Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Volume 52(4); August 2014

Mini Review

New Molecules in Babesia gibsoni and Their Application for Diagnosis, Vaccine Development, and Drug Discovery: Youn-Kyoung Goo, Xuenan Xuan; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):345-353.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.345

Abstract
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Babesia gibsoni is an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasite that causes piroplasmosis in dogs. B. gibsoni infection is characterized clinically by fever, regenerative anemia, splenomegaly, and sometimes death. Since no vaccine is available, rapid and accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of infected animals are required to control this disease. Over the past decade, several candidate molecules have been identified using biomolecular techniques in the authors' laboratory for the development of a serodiagnostic method, vaccine, and drug for B. gibsoni. This review article describes newly identified candidate molecules and their applications for diagnosis, vaccine production, and drug development of B. gibsoni.

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Standardization of quantitative PCR (qPCR) method to detect the level of parasitaemia in Babesia gibsoni infected dogs
Varuna Purushothama Panicker, Athira Narayanan, Ajith Kumar Sreedharan Nair, Anjaly Krishnan, Nimna Ajay, Vinod Kumar
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2024; 224: 107009. CrossRef
Phylogenetic analysis of Babesia gibsoni isolates of south India using apical membrane antigen, 50 kDa surface antigen, and 70 kDa heat shock protein genes
Chundayil Kalarickal Deepa, Anju Varghese, Christophe Angeline Felicia Bora, Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith Kumar, Lijo John, Muhasin Asaf, Sunanda Chulliparambil, Reghu Ravindran
Experimental Parasitology.2023; 246: 108461. CrossRef
Identification of three members of the multidomain adhesion CCp family in Babesia gibsoni
Hang Li, Shengwei Ji, Eloiza May Galon, Iqra Zafar, Zhuowei Ma, Thom Do, Moaz M. Amer, Yihong Ma, Junya Yamagishi, Mingming Liu, Xuenan Xuan
Acta Tropica.2023; 241: 106890. CrossRef
Babesia gibsoni Whole-Genome Sequencing, Assembling, Annotation, and Comparative Analysis
Qin Liu, Xing-Ai Guan, Dong-Fang Li, Ya-Xin Zheng, Sen Wang, Xue-Nan Xuan, Jun-Long Zhao, Lan He, Jian Li
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of recombinant Babesia gibsoni thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (BgTRAP) for the sero-diagnosis of canine babesiosis
Chundayil Kalarickal Deepa, Anju Varghese, Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith Kumar, Ashwathappa Nandini, Gatchanda Shravan Kumar, Prabodh Kumar Hembram, Chemmangattuvalappil Narendranath Dinesh, Sanis Juliet, Jess Vergis, Ollukkara Krishnan Sindhu, Reghu Ravindr
Experimental Parasitology.2023; 254: 108621. CrossRef
Babesia gibsoni
Mingming Liu, Ikuo Igarashi, Xuenan Xuan
Trends in Parasitology.2022; 38(9): 815. CrossRef
Molecular survey and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia vogeli in dogs
Abdelfattah Selim, Ameer Megahed, Mourad Ben Said, Abdullah D. Alanazi, Mohamed Z. Sayed-Ahmed
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Establishment and Application of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Measuring GPI-Anchored Protein 52 (P52) Antibodies in Babesia gibsoni-Infected Dogs
Qin Liu, Xueyan Zhan, Dongfang Li, Junlong Zhao, Haiyong Wei, Heba Alzan, Lan He
Animals.2022; 12(9): 1197. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Six Natural Product Extracts against Babesia gibsoni in Vitro and in Vivo
Xiaohu Zhai, Lingxu Li, Peihao Zhang, Yiwen Guo, Huaide Jiang, Weihua He, Yanyan Li, Bin Zhang, Dawei Yao
Journal of Parasitology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
In vitro screening of novel anti-Babesia gibsoni drugs from natural products
Shengwei Ji, Mingming Liu, Eloiza May Galon, Mohamed Abdo Rizk, Jixu Li, Yongchang Li, Iqra Zafar, Ikuo Igarashi, Xuenan Xuan
Parasitology International.2021; 85: 102437. CrossRef
The Infection and Species Identification of Canine Babesia spp. in Parts of Shaanxi Province
Wuren Ma, Huan Tang, Yu Zhou, Guanghui Zhao, Yunpeng Fan, Xiaoping Song, Junke Song
Journal of Parasitology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Closing the empty anti-Babesia gibsoni drug pipeline in vitro using fluorescence-based high throughput screening assay
Mohamed Abdo Rizk, Shengwei Ji, Mingming Liu, Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Yongchang Li, Benedicto Byamukama, Aaron Edmond Ringo, Xuenan Xuan, Ikuo Igarashi
Parasitology International.2020; 75: 102054. CrossRef
Babesia canis spp. in dogs in Baghdad Province, Iraq: First molecular identification and clinical and epidemiological study
Naseir Mohammed Badawi, Afaf Abdulrahman Yousif
Veterinary World.2020; 13(3): 579. CrossRef
Survey and Molecular Study of Babesia gibsoni in Dogs of Baghdad Province, Iraq
Naseir M. Badawi, Afaf A. Yousif
The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine.2020; 44((E0)): 34. CrossRef
To kill a piroplasm: genetic technologies to advance drug discovery and target identification in Babesia
Caroline D. Keroack, Brendan Elsworth, Manoj T. Duraisingh
International Journal for Parasitology.2019; 49(2): 153. CrossRef
Babesia gibsoni endemic to Wuhan, China: mitochondrial genome sequencing, annotation, and comparison with apicomplexan parasites
Jiaying Guo, Xiaoyan Miao, Pei He, Muxiao Li, Sen Wang, Jie Cui, Cuiqin Huang, Lan He, Junlong Zhao
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(1): 235. CrossRef
Inhibitory effects of the phytohormone inhibitors fluridone and inabenfide against Babesia gibsoni in vitro
Mingming Liu, Tatsunori Masatani, Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni, Seung-Hun Lee, Eloiza May Galon, Yang Gao, Huanping Guo, Jixu Li, Yongchang Li, Xuenan Xuan
Veterinary Parasitology.2019; 265: 19. CrossRef
Evaluation of Babesia gibsoni GPI-anchored Protein 47 (BgGPI47-WH) as a Potential Diagnostic Antigen by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Xueyan Zhan, Long Yu, Xiaomeng An, Qin Liu, Muxiao Li, Zheng Nie, Yangnan Zhao, Sen Wang, Yangsiqi Ao, Yu Tian, Lan He, Junlong Zhao
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification and characterization of interchangeable cross-species functional promoters between Babesia gibsoni and Babesia bovis
Mingming Liu, Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni, Shinuo Cao, Masahito Asada, Guanbo Wang, Yang Gao, Huanping Guo, Jixu Li, Patrick Vudriko, Artemis Efstratiou, Aaron Edmond Ringo, Seung-Hun Lee, Hassan Hakimi, Tatsunori Masatani, Fujiko Sunaga, Shin-ichiro Kawaz
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2018; 9(2): 330. CrossRef
Establishment of a stable transfection system for genetic manipulation of Babesia gibsoni
Mingming Liu, Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni, Masahito Asada, Hassan Hakimi, Tatsunori Masatani, Patrick Vudriko, Seung-Hun Lee, Shin-ichiro Kawazu, Junya Yamagishi, Xuenan Xuan
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Two Imported Cases of Babesiosis with Complication or Co-Infection with Lyme Disease in Republic of Korea
Hea Yoon Kwon, Jae Hyoung Im, Yun-Kyu Park, Areum Durey, Jin-Soo Lee, Ji Hyeon Baek
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 609. CrossRef
Transient transfection of intraerythrocytic Babesia gibsoni using elongation factor-1 alpha promoter
Mingming Liu, Masahito Asada, Shinuo Cao, Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni, Patrick Vudriko, Artemis Efstratiou, Hassan Hakimi, Tatsunori Masatani, Fujiko Sunaga, Shin-ichiro Kawazu, Junya Yamagishi, Xuenan Xuan
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2017; 216: 56. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Amoebic PI3K and PKC Is Required for Jurkat T Cell Death Induced by Entamoeba histolytica: Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Arim Min, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):355-365.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.355

