Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Volume 42(1); March 2004

Original Articles

Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among the villagers and domestic animals in several rural areas of Korea: Jae-Ran Yu, Jong-Kyu Lee, Min Seo, Seok-Il Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sun Huh, Hae-Yeon Choi, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):1-6.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.1

Abstract
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The present study was undertaken to investigate the infection status of Cryptosporidium parvum in the villagers and the reservoir hosts in several rural areas in Korea. A total 5,262 fecal samples were collected from the inhabitants residing at Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do between the dates of September, 2001 to June, 2002. In addition, 1,453 fecal samples were collected from livestock reared in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do and Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do. All the fecal smears were prepared by formalin-ether sedimentation, and examined by light microscopy after modified acid-fast staining. The overall positive rate of human cryptosporidiosis was 3.3%. Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do showed a 8.2% positive rate and appeared as the highest endemic area among the surveyed areas. Haman-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do showed a 0.4% positive rate and was the lowest endemic area. The positive rate of livestock infection in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do was 94%, which was more than ten times higher than that of Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (9.3%). From these results, it was revealed that cryptosporidiosis was an endemic disease in some rural areas of Korea, and the livestock could be an important source of human infection.

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(15): 7270. CrossRef
Utilizing Geographic Information System in Evaluation of Spatial Distribution and Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium Species in Diarrheic Humans in Mazandaran Province, North of Iran
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Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from humans in Ethiopia
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Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan
Asar Khan, Sumaira Shams, Saima Khan, Muhammad Iftikhar Khan, Sardar Khan, Abid Ali, Adriana Calderaro
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(1): e0209188. CrossRef
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Simultaneous Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora from Raw Vegetables in Korea
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Mok-Young Lee, Sang-Jung Park, Eun-Joo Cho, Su-Jeong Park, Sun-Hee Han, Oh-Sang Kwon
Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2013; 39(1): 32. CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of the First Water-Borne Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in Seoul, Korea
Shinje Moon, Wooseok Kwak, Sangwon Lee, Won Kim, Jaeyeon Oh, Seung-Ki Youn
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(7): 983. CrossRef
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Guang-Hui Zhao, Wan-Xin Ren, Man Gao, Qing-Qing Bian, Bing Hu, Mei-Mei Cong, Qing Lin, Rong-Jun Wang, Meng Qi, Mao-Zhen Qi, Xing-Quan Zhu, Long-Xian Zhang, Matthias Johannes Schnell
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A Survey ofCryptosporidiumOocysts in Water Supplies during a 10-Year Period (2000-2009) in Seoul
Mok Young Lee, Eun Joo Cho, Jin Hyo Lee, Sun Hee Han, Yong Sang Park
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Cryptosporidiosis
Jae-Ran Yu
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 187. CrossRef
Intestinal Parasite Infections in Pigs and Beef Cattle in Rural Areas of Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Hyung-Kyu Jeon, Yong-Man Yu, Changhee Do, Young-Ha Lee
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Parasitic Diseases of Companion Animals
Sung Shik Shin
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 246. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium parvum in Korea: Prevalence in Individuals Residing in Three Major River Valleys and Genetic Characteristics of the Isolates
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Jong-Kyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Sun Huh, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
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Kirti Kaushik, Sumeeta Khurana, Ajay Wanchu, Nancy Malla
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Chadaporn Nuchjangreed, Kajohn Boonrod, Jerry Ongerth, Panagiotis Karanis
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Intestinal Immune Response to HumanCryptosporidiumsp. Infection
Birte Pantenburg, Sara M. Dann, Heuy-Ching Wang, Prema Robinson, Alejandro Castellanos-Gonzalez, Dorothy E. Lewis, A. Clinton White
Infection and Immunity.2008; 76(1): 23. CrossRef
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Mohammad Mirzaei
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Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cryptosporidiosis in Young Children in Iran
A.A. Moghaddam
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Genotypic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Oocysts Isolated from Healthy People in Three Different Counties of Korea
Hyeng-il CHEUN, Taek-kyeun CHOI, Gyung-tae CHUNG, Shin-hyeong CHO, Young-hee LEE, Isao KIMATA, Tong-soo KIM
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Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2004; 47(6): 512. CrossRef

