
Type of endoscopy |
Date of extraction |
Patient sex/age |
ITS region |
Cox2
|
|
|
|
A. pegreffii (AB277823) |
A. simplex (AB277822) |
A. typica (AY826724) |
A. pegreffii (EU413958) |
A. simplex (AB517560) |
A. typica (AB517571) |
|
Sample 1 |
Gastroscopy |
Jan. 2019 |
F/66 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
97.9 |
96.3 |
86.5 |
|
|
Sample 2 |
Gastroscopy |
May. 2018 |
F/51 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Sample 3 |
Gastroscopy |
Jun. 2018 |
F/66 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Sample 4 |
Colonoscopy |
Jun. 2018 |
M/59 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
100.0 |
95.2 |
86.2 |
|
|
Sample 5 |
Gastroscopy |
Jun. 2018 |
F/47 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Sample 6 |
Gastroscopy |
Jun. 2018 |
M/61 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Sample 7 |
Gastroscopy |
Aug. 2018 |
M/55 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
99.7 |
95.5 |
86.5 |
|
|
Sample 8 |
Gastroscopy |
Aug. 2018 |
M/69 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
100.0 |
95.2 |
86.2 |
|
|
Sample 9 |
Gastroscopy |
Sep. 2018 |
M/67 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
98.1 |
96.6 |
86.8 |
|
|
Sample 10 |
Gastroscopy |
Sep. 2018 |
M/57 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Sample 11 |
Gastroscopy |
Sep. 2018 |
F/34 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
97.9 |
96.3 |
86.5 |
|
|
Sample 12 |
Gastroscopy |
Sep. 2018 |
F/56 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
99.7 |
95.0 |
86.0 |
|
|
Sample 13 |
Gastroscopy |
Oct. 2018 |
F/56 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
97.9 |
96.3 |
86.5 |
|
|
Sample 14 |
Gastroscopy |
Oct. 2018 |
M/44 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
100.0 |
95.2 |
86.2 |
|
|
Sample 15 |
Gastroscopy |
Nov. 2018 |
M/61 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
99.7 |
95.0 |
86.2 |
|
|
Sample 16 |
Gastroscopy |
Nov. 2018 |
F/69 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
100.0 |
95.2 |
86.2 |
|
|
Sample 17 |
Gastroscopy |
Nov. 2018 |
F/45 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
100.0 |
95.2 |
86.2 |
|
|
Sample 18 |
Gastroscopy |
Dec. 2018 |
M/57 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
99.7 |
95.0 |
86.5 |
|
|
Sample 19 |
Gastroscopy |
Dec. 2018 |
F/53 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
99.5 |
94.7 |
85.8 |
|
|
Sample 20 |
Gastroscopy |
Jun. 2017 |
F/31 |
100 |
99.4 |
76.7 |
- |
- |
- |
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