Abstract
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The enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amebiasis. During infection, adherence of E. histolytica through Gal/GalNAc lectin on the surface of the amoeba can induce caspase-3-dependent or -independent host cell death. Phosphorylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase C (PKC) in E. histolytica play an important function in the adhesion, killing, or phagocytosis of target cells. In this study, we examined the role of amoebic PI3K and PKC in amoeba-induced apoptotic cell death in Jurkat T cells. When Jurkat T cells were incubated with E. histolytica trophozoites, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and DNA fragmentation in Jurkat cells were markedly increased compared to those of cells incubated with medium alone. However, when amoebae were pretreated with a PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin before being incubated with E. histolytica, E. histolytica-induced PS externalization and DNA fragmentation in Jurkat cells were significantly reduced compared to results for amoebae pretreated with DMSO. In addition, pretreatment of amoebae with a PKC inhibitor, staurosporine strongly inhibited Jurkat T cell death. However, E. histolytica-induced cleavage of caspase-3, -6, and -7 were not inhibited by pretreatment of amoebae with wortmannin or staurosporin. In addition, we found that amoebic PI3K and PKC have an important role on amoeba adhesion to host compartment. These results suggest that amebic PI3K and PKC activation may play an important role in caspase-independent cell death in Entamoeba-induced apoptosis.