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Bile duct changes in rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis: Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Shunyu Li, Byung-Suk Chung, Jae Hoon Lim, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):7-17.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.7

Abstract
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This study describes an evaluation of the sonographic, cholangiographic, pathological, and immunological findings, and the protective effect shown by rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis. Eight experimental rat groups were, namely, a normal control, a primary infection control, a reinfection I (reinfection 7 week after treatment following 3-week infection), a reinfection II (reinfection 2 week after treatment following 8-week infection), a reinfection III (exploration of the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection 4 week after treatment following 4-week infection), a superinfection, a secondary infection control, and an infection following immunization group. Sonographic and cholangiographic findings showed moderate or marked dilatation of the bile duct confluence in the primary infection control, reinfection II, and secondary infection control groups. Juvenile worms survived in the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection following treatment in the reinfection III group. It was concluded that reinfecting juvenile worms found during the first week following reinfection failed to survive or grow further. Anatomical, pathophysiological, or immunological changes may induce protection from reinfection in rats.

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Gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-enhanced T1 mapping to evaluate liver damage caused by Clonorchis sinensis
Yanhan Xiang, Ningqin Li, Zhongyang Zhou, Jing Fang, Jinyuan Liao
Radiology of Infectious Diseases.2021; 8(3): 108. CrossRef
Perturbations of Metabolomic Profiling of Spleen From Rats Infected With Clonorchis sinensis Determined by LC-MS/MS Method
Xiaoli Zhang, Xinyi Hu, Rui Chen, Beibei Sun, Yannan Gao, Shanshan Duan, Liyan Liu, Su Han
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The Role of Stroma in Cholangiocarcinoma: The Intriguing Interplay between Fibroblastic Component, Immune Cell Subsets and Tumor Epithelium
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2018; 19(10): 2885. CrossRef
In-vivo monitoring of development of cholangiocarcinoma induced with C. sinensis and N-nitrosodimethylamine in Syrian golen hamsters using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging: a preliminary study
Hyunsik Woo, Joon Koo Han, Jung Hoon Kim, Sung-Tae Hong, Md. Hafiz Uddin, Ja-June Jang
European Radiology.2017; 27(4): 1740. CrossRef
Oxidative stress-mediated mouse liver lesions caused by Clonorchis sinensis infection
Sejung Maeng, Hye Won Lee, Qudsia Bashir, Tae Im Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tae Jin Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim, Jhang Ho Pak
International Journal for Parasitology.2016; 46(3): 195. CrossRef
Cell Death and Proliferation after Treatment and Reinfection of Clonorchis sinensis in the Sprague-Dawley Rat Bile Duct
Byoung-Hoon Min, Ka-Young Ahn, Haeng-Sook Lee, Soo-Jin Kim, Kyoung-Hwan Joo
Applied Microscopy.2015; 45(2): 80. CrossRef
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Fas/FasL-dependent apoptosis of hepatocytes induced in rat and patients with Clonorchis sinensis infection
Xiaoli Zhang, Zhanfeng Jin, Rong Da, Yunxia Dong, Wuqi Song, Xiaobei Chen, Qi Huang, Hong Ling, Yang Che, Yihong Li, Fengmin Zhang
Parasitology Research.2008; 103(2): 393. CrossRef
Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis
Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(1): 17. CrossRef
Factors in the resistance of rats to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis
Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology Research.2008; 102(6): 1111. CrossRef
Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of Clonorchis sinensis elongation factor-1α
Tae Yun Kim, Pyo Yun Cho, Jong Won Na, Sung-Jong Hong
Parasitology Research.2007; 101(6): 1557. CrossRef
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Parasitology Research.2005; 97(1): 21. CrossRef

