Echinostoma mekongi: Discovery of Its Metacercarial Stage in Snails, Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis, in Pursat Province, Cambodia

Article information

Korean J Parasito. 2021;59(1):47-53

Publication date (electronic) : 2021 February 19

doi : https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.47

Jong-Yil Chai^1,2,, Woon-Mok Sohn^3,, Jaeeun Cho¹, Bong-Kwang Jung¹, Taehee Chang¹, Keon Hoon Lee¹, Virak Khieu⁴, Rekol Huy⁴

¹Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea

²Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea

³Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea

⁴National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

^*Corresponding authors (cjy@snu.ac.kr; wmsohn@gnu.ac.kr)

Received 2020 December 23; Revised 2021 January 16; Accepted 2021 January 16.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Among the 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. or ‘Echinostoma revolutum group’, total 26 valid or validity-retained spp. were acknowledged worldwide [1]. They included 16 valid species, i.e., E. revolutum, E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. lindoense, E. luisreyi, E. mekongi, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG of Georgieva et al., 2013, and 10 validity-retained species., i.e., E. acuticauda, E. barbosai, E. chloephagae, E. echinatum, E. jurini, E. nudicaudatum, E. parvocirrus, E. pinnicaudatum, E. ralli, and E. rodriguesi [1]. Recently, however, E. robustum Yamaguti, 1935 has been put to a synonymy with E. miyagawai Ishii, 1932 [2]. Eight among the 26 species, including E. revolutum, E. cinetorchis, E. echinatum, E. lindoense, E. mekongi, E. miyagawai (experimental infection), E. paraulum, and possibly E. paraensei (from the coprolite of a human mummy), are regarded as human-infecting 37-collar-spined echinostomes [1].

Echinostoma mekongi Cho, Jung, Chang, Sohn, Sinuon& Chai, 2020 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) was described as a new species based on adult flukes collected from 6 riparian people in Kratie and Takeo Province, Cambodia [3]. This species was morphologically characterized by a small head collar, small collar spines, small oral and ventral suckers, and small cirrus sac compared to E. revolutum or E. miyagawai, and marked variation was noted in the morphology of testes, which are either globular or lobulated [3]. However, its life history, including the first and second intermediate hosts and animal reservoir hosts as well as epidemiological characteristics, including geographical distribution, remained unknown. In the present study, we performed a life cycle study of E. mekongi and discovered its metacercarial stage in a species (subspecies) of freshwater snail, Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis, purchased from a local market in Pursat Province, Cambodia and obtained adult flukes through experimental infection to a hamster. The adult flukes were morphologically and molecularly (cox1 and nad1) confirmed to be E. mekongi Cho et al., 2020 [3].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of the metacercariae

We purchased freshwater snails, F. martensi cambodjensis (Fig. 1A), from a local market in Pursat Province, Cambodia in May 2017. The identification of the snail species and subspecies was performed according to a previous report [4]; in comparison with Filopaludina martensi martensi, this subspecies is lacking in spiral ridges. The snails were transported to Korea (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju) under ice, and examined for echinostome metacercariae using the artificial digestion method as previously described [5]. After crushing their shells with a mortar and pestle, they were digested with pepsin-HCl solution for 2 hr. Metacercariae were collected from the digested material under a stereomicroscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Fig. 1

(A) Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis snails purchased from a local market in Pursat Province, Cambodia. (B) A metacercaria of Echinostoma mekongi isolated from a F. martensi cambodjensis snail. Scale bar=30 μm.

The metacercariae were morphologically observed under a light microscope (Olympus). They (75 in number) were orally infected to an experimental hamster, and adult flukes were recovered in the small intestine at day 20 after the infection. The adult flukes were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin under a cover slip pressure, stained with Semichon’s acetocarmine, cleared in glycerin-alcohol, and mounted in glycerin-jelly for light microscopic observations. Some adult flukes were fixed in 70–80% ethanol for molecular analyses. To observe the surface ultrastructure, some adult flukes were washed several times with 0.2 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2), fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde at 4˚C, and washed 3 times with the buffer. They were then dehydrated through a graded ethanol series (50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, and absolute alcohol), dried with hexamethyldisilazane, coated (JFC-1100E ion sputtering device, Jeol, Tokyo, Japan) with gold, and observed using a scanning electron microscope (Jeol JSM-7610F, Tokyo, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV.

RESULTS

Recovery of adults and worm morphology

Twenty-eight adult flukes (37.3%; 28/75) were recovered from the small intestine of the hamster experimentally infected with 75 metacercariae at day 20 post-infection.