Citations

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PI3K/AKT signaling in parasites and parasite diseases: Role and therapeutic potential
Lujun Yan, Yating Li, Xing Yang, Rui Li, Chunyin Zhu, Xuedong He, Xiaoliang Jin, Guanghui Zheng, Naunain Mehmood, William C. Cho, Shijun Bao, Houhui Song, Yadong Zheng
Virulence.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Formation and culture of cell spheroids by using magnetic nanostructures resembling a crown of thorns
Shijiao Li, Jingjiang Qiu, Zhongwei Guo, Qiulei Gao, Chen-Yu Huang, Yilin Hao, Yifan Hu, Tianshui Liang, Ming Zhai, Yudong Zhang, Bangbang Nie, Wei-Jen Chang, Wen Wang, Rui Xi, Ronghan Wei
Biofabrication.2024; 16(4): 045018. CrossRef
AGC family kinase of Entamoeba histolytica: Decoding the members biochemically
Azhar Ahmad, Vikas Kumar, Tushar Kushwaha, Akash Kumar, Deepak Sehgal, Krishna K. Inampudi, Somlata, Katherine S. Ralston
PLOS Pathogens.2024; 20(11): e1012729. CrossRef
Pathogenicity and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica , the agent of amoebiasis
Nancy Guillén
Virulence.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Apoptotic mimicry as a strategy for the establishment of parasitic infections: parasite- and host-derived phosphatidylserine as key molecule
João Luiz Mendes Wanderley, Renato Augusto DaMatta, Marcello André Barcinski
Cell Communication and Signaling.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Entamoeba histolytica Up-Regulates MicroRNA-643 to Promote Apoptosis by Targeting XIAP in Human Epithelial Colon Cells
Itzel López-Rosas, César López-Camarillo, Yarely M. Salinas-Vera, Olga N. Hernández-de la Cruz, Carlos Palma-Flores, Bibiana Chávez-Munguía, Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio, Nancy Guillen, Carlos Pérez-Plasencia, María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez, Esther Ramírez-Mo
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Phosphatidylinositol Kinases and Phosphatases in Entamoeba histolytica
Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui, Natsuki Watanabe, Tomohiko Maehama, Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
AGC family kinase 1 participates in trogocytosis but not in phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica
Somlata, Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui, Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Nature Communications.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

10,199 View
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High Expression of Water-Soluble Recombinant Antigenic Domains of Toxoplasma gondii Secretory Organelles: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):367-376.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.367

Abstract
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Recombinant antigenic proteins of Toxoplasma gondii are alternative source of antigens which are easily obtainable for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. In this study, highly antigenic secretory organellar proteins, dense granular GRA2 and GRA3, rhoptrial ROP2, and micronemal MIC2, were analyzed by bioinformatics approach to express as water-soluble forms of antigenic domains. The transmembrane region and disorder tendency of 4 secretory proteins were predicted to clone the genes into pGEX-4T-1 vector. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into BL21 (DE3) pLysS E. coli, and GST fusion proteins were expressed with IPTG. As a result, GST fusion proteins with GRA2_25-105, GRA3_39-138, ROP2_324-561, and MIC2_1-284 domains had respectively higher value of IgG avidity. The rGST-GRA2_25-105 and rGST-GRA3_39-138 were soluble, while rGST-ROP2_324-561 and rGST-MIC2_1-284 were not. GRA2_31-71, intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of GRA2, was used as a linker to enhance the solubility. The rGST-GRA2_31-71-ROP2_324-561, a chimeric protein, appeared to be soluble. Moreover, rGST-GRA2_31-71-MIC2_1-284 was also soluble and had higher IgG avidity comparing to rGST-MIC2_1-284. These 4 highly expressed and water-soluble recombinant antigenic proteins may be promising candidates to improve the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in addition to the major surface antigen of SAG1.

Citations

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Single Cell Expression Systems for the Production of Recombinant Proteins for Immunodiagnosis and Immunoprophylaxis of Toxoplasmosis
Karolina Sołowińska, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
Microorganisms.2024; 12(8): 1731. CrossRef
A vaccine using Anaplasma marginale subdominant type IV secretion system recombinant proteins was not protective against a virulent challenge
Macarena Sarli, María B. Novoa, Matilde N. Mazzucco, Marcelo L. Signorini, Ignacio E. Echaide, Susana T. de Echaide, María E. Primo, Paulo Lee Ho
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(2): e0229301. CrossRef
Development of a novel fusion protein with Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale MSP5 improved performance of Anaplasma antibody detection by cELISA in infected and vaccinated cattle
María E. Primo, Carolina S. Thompson, Beatriz S. Valentini, Macarena Sarli, María B. Novoa, Atilio J. Mangold, Susana T. de Echaide, Ulrike Gertrud Munderloh
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(1): e0211149. CrossRef
TheToxoplasma gondiidense granule protein TgGRA3 interacts with host Golgi and dysregulates anterograde transport
Maika S. Deffieu, Tchilabalo Dilezitoko Alayi, Christian Slomianny, Stanislas Tomavo
Biology Open.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