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Development of resistance to reinfection by Clonorchis sinensis in rats: Byung-Suk Chung, Hongman Zhang, Min-Ho Choi, Deogkyu Jeon, Shunyu Li, Mejeong Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):19-26.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.19

Abstract
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We investigated the induction of resistance to Clonorchis sinensis infection by prior infection in rat and hamster models. Animals were challenged with C. sinensis metacercariae, then treated with praziquantel and reinfected. Worm recovery rate in reinfected animals was used to estimate resistance to reinfection. The determined resistance rates to reinfection in rats and hamsters were 97.7% and 10.3%, respectively. In rats, cure from the primary infection of C. sinensis increased resistant to reinfection, and the greatert the worm burden and the longer the duration of primary infection, the higher was the resistance rate. For primary infection doses of 10, 40 and 100 metacercariae per rat, the resistance rates were 87.4%, 93.8% and 98.4%, respectively. The resistance rates in rats after 2 or 8-week primary infection were 78.7% and 95.3%, respectively. All worms recovered from reinfected rats were immature. When cured rats were administered with methylprednisolone, resistance to reinfection became impaired. These findings indicate that rats develop a high degree of resistance to reinfection by C. sinensis after cure. The growths and maturations of reinfected worms were also impaired.

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Long Non-Coding RNA and mRNA Expression Analysis in Liver of Mice With Clonorchis sinensis Infection
Su Han, Xue-Li Zhang, Xu Jiang, Xiang Li, Jian Ding, Li-Jiao Zuo, Shan-Shan Duan, Rui Chen, Bei-Bei Sun, Xin-Yi Hu, Yan-Nan Gao, Xiao-Li Zhang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Bacillus subtilis spore with surface display of paramyosin from Clonorchis sinensis potentializes a promising oral vaccine candidate
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Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Local immune response to primary infection and re-infection by Clonorchis sinensis in FVB mice
Eun-Min Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Yan Jin, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology International.2017; 66(4): 436. CrossRef
Virus-like particles vaccine containing Clonorchis sinensis tegumental protein induces partial protection against Clonorchis sinensis infection
Dong-Hun Lee, Ah-Ra Kim, Su-Hwa Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
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Clonorchiasis
Men-Bao Qian, Jürg Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser, Xiao-Nong Zhou
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Systemic and local mucosal immune responses induced by orally delivered Bacillus subtilis spore expressing leucine aminopeptidase 2 of Clonorchis sinensis
Hongling Qu, Yanquan Xu, Hengchang Sun, Jinsi Lin, Jinyun Yu, Zeli Tang, Jiqing Shen, Chi Liang, Shan Li, Wenjun Chen, Xuerong Li, Zhongdao Wu, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu
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Amornrat Juasook, Thidarut Boonmars, Sasithorn Kaewkes, Watcharin Loilome, Kulathida Veteewuthacharn, Zhiliang Wu, Puangrat Yongvanit
Parasitology Research.2012; 110(6): 2271. CrossRef
Strain variation in the susceptibility and immune response to Clonorchis sinensis infection in mice
Md. Hafiz Uddin, Shunyu Li, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology International.2012; 61(1): 118. CrossRef
Factors in the resistance of rats to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis
Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology Research.2008; 102(6): 1111. CrossRef
Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis
Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(1): 17. CrossRef
Susceptibility of experimental animals to reinfection with Clonorchis sinensis
Woon-Mok Sohn, Hongman Zhang, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(2): 163. CrossRef
Bile duct changes in rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis
Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Shunyu Li, Byung-Suk Chung, Jae Hoon Lim, Soon-Hyung Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(1): 7. CrossRef

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In vitro culture of Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma cell line: Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):27-34.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.27

