Abstract
This study intended to record a species of feather mite, Neopteronyssus bilineatus Mironov, 2003, (Arachnida: Pteronyssidae), from a grey-capped pygmy woodpecker, Yungipicus canicapillus (Blyth, 1845), in the Republic of Korea. Mite samples were collected from the flight feathers of a woodpecker, preserved directly in 95% ethyl alcohol, and then observed by a light microscope after specimen preparation. Morphology of Neopteronyssus bilineatus is distinguished from other pici group species by opisthosoma part with 2 longitudinal bends, tarsal seta rIII 3 times longer than tarsus III in males, and 2 elongated hysteronotal plates extending beyond the level of setae e2 in females. In the present study, a species of feather mite, N. bilineatus, was newly recorded from Y. canicapillus in Korean fauna.
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Key words: Neopteronyssus bilineatus, grey-capped pygmy woodpecker, feather mite, Korea
Feather mites are generally known as avian commensals and parasites, which inhabit the feathers and/or skin of birds [
1–
3]. Feather mites usually exhibit a high level of host specificity and spend their entire life cycle in the avian host [
2,
4,
5]. Taxonomically, they belong to the superfamilies Analgoidea and Pterolichoidea within the order Sarcoptiformes. More than 2,500 species have been reported worldwide [
1]. In Korea, about 52 species of feather mites have been identified except those of the family Pyroglyphidae [
6–
24].
The genus
Neopteronyssus Mironov, 2003 is one of about 23 genera belonging to the family Pteronyssidae Oudemans, 1941 that comprises 17 species, generally associated with woodpeckers of the family Picidae Leach, 1820 [
23,
25]. The genus
Neopteronyssus is classified into 3 species groups, i.e.,
pici,
picinus, and
pycnospilus [
25]. The differences of these 3 groups are the transventral sclerite of epiandrium and dorsobasal teeth of tarsus IV in males and the shape of hysteronotal shield in females [
23,
25,
26]. In the
pici group, 5 species, i.e.,
N. bilineatus Mironov, 2003;
N. elongatus (Buchholz, 1869);
N. koreanus Han et al. 2019;
N. pici (Scopoli, 1763);
N. yungipicinus (Mironov, 1987), have been reported in worldwide [
23,
25].
To date, 9 species of woodpecker in the family Picidae are known to inhabit Korea [
27,
28]. Among these woodpeckers, the grey-headed woodpecker,
Picus canus, was reported as the host of
N. koreanus in Korea [
23]. Therefore, in the present study, we intended to record a species of feather mite,
Neopteronyssus bilineatus (Arachnida: Pteronyssidae), from a grey-capped pygmy woodpecker,
Yungipicus canicapillus (Blyth, 1845), in Korea.
The carcass of
Y. canicapillus (WCC no. 20150389) was provided by the Wildlife Center of Chungbuk (WCC). This woodpecker was initially rescued in Heungdeok-gu (gu=Borough) (36°36′4.84″N, 127°28′44.64″E), Cheongju-si (si=City), Chungcheongbuk-do (do=Province), South Korea in July 2015, but died during the treatment. Mite samples were collected from its flight feathers, preserved directly in 95% ethyl alcohol, and then cleared in 10% lactic acid for a day. The cleared mite samples were mounted on microscope slides in PVA mounting medium (BioQuip, Rancho Dominguez, California, USA) and identified with a Leica DM2500 microscope (Wetzlar, Germany) equipped with DIC (differential interference contrast) optics and microscopic digital camera. Description of the species was given according to the recent format used for species of genus
Neopteronyssus [
23,
25,
26]. Morphological terminology and nomenclature of leg and idiosomal setae followed Gaud & Atyeo [
29] and Norton [
30]. All measurements were in micrometers (μm). The classification and scientific names of birds follow Gill et al. [
31]. All examined specimens were deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) with the specimen numbers NIBRIV 0001043151–0001043155.
Description of Neopteronyssus bilineatus Mironov, 2003
Male (n=2): idiosoma 435–448×200–215 (length×width) in size (
Fig. 1A). Hysterosoma 270 in length. Prodorsal shield triangular-shape occupying entire prodorsum, weakly sclerotized, posterior margin straight, 139–150 in length along the midline, 145–150 in width of the posterior part (
Fig. 2A). Setae
c2 filiform, 29–31 in length, the distance between setae
se 70–71. Subhumeral setae
c3 lanceolate, 25–28×5.5–6. Distance between prodorsal and hysteronotal shields 1–6 in length along the midline. Hysteronotal shield anterior margin convex, weakly sclerotized, surface without ornamentation, greatest length 280–290, width at the level of anterior margin 150–155 (
Fig. 2A). Bases between setae
d2 and
e2 with a pair of strongly sclerotized longitudinal sclerites, 80–87 in length. Opisthosomal lobes bluntly rounded; Setae
h2 and
h3 located on the posterior margin of these lobes. Setae
ps2 situated posterior to setae
f2; setae
ps2 setiform. Dorsal measurements:
c2:
d2 100,
d2:
e2 110,
d2:
gl 37–67,
e2:
h3 48–49,
d1: d2 52,
e1:
gl 5–6,
h2:
h2 46–49,
h3:
h3 35–36,
ps1:
ps1 19–22. Transventral sclerite absent, inner ends of epimerites IIIa shaped as an oblique T, epiandrum absent (
Fig. 2B). Genital apparatus 24–28×13–18, with genital setae
g at the midlevel of this apparatus. Setae
3a slightly located posterior to setae
4b. Adanal shield irregular form, with the anterior end of the anal opening. Diameter of anal suckers 18–19. Ventral measurements:
3a:
4a 43–50,
ps3:
ps3 30,
ps3:
h3 50. Tarsus III 60 in length; setae
r 3–3.5 times longer than this segment (
Fig. 2C). Tarsus IV with 2 acute dorsobasal teeth.