9,680 View
77 Download
4 Web of Science
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Nested-PCR and a New ELISA-Based NovaLisa Test Kit for Malaria Diagnosis in an Endemic Area of Thailand: Pimwan Thongdee, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Jiraporn Kuesap, Kesara Na-Bangchang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):377-381.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.377

Abstract
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Microscopy is considered as the gold standard for malaria diagnosis although its wide application is limited by the requirement of highly experienced microscopists. PCR and serological tests provide efficient diagnostic performance and have been applied for malaria diagnosis and research. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of nested PCR and a recently developed an ELISA-based new rapid diagnosis test (RDT), NovaLisa test kit, for diagnosis of malaria infection, using microscopic method as the gold standard. The performance of nested-PCR as a malaria diagnostic tool is excellent with respect to its high accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and ability to discriminate Plasmodium species. The sensitivity and specificity of nested-PCR compared with the microscopic method for detection of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and P. falciparum/P. vivax mixed infection were 71.4 vs 100%, 100 vs 98.7%, and 100 vs 95.0%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA-based NovaLisa test kit compared with the microscopic method for detection of Plasmodium genus were 89.0 vs 91.6%, respectively. NovaLisa test kit provided comparable diagnostic performance. Its relatively low cost, simplicity, and rapidity enables large scale field application.

Citations

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Subclinical malaria among pregnant women living in refugee settlements in Northern Uganda
Winnie Kibone, Felix Bongomin, Sarah Lebu, Stephen Ochaya, Ritah Nantale, Jerom Okot, Byron Awekonimungu, Rachel Beardsley, Chimdi Muoghalu, Musa Manga
Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative assessment of microscopy, malaria rapid diagnostic test and polymerase chain reaction as malaria diagnostic tools in Adama Woreda, East shoa zone of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Getaneh Tegegn, N. Gnanasekaren, Endalamaw Gadisa, Molla Getie, Abebew Molla, Tsegaye Meharie, Habtu Debash, Ayenew Berhan, Andargachew Almaw, Aschlew Hussien, Getu Abeje
BMC Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Accuracy of diagnosis among clinical malaria patients: comparing microscopy, RDT and a highly sensitive quantitative PCR looking at the implications for submicroscopic infections
Stephen Opoku Afriyie, Thomas Kwame Addison, Yilekal Gebre, Abdul-Hakim Mutala, Kwasi Baako Antwi, Dawood Ackom Abbas, Kofi Agyapong Addo, Austine Tweneboah, Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng, Cristian Koepfli, Kingsley Badu
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Malaria therapeutics: are we close enough?
Himani Tripathi, Preshita Bhalerao, Sujeet Singh, Hemant Arya, Bader Saud Alotaibi, Summya Rashid, Mohammad Raghibul Hasan, Tarun Kumar Bhatt
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment Technologies and Aptamer-Based Applications: Recent Progress and Challenges in Precision Medicine of Infectious Diseases
Yixin Xu, Xin Jiang, Yanhong Zhou, Ming Ma, Minjin Wang, Binwu Ying
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Commercial ELISA Kits to Confirm the Absence of Transmission in Malaria Elimination Settings
Lotus L. van den Hoogen, Paolo Bareng, Joana Alves, Ralph Reyes, Malou Macalinao, Júlio M. Rodrigues, José M. Fernandes, Lara F. Goméz, Tom Hall, Susheel K. Singh, Kimberly Fornace, Jennifer Luchavez, Alan Kitchen, Peter Chiodini, Fe Espino, Kevin K. A. T
Frontiers in Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Rapid diagnostic tests forPlasmodium vivaxmalaria in endemic countries
Ridhi Agarwal, Leslie Choi, Samuel Johnson, Yemisi Takwoingi
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
An immunosensor for parasite lactate dehydrogenase detection as a malaria biomarker – Comparison with commercial test kit
Aver Hemben, Jon Ashley, Ibtisam E. Tothill
Talanta.2018; 187: 321. CrossRef
Comparative evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test, an antibody ELISA, and a pLDH ELISA in detecting asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia in blood donors in Buea, Cameroon
Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti, Longdoh Anna Njunda, Beltine Tsamul, Shey Dickson Nsagha, Nguedia Jules-Clement Assob, Kukwah Anthony Tufon, Dilonga Henry Meriki, Enow George Orock
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of the Plasmodium species in clinical samples from children residing in five epidemiological strata of malaria in Cameroon
Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti, Tayong Dizzle Bita Kwenti, Longdoh Anna Njunda, Andreas Latz, Kukwah Anthony Tufon, Theresa Nkuo-Akenji
Tropical Medicine and Health.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Current and cumulative malaria infections in a setting embarking on elimination: Amhara, Ethiopia
Woyneshet G. Yalew, Sampa Pal, Pooja Bansil, Rebecca Dabbs, Kevin Tetteh, Caterina Guinovart, Michael Kalnoky, Belendia A. Serda, Berhane H. Tesfay, Belay B. Beyene, Catherine Seneviratne, Megan Littrell, Lindsay Yokobe, Gregory S. Noland, Gonzalo J. Domi
Malaria Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Novel molecular diagnostic tools for malaria elimination: a review of options from the point of view of high-throughput and applicability in resource limited settings
Sumudu Britton, Qin Cheng, James S. McCarthy
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and performance evaluation of a novel immunofluorescence chromatographic assay for histidine-rich protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum
Keren Kang, Emmanuel E. Dzakah, Yongping Huang, Mingquan Xie, Xiaochun Luo, Wenmei Li, Jihua Wang
Malaria Journal.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