Abstract
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We investigated the optimal culture conditions for Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line by determining the effects of medium pH and of selected supplements on the development of C. muris. The optimum pH of the culture medium required for the development of C. muris was determined to be 6.6. The number of parasites significantly increased during cultivation for 72 hr (p < 0.05) at this level. On the other hand, numbers decreased linearly after 24 hr of incubation at pH 7.5. When cultured in different concentrations of serum, C. muris in media containing 5% FBS induced 4-7 times more parasites than in 1% or 10% serum. Of the six medium supplements examined, only 1 mM pyruvate enhanced the number of C. muris in vitro. Transmission electron microscopic observation showed the developmental stages of C. muris in the cytoplasm of the cells, not in an extracytoplasmic location. The growth of C. muris in AGS cells provides a means of investigating its biological characteristics and of testing its response to therapeutic agents. However, a more optimized culture system is needed for the recovery of oocysts on a large scale in vitro.

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Decreasing effect of an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody on the in vitro cytotoxicity of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri: Seok-Ryoul Jeong, Su-Yeon Kang, Sang-Chul Lee, Kyoung-Ju Song, Kyung-il Im, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):35-40.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.35

Abstract
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The nfa1 gene was cloned from a cDNA library of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri by immunoscreening; it consisted of 360 bp and produced a 13.1 kDa recombinant protein (rNfa1) that showed the pseudopodia-specific localization by immunocytochemistry in the previous study. Based on the idea that the pseudopodia-specific Nfa1 protein mentioned above seems to be involved in the pathogenicity of N. fowleri, we observed the effect of an anti-Nfa1 antibody on the proliferation of N. fowleri trophozoites and the cytotoxicity of N. fowleri trophozoites on the target cells. The proliferation of N. fowleri trophozoites was inhibited after being treated with an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody in a dose-dependent manner for 48 hrs. By a light microscope, CHO cells co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites (group I) for 48 hrs showed severe morphological destruction. On the contrary, CHO cells co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites and anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody (1:100 dilution) (group II) showed less destruction. In the LDH release assay results, group I showed 50.6% cytotoxicity, and group II showed 39.3%. Consequently, addition of an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody produced a decreasing effect of in vitro cytotoxicity of N. fowleri in a dosedependent manner.

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Brief Communications

Clonorchis sinensis metacercarial infection in the pond smelt Hypomesus olidus and the minnow Zacco platypus collected from the Soyang and Daechung Lakes: Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Tae-Yun Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Aifen Lin, Ji-Yeon Park, Jae-Lip Kim, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):41-44.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.41

Abstract
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The pond smelt Hypomesus olidus and minnow Zacco platypus were collected from the Soyang and Daechung Lakes in January 2003, and their metacercarial infections was examined by the muscle compression and artificial digestion techniques. In the Soyang Lake, 161 metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis (0.35 per fish) were harvested from 459 pond smelts examined. Also, 13 metacercariae of C. sinensis (0.43 per fish), 1 of Metagonimus sp., 4 of Echinostoma sp., 148 of Centrocestus armatus and 44 unidentified species were collected from 30 minnows. In the Daechung Lake, 369 metacercariae of C. sinensis (3.69 per fish) and 51 unidentified species were recovered from 100 pond smelts. The metacercariae of C. sinensis were fed to experimental rats, in which the adult flukes were identified. The pond smelts and minnows collected from the Soyang and Daechung Lakes were verified to be the second intermediate hosts and the sources of human C. sinensis infection.

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Infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):45-47.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.45

Abstract
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To investigate the infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum, 589 fecal samples were collected from pigs raised at farm in Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do. Of the 589 pig fecal samples, 62 (10.5%) were positive for C. parvum. The area showing the highest positive rate was Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (14.0%), and the lowest (0%) Salmi-myon, Chungcheongbuk-do. The positive rate of C. parvum in Judok-eup increased from 12.7% in the winter to 22.1% in the summer. The results of this study suggest that the pigs may be a source of human C. parvum infection.

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