Adult flukes (Fig. 2A–C) of E. mekongi were elongated, ventrally curved, and 7.3 (6.4–8.2)×1.4 (1.1–1.7) mm in size (n=10). They revealed slight constriction of the body near the level of the ventral sucker. The head collar, 495 (445–525) μm in width (Fig. 2D, E), was distinct, bearing 37 collar spines with 5 end group spines on each side, with the formula of 5-6-6-3-6-6-5. The oral sucker was subterminal, almost round, and 215 (200–230)×238 (220–255) μm. The prepharynx was short, 85 (70–95) μm in length, and the pharynx was muscular and well developed, 178 (150–190)×189 (160–210) μm. The esophagus was somewhat long, 448 (365–525) μm in length. The cirrus sac was well developed, 401 (380–420)×216 (205–230) μm, with a saccular seminal vesicle, and located between intestinal bifurcation and anterior margin of the ventral sucker. The ventral sucker was muscular and very large, 514 (460–550) ×555 (500–600) μm. The ovary was transversely elliptical, 197 (180–210)×242 (200–270) μm, and located on the median line of the body. Two testes were tandem, anterior testis 602 (470–720)×473 (330–730) μm, posterior testis 667 (470–750)×454 (310–580) μm, round, or slightly lobulated. Vitelline follicles were distributed in 2 lateral groups from the level of the posterior margin of the ventral sucker to near the posterior end of the body, not merging in the post-testicular field. Eggs were operculated, ovoid to elliptical, and 126 (108–133) ×75 (71–83) μm in size.

Fig. 2

Echinostoma mekongi adult worms obtained from an experimental hamster at day 20 post-infection. (A) An adult fluke showing the head collar (HC), oral (OS) and ventral suckers (VS), uterus (U) filled with eggs, ovary (OV), globular testes (T), and vitelline follicles (VF). Ventral view. Unstained. Scale bar=0.1 mm. (B, C) Other worms showing the same organs in Fig. 2A. Note the 2 globular (B) or slightly lobulated testes (C) and non-confluent vitellaria beyond the testicular field (B, C). Ventral view. Stained with Semichon’s acetocarmine followed by clearing in glycerin-alcohol and mounting in glycerin-jelly. Scale bar=0.1 mm (B, C). (D, E) Light microscopic (D) and scanning electron microscopic (E) views of the head collar with collar spines. Note the 2 alternating rows of the dorsal collar spines. Dorsal views. Scale bars=100 μm (D, E).

In SEM observations, the adult flukes were elongated, ventrally curved, had the largest width near the middle portion of the body, and equipped with 37 collar spines (figures not shown). A dorsal view of the head collar showed 2 alternating rows of dorsal collar spines (Fig. 2E). Sensory papillae were distributed mainly on the tegument around the 2 suckers and head collar. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the body surface (dorsal and ventral) between the head collar and ventral sucker. Their densities were decreased posteriorly on the ventral surface. The dorsal tegument near the excretory pore was devoid of spines.

Analyses of cox1 and nad1 sequences

A phylogenetic tree based on cox1 (247 bp after trimming) sequences was constructed using the ML analyses (Fig. 3). The sequences of our sample (GenBank accession no. MW199181) clustered with high homology (99.0–100%) with the sequences of E. mekongi deposited in GenBank, including isolates from Kratie Province, Cambodia (MT449681 and MT449688) (Table 1). The homologies between our sample and the other 4 Echinostoma species were comparatively low (90.5–92.6%) (Table 1).

Fig. 3

A phylogenetic tree of Echinostoma mekongi in comparison with 5 other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. constructed based on 247 bp of mitochondrial cox1 sequences. Our sample (●, MW199181), from Pursat Province, is clustered with E. mekongi isolates from Kratie Province, Cambodia.

Table 1

Comparison of our sample with Echinostoma mekongi from Kratie, Cambodia and other members of 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. based on cox1 and nad1 gene sequences

A phylogenetic tree based on nad1 (348 bp after trimming) sequences was constructed also using the ML method (Fig. 4). The sequences of our sample (MW119735) clustered with high homology (98.9–99.7%) with the sequences of E. mekongi in GenBank, including isolates from Kratie Province, Cambodia (MT431430 and MT431425) (Table 1). The homologies between our sample and the other 4 Echinostoma species were comparatively low (86.2–89.1%) (Table 1).

Fig. 4

A phylogenetic tree of Echinostoma mekongi in comparison with 5 other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. constructed based on 348 bp of mitochondrial nad1 sequences. Our sample (●, MW199735), from Pursat Province, is clustered with E. mekongi isolates from Kratie and Takeo Provinces, Cambodia.