10,388 View
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Molecular Analysis of Anisakis Type I Larvae in Marine Fish from Three Different Sea Areas in Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Jung-Mi Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):383-389.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.383

Abstract
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Anisakiasis, a human infection of Anisakis L3 larvae, is one of the common foodborne parasitic diseases in Korea. Studies on the identification of anisakid larvae have been performed in the country, but most of them have been focused on morphological identification of the larvae. In this study, we analyzed the molecular characteristics of 174 Anisakis type I larvae collected from 10 species of fish caught in 3 different sea areas in Korea. PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses of rDNA ITS and mtDNA cox1 revealed that the larvae showed interesting distribution patterns depending on fish species and geographical locations. Anisakis pegreffii was predominant in fish from the Yellow Sea and the South Sea. Meanwhile, both A. pegreffii and A. simplex sensu stricto (A. simplex s.str.) larvae were identified in fish from the East Sea, depending on fish species infected. These results suggested that A. pegreffii was primarily distributed in a diverse species of fish in 3 sea areas around Korea, but A. simplex s.str. was dominantly identified in Oncorhynchus spp. in the East Sea.

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Comparative study of Taqman-based qPCR assay for the detection of Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova decipiens
Mi-Gyeong Kim, Min Ji Hong, Doo Won Seo, Hyun Mi Jung, Hyun-Ja Han, Seung Hwan Kim, Insun Joo, Elingarami Sauli
PLOS One.2025; 20(4): e0320724. CrossRef
Genetic analyses of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the East Asian finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) in Korean waters
Sunmin Kim, Jong Yoon Jeon, Kyunglee Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Han Chan Park, Kyung Eun Lee, Hang Lee, Sung Bin Lee, Sang Wha Kim, Se Chang Park, Seongjun Choe, Heejeong Youn
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the common minke whale in Korean waters
Sunmin Kim, Bom Sok Lee, Seongjun Choe
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 240. CrossRef
What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored
Serena Cavallero, Ilaria Bellini, Antonella Pizzarelli, Stefano D’Amelio
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Putri Desi Wulan Sari, Sri Subekti, Yarin Dwi Monica
BIOEDUSCIENCE.2021; 5(3): 188. CrossRef
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Alexander J. Kent, Campbell C. Pert, Robert A. Briers, Karen Diele, Sonja Rueckert
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Occurrence and molecular identification of Anisakis larval type 1 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in marketed fish in Egypt
Eman Mostafa, Marwa Omar, Shimaa. S. Hassan, Mohamed Samir
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2020; 44(3): 536. CrossRef
Comparative morphomolecular identification and pathological changes associated with Anisakis simplex larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) infecting native and imported chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in Egypt
Mohamed Abdelsalam, Marwa M. Attia, Mahmoud A. Mahmoud
Regional Studies in Marine Science.2020; 39: 101469. CrossRef
Establishment and validation of ARMS (amplification-refractory mutation system) for identification of Anisakis species collected from Korean waters
Hyunsu Kim, Kyung-Wan Baek, Mi-Kyung Park, Kyung-Yoon Jeon, Eun-Ji Ko, Hee-Jae Cha, Mee Sun Ock
Gene.2019; 691: 125. CrossRef
Anisakis Nematodes in Fish and Shellfish- from infection to allergies
Ibukun E. Aibinu, Peter M. Smooker, Andreas L. Lopata
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2019; 9: 384. CrossRef
An Overview of Fish-borne Nematodiases among Returned Travelers for Recent 25 Years– Unexpected Diseases Sometimes Far Away from the Origin
Jorge Costa Eiras, Gilberto Cezar Pavanelli, Ricardo Massato Takemoto, Yukifumi Nawa
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(3): 215. CrossRef
Survey for the presence of ascaridoid larvae in the cinnamon flounder Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus (Temminck & Schlegel) (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae)
Liang Li, Jin-Yu Zhao, Hui-Xia Chen, Hui-Dong Ju, Meng An, Zhen Xu, Lu-Ping Zhang
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2017; 241: 108. CrossRef
Environmental variables and definitive host distribution: a habitat suitability modelling for endohelminth parasites in the marine realm
Thomas Kuhn, Sarah Cunze, Judith Kochmann, Sven Klimpel
Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Anisakis pegreffii Larvae in Sea Eels (Astroconger myriaster) from the South Sea, Republic of Korea
Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Lim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 349. CrossRef
Anisakiasis: Report of 15 Gastric Cases Caused by Anisakis Type I Larvae and a Brief Review of Korean Anisakiasis Cases
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tae Hyo Kim, Tae-Joon Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 465. CrossRef
Occurrence of Anisakis Larvae in Commercial Fish along the Northern Coast of Taiwan
Yun-Jen Chen, Chun-Chun Wu, Jui-Sen Yang
Research Journal of Parasitology.2015; 10(3): 79. CrossRef