Female (n=3): idiosoma 490–510×195–208 (length×width) in size (
Fig. 1B). Hysterosoma 320–355 in length. Prodorsal shield (
Fig. 3A): Mostly shaped as in a male, length 150–155, width 145–158. Setae
c2 filiform, 32–34 in length; subhumeral setae
c3 lanceolate, 26–27×5–6. Paired anterior hysteronotal plates situated at the midlevel of hysterosoma, anterior margins extending to the level of setae
c3, posterior margins extending beyond the level of setae
e2, usually shaped as large longitudinal bends (severe variation in each individual), greatest length 150–190, greatest width 20–24 (
Figs. 3A,
4); setae
e1 lateral margins of this plates. Pygidial sclerites small longitudinal shaped, located near the bases of setae
h2 and
h3, greatest length 13–58, greatest width 8–14. External copulatory tube situated between setae
h3, small finger-like. Dorsal measurements:
c2:
d2 103–113,
d2:
e2 113–138,
d2:
gl 82–120,
e2:
h3 81–90,
d2:
gl 82–120,
h2:
ps1 6–8,
h2:
h2 68–72,
h3:
h3 54–60. Epigynum semicircular, 63–65 long, 65–75 wide (
Fig. 3B). Tarsi III and IV 31–33 and 35–36, respectively.
Neopteronyssus bilineatus was originally described by Mironov [
25] based on specimens collected from
Y. canicapillus (=
D. canicapillus) in Thailand. In genus
Neopteronyssus, males of group
pici have common characteristics of opisthosomal lobes small rounded, transventral sclerite and epiandrium absent, tarsi IV with 2 small dorsobasal teeth, and females have the same features as unpaired or paired hysteronotal shields situated at the midlevel of opisthosoma and not extending to poster end of the body [
25]. Among 5 species in the
pici group,
N. bilineatus is most similar to
N. koreanus (Han et al., 2019) and
N. yungipicinus (Mironov, 1987) regarding the external traits. However,
N. bilineatus clearly differs from
N. koreanus and
N. yungipicinus by the following features: in males, the dorsal surface of opisthosoma has longitudinal sclerites, and seta
r of tarsus III is 3 times longer than this segment; in females, the anterior margins of hysteronotal sclerotized bands extend to the level of setae
cp and the posterior margins of these sclerites extend beyond the level setae
e2 [
25]. In contrast, in males of
N. yungipicinus, the posterior part of hysteronotal shield lacks ornamentation, and the length of seta
rIII is 2.5 times shorter than the length of this tarsus; and in females, 2 elongated hysteronotal plates are situated between setae
d2 and e2 [
25,
32]. In addition, hysteronotal shield in males of
N. koreanus is weakly sclerotized without 2 longitudinal sclerites, and tarsal seta
rIII is 1.5 times shorter than tarsus III; in females, pair of anterior hysteronotal plates are located at the level of setae
d1 and usually shaped as irregular rectangles (in few specimens, these plates fused by thin sclerite) [
23].
In general,
N. bilineatus found in Korea were morphologically consistent with the original description and illustrations of Mironov [
25]. However, the anterior margins of hysteronotal plates in Korean females did not stretch to the level of setae
d1. Furthermore, hysteronotal plates of all Korean females are highly varied in length and shape. As the original description was based on 2 female samples, an explanation of individual variation was insufficient. Although females of
N. koreanus, a closely related species, show variation in the anterior hysteronotal plates, there was no significant difference in the partial sequences of mitochondrial COI gene (cytochrome
c oxidase subunit I) utilized for a DNA barcode [
23]. Therefore, we considered this difference as an intraspecific variation in females of
N. bilineatus. Accordingly, the hysteronotal plate length of female was not considered a suitable attribute to distinguish the species.
In this study,
N. bilineatus was discovered for the first time in Korea. Although some species of feather mites in the genus
Neopteronyssus share multiple hosts, most of them show host specificity [
23,
25]. Until now,
N. bilineatus has been detected only in
Y. canicapillus, distributed in Southeast Asia and Korea [
33,
34]. Therefore, identification of
N. bilineatus was chiefly made by the morphological characteristics of mites, and the distribution of host and host specificity were additionally considered in this study.
Conclusively, it was confirmed for the first time that a species of feather mite, N. bilineatus, is indigenously infested in Y. canicapillus in Korea. Additional studies such as DNA barcoding and morphological comparison of specimens are needed to confirm the intraspecific variation of N. bilineatus from Southeast Asia.
Notes
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest with this article.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Prof. Ki-Jeong Na, Dr. Youngsun Lee (Wildlife Center of Chungbuk) for sample collection, and Dr. Sergey V. Mironov (Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) for advice and help in identifying the species.
Fig. 1
Neopteronyssus bilineatus recovered from a grey-capped pygmy woodpecker, Yungipicus canicapillus in Korea. (A) Male. (B) Female. Scale bars=0.2 mm.
Fig. 2
Neopteronyssus bilineatus, male. (A) Dorsal view of idiosoma, opisthosoma part with 2 longitudinal bends. (B) Ventral view of idiosoma. (C) Tarsus III. Scale bar=0.1 mm.
Fig. 3
Neopteronyssus bilineatus, female. (A) Dorsal view of idiosoma, hysterosoma with 2 hysteronotal sclerotized sclerites. (B) Ventral view of idiosoma. Scale bars=0.1 mm.
Fig. 4Variation of hysteronotal plates in females. (A) NIBRIV0001043154. (B) NIBRIV0001043155. Scale bars=0.1 mm.
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