DISCUSSION

The present study first confirmed that F. martensi cambodjensis, a freshwater gastropod species, acts as a second intermediate host for E. mekongi in Pursat Province, Cambodia. This snail species (F. martensi) is widely distributed in Indochina Peninsula, including Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia [4,9–11]. In Pursat Province, Cambodia, nearby the Tonle Sap Lake, these snails are commercially available in street markets together with larger snails, including Pila spp. Local people favor to eat them undercooked. It is thus presumed that F. martensi cambodjensis snails are a potential source of human infection with E. mekongi. However, in Kratie and Takeo Provinces where human cases with E. mekongi were detected [3], the significance of these snails has not yet been verified, and it is urgently needed to examine these snails for E. mekongi metacercariae.

The metacercariae of E. mekongi were almost round (163–190 μm in diameter), equipped with 37 collar spines on the head collar, and morphologically indistinguishable from those of the other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. However, they were slightly or markedly larger than the metacercariae of E. lindoense (120–130 μm), E. revolutum (132–152 μm), E. miyagawai (144–154 μm), and E. trivolvis (135–170 μm) [1].

It is referable that the same or closely related snail species, for example, F. martensi martensi, F. sumatrensis polygramma, F. doliaris, and Filopaludina sp., act as the second intermediate hosts of the other echinostome species, including E. revolutum [9–11] and Artyfechinostomum malayanum (syn. Echinostoma malayanum) [11]. It is also interesting to note that F. martensi martensi snails can be used as a biological control agent of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos, the first intermediate host of Opisthorchis viverrini [12]. This may imply that these 2 trematode species are antagonistic and useful to understand epidemiology and geographical distribution of each species.

As E. mekongi was originally reported from human infections [3], and a hamster was susceptible for this echinostome infection in this study, a speculation could be made that E. mekongi is an echinostome of mammalian hosts. However, many of the other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. are known to infect both birds and mammals, for example, E. revolutum, E. miyagawai, and E. trivolvis [1]. Although natural reservoir hosts for E. mekongi have never been discovered, this may also be applied to E. mekongi for taking both type of hosts. This point should be clarified by field surveys and also experimentally in the near future.

The first intermediate host of E. mekongi is unknown. In E. revolutum, Lymnaea spp. and Radix spp. are the most important snail species [13], whereas, in E. miyagawai, Planorbis planorbis, Anisus vortex, and Radix peregra snails were reported to be natural first intermediate hosts [14,15]. Their cercariae are echinostome-type with an oral sucker armed with a spiny collar, ventral sucker, excretory bladder, and a moderately long tail [13].

Regarding the morphology of E. mekongi adults, several distinct characters described in the original report [3] were reconfirmed in this study, although the size of the adult flukes were larger in specimens from human infections (av. 11.3 mm in length) than those from an experimental hamster in this study (av. 7.3 mm in length, 20-day-old). They morphologically resembled E. revolutum, E. miyagawai (syn. E. robustum), E. lindoense, and E. trivolvis. They revealed slight body constriction near the level of the ventral sucker as reported in E. miyagawai and E. lindoense but not in E. revolutum and E. trivolvis [1]. The adults of E. mekongi had a smaller head collar, smaller collar spines, smaller suckers, and smaller cirrus sac compared to E. revolutum and E. miyagawai. They (E. mekongi) also revealed variation in the morphology of testes; globular or slightly to markedly lobulated. Similar testis morphology was reported in E. revolutum; their 2 testes are either entire or lobated [16]. However, the testes morphology of E. mekongi was comparable with that of E. miyagawai and E. lindoense; irregularly or deeply lobed (3–5 lobes) at times with horizontal extension in the former [2] and deeply indented in the latter [17]. Another unique feature of E. mekongi adults was the shape of collar spines; they were not so long and not so sharply pointed as those of E. revolutum, E. miyagawai, and E. trivolvis [3]. In addition, the confluence of 2 lateral groups of vitelline follicles beyond the posterior testis field, which can be seen in E. lindoense, E. miyagawai, and E. trivolvis [1] was not recognized in E. mekongi.

It should be referred that, in Pursat Province, Cambodia, human infections with E. revolutum were previously reported [18]. The cases were 4 schoolchildren who occasionally experienced vague abdominal pain and discomfort; they were fond of eating undercooked snails or clams of unidentified species caught near the Tonle Sap Lake and sold on the road to their homes after school [18]. The worms recovered from the children were diagnosed as E. revolutum based on morphological features [18]. However, it is now strongly suggested that they might have been E. mekongi. In particular, the figure in the paper shows a body constriction near the ventral sucker level in adult worms and relatively short and not sharply pointed collar spines on the head collar [18] which is consistent with E. mekongi rather than E. revolutum. However, it is regretted that molecular analyses on the worms were not performed [18]. Studies on human infections with E. mekongi should be performed in Pursat Province and other localities of Cambodia as well as in different countries of Indochina Peninsula.

Article information Continued