12,037 View
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Clonorchiasis among Residents of Riverside Areas in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea: Do-Soon Park, Sung-Jin Na, Shin Hyeong Cho, Kyung Ja June, Young-Chae Cho, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):391-397.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.391

Abstract
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We evaluated the status of Clonorchis sinensis infection and potential risk factors among residents of riverside areas (Geumgang) in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do (Province), Korea. From January to February 2010, a total of 349 (171 males, 178 females) stool samples were collected and examined by the formalin-ether concentration technique. Also, village residents were interviewed using questionnaires to obtain information about C. sinensis infection-related risk factors. Overall egg-positive rate of C. sinensis was 13.2%. Egg-positive rates were significantly higher in males, farmers, and residents who had lived there more than 20 years, and in residents who had eaten raw freshwater fish than in opposite groups, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between age groups, education levels, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, health status, past history of infection, and experience of clonorchiasis medication and examination. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for clonorchiasis. On univariate analysis, the odds ratios for males, farmers, those who had lived there more than 20 years, and who had eaten raw freshwater fish were 2.41, 4.44, 3.16, and 4.88 times higher than those of the opposites, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of residents who had eaten raw freshwater fish was 3.2-fold higher than that of those who had not. These results indicate that residents living in Muju-gun, along the Geum River, Korea, have relatively high C. sinensis egg-positive rates, and the habit of eating raw freshwater fish was the major factor for the maintenance of clonorchiasis.

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Prevalence of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Gangwon-do, Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Seok Seok, Taejoon Lee, Kyungjin Jeong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):399-412.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.399

Abstract
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The infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae was investigated in a total of 2,293 freshwater fish collected from 11 rivers or streams in 9 administrative regions of Gangwon-do, Korea for 5 years (2009-2013). All fish were collected by netting methods and examined using the artificial digestion methods. Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae were detected in 4 fish species, i.e., Pungtungia herzi, Squalidus japonicus coreanus, Acheilognathus rhombeus, and Ladislabia taczanowskii, from only Hantangang in Cheorwon-gun. Metagonimus spp. metacercariae were found in 1,154 (50.3%) fish and their average number per infected fish was 55.8. Among the positive fish species, especially Tribolodon hakonensis from Namdaecheon in Yangyang-gun and Plecoglossus altivelis from Osipcheon in Samcheok-si were most heavily infected. Centrocestus armatus metacercariae were detected in 611 (26.7%) fish and the average metacercarial burden per infected fish was 1,032. Two chub species, Zacco platypus and Zacco temminckii were highly and heavily infected with C. armatus metacercariae in almost all regions surveyed. Echinostoma spp. metacercariae were also found in 24 fish from a few localities, but their numbers per fish infected were very low. From the above results, it is confirmed that the metacercariae of intestinal flukes, especially Metagonimus spp. and C. armatus, were heavily infected, while C. sinensis metacercariae were rarely found in fish from Gangwon-do, Korea.

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Age, period, and cohort effects of Clonorchis sinensis infection prevalence in the Republic of Korea: Insights and projections
Sung-mok Jung, Heewon Kang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sejin Ju, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee, Jong-hun Kim, Sung Hye Kim, Ran Wang
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Current status of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis in Korea: epidemiological perspectives integrating the data from human and intermediate hosts
Won Gi Yoo, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1296. CrossRef
Survey of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Geum-gang (River) in Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Min-Ah Hwang, Kyeong-Woo No, Jai-Dong Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 23. CrossRef
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Ki-Bok Yoon, Hyun-Cheol Lim, Doo Young Jeon, Sook Park, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Sung-Shik Shin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
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Infection Status with Metagonimus spp. Metacercariae in Fishes from Seomjin-gang and Tamjin-gang in Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Ki-Bok Yoon
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Infections with Centrocestus armatus Metacercariae in Fishes from Water Systems of Major Rivers in Republic of Korea
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Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus in Center of Iran: Nader Pestechian, Ahmad Hosseini Safa, Mohammadhasan Tajedini, Mohammad Rostami-Nejad, Mohammad Mousavi, Hosseinali Yousofi, Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):413-418.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.413

Abstract
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Hydatid cyst caused by Echinococcus granulosus is one of the most important parasitic diseases around the world and many countries in Asia, including Iran, are involved with this infection. This disease can cause high mortality in humans as well as economic losses in livestock. To date, several molecular methods have been used to determine the genetic diversity of E. granulosus. So far, identification of E. granulosus using real-time PCR fluorescence-based quantitative assays has not been studied worldwide, also in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of E. granulosus from center of Iran using real-time PCR method. A total of 71 hydatid cysts were collected from infected sheep, goat, and cattle slaughtered in Isfahan, Iran during 2013. DNA was extracted from protoscolices and/or germinal layers from each individual cyst and used as template to amplify the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) (420 bp). Five cattle isolates out of 71 isolates were sterile and excluded from further investigation. Overall, of 66 isolates, partial sequences of the cox1 gene of E. granulosus indicated the presence of genotypes G1 in 49 isolates (74.2%), G3 in 15 isolates (22.7%), and G6 in 2 isolates (3.0%) in infected intermediate hosts. Sixteen sequences of G1 genotype had microgenetic variants, and they were compared to the original sequence of cox1. However, isolates identified as G3 and G6 genotypes were completely consistent with original sequences. G1 genotype in livestock was the dominant genotype in Isfahan region, Iran.

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Intestinal Helminthic Infections in Striped Field Mice, Apodemus agrarius, from Two Southern Regions of Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Hyeon-Je Song, Chung-Mo Kim, Gi-Jin Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):419-423.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.419

Abstract
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The present study was performed to know the infection status of intestinal helminths in a most common species of field mice, Apodemus agrarius, from 2 southern regions of Korea. Total 133 and 103 mice were collected by the mouse trap in Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do and Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do, respectively, from July 2005 to June 2006. The small intestine of each mouse was resected and longitudinally opened with a pair of scissors. The intestinal contents were washed with 0.85% saline until the supernatant became clear. Helminths were collected with naked eyes or under a stereomicroscope from the sediment of the intestinal content. More than 11 species of helminths (4 nematode spp., 5 trematode spp., and 2 cestode spp.) were recovered. Among these, heligmosomoid nematodes (97.5%) was the most highly and heavily infected species. As the members of trematodes, Plagiorchis muris, Brachylaima sp., Echinostoma hortense, Echinostoma cinetorchis, and unidentified echinostome larvae were found in the small intestines of 35 (14.8%), 12 (5.1%), 6 (2.5%), 1 (0.4%), and 1 (0.4%) mice respectively. Two species of tapeworms, Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta were also detected in 79 (33.5%) and 21 (8.9%) mice, respectively. Conclusively, heligmosomoid nematodes were the most prevalent (dominant) species among more than 11 helminth species detected, and Brachylaima sp. fluke is newly added in the list of intestinal trematodes in Korea.

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New Definitive Hosts and Differential Body Indices of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)
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Case Report

Pulmonary Toxocariasis Mimicking Invasive Aspergillosis in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis: Eun Jin Park, Joon Young Song, Min Ju Choi, Ji Ho Jeon, Jah-yeon Choi, Tae Un Yang, Kyung Wook Hong, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):425-428.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.425

Abstract
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A 45-year-old-male who had underlying ulcerative colitis and presented with fever and dry cough. Initially, the patient was considered to have invasive aspergillosis due to a positive galactomannan assay. He was treated with amphotericin B followed by voriconazole. Nevertheless, the patient deteriorated clinically and radiographically. The lung biopsy revealed eosinophilic pneumonia, and ELISA for Toxocara antigen was positive, leading to a diagnosis of pulmonary toxocariasis. After a 10-day treatment course with albendazole and adjunctive steroids, the patient recovered completely without any sequelae. Pulmonary toxocariasis may be considered in patients with subacute or chronic pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotic agents, particularly in cases with eosinophilia.

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Brief Communications

The MAK16 Gene of Entamoeba histolytica and Its Identification in Isolates from Patients: Mar?a del Pilar Cris?stomo-V?zquez, V?ctor Alberto Marevelez-Acosta, Andr?s Flores-Luna, Enedina Jim?nez-Cardoso; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):429-433.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.429

Abstract
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To identify sequences of Entamoeba histolytica associated with the development of amebic liver abscess (ALA) in hamsters, subtractive hybridization of cDNA from E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS under 2 growth conditions was performed: 1) cultured in axenic medium and 2) isolated from experimental ALA in hamsters. For this procedure, 6 sequences were obtained. Of these sequences, the mak16 gene was selected for amplification in 29 cultures of E. histolytica isolated from the feces of 10 patients with intestinal symptoms and 19 asymptomatic patients. Only 5 of the 10 isolates obtained from symptomatic patients developed ALA and amplified the mak16 gene, whereas the 19 isolates from asymptomatic patients did not amplify the mak16 gene nor did they develop ALA. Based on the results of Fisher's exact test (P<0.001), an association was inferred between the presence of the mak16 gene of E. histolytica and the ability to develop ALA in hamsters and with the patient's symptoms (P=0.02). The amplification of the mak16 gene suggests that it is an important gene in E. histolytica because it was present in the isolates from hamsters that developed liver damage.

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Differential alternative splicing landscape identifies potentially functional RNA binding proteins in early embryonic development in mammals
Jianhua Chen, Yanni He, Liangliang Chen, Tian Wu, Guangping Yang, Hui Luo, Saifei Hu, Siyue Yin, Yun Qian, Hui Miao, Na Li, Congxiu Miao, Ruizhi Feng
iScience.2024; 27(3): 109104. CrossRef
Identification of two transcription factors that work coordinately to regulate early development in Entamoeba
Daniela Lozano-Amado, Upinder Singh, Laura J. Knoll
mBio.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteome analysis of excretory-secretory proteins of Entamoeba histolytica HM1:IMSS via LC–ESI–MS/MS and LC–MALDI–TOF/TOF
Jorim Anak Ujang, Soon Hong Kwan, Mohd Nazri Ismail, Boon Huat Lim, Rahmah Noordin, Nurulhasanah Othman
Clinical Proteomics.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Suppression of Eimeria tenella Sporulation by Disinfectants: Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):435-438.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.435

Abstract
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The disinfectant effects (DEs) of 10 types of chemicals, defined by their ability to destroy or inhibit oocysts and consequently prevent sporulation of Eimeria tenella field isolate, were evaluated in vitro. Correct species assignments and sample purities were confirmed by the singular internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR analysis. A total of 18 treatments were performed, and the disinfection suppression levels were 75.9% for 39% benzene + 22% xylene (1:10 dilution), 85.5% for 30% cresol soup (1:1 dilution), and 91.7% for 99.9% acetic acid (1:2 dilution) group. The results indicate that acetic acid, cresol soup, and benzene+xylene are good candidates for suppression of E. tenella oocyst sporulation.

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Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel, Luiza Gabriella Ferreira de Paula, Júlio César Faria dos Santos, Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais, Vanessa Ferreira Salvador, Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal, Artur Siqueira Nunes Trindade, Dina María Beltrán Zapa, Lorena Lopes Ferreir
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Mutee Murshed, Hossam M. A. Aljawdah, Mohammed Mares, Saleh Al-Quraishy
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Effect of tunable femtosecond laser pulses on the sporulation of Eimeria species oocysts of chickens: An in vitro study
Waleed M. Arafa, Aya E. Mohamed, Fatma Abdel Samad, Ola Ali Dabbous, S.M. Aboelhadid, A.S. Abdel-Baki, Chukuka S. Enwemeka, Tarek Mohamed
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Salwa Mahmoud Abd-ELrahman, Sara Abdel-Aal Mohamed, Samar Elsayed Mohamed, Manal F. El-Khadragy, Ahmed Kamal Dyab, Nashwa Hamad, Marwa M. Safwat, Asmaa A. E. Nasr, Abdulsalam A. M. Alkhaldi, Ahmed Gareh, Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
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Radhia Aitfella Lahlou, Mustapha Bounechada, Arezki Mohammedi, Luís R. Silva, Gilberto Alves
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R. T. Safiullin, E. O. Kachanova, E. I. Chalysheva
Russian Journal of Parasitology.2021; 15(4): 106. CrossRef
The Effect of Increased Temperatures on Viability, Morphology, Infectivity, and Development of Eimeria Tenella
G. H. Schneiders, J. C. Foutz, A. L. Fuller, J. Nelson, R. Rekaya, S. E. Aggrey
Journal of Parasitology.2020; 106(3): 428. CrossRef
Heat stress reduces sexual development and affects pathogenesis of Eimeria maxima in meat-type chickens
Gustavo H. Schneiders, James C. Foutz, Marie C. Milfort, Ahmed F. A. Ghareeb, Alberta L. Fuller, Romdhane Rekaya, Susan M. Williams, Samuel E. Aggrey
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Gefitinib Inhibits the Growth of Toxoplasma gondii in HeLa Cells: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):439-441.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.439

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis with symptoms of congenital neurological and ocular diseases and acquired lymphadenitis, retinochoroiditis, and meningoencephalitis. Small molecules which block the activity of protein kinases were tested in in vitro culture of T. gondii to find new therapeutic drugs of safer and more effective than the combined administration of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine that sometimes provoke lethal Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Among them, Gefitinib and Crizotinib inhibited intracellular growth of T. gondii in HeLa cells by counting the number of T. gondii per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane whereas Sunitinib did not. Gefitinib inhibited the growth of T. gondii in a dose-dependent manner over 5 ?M up to the tolerable concentration of HeLa cells and halted the division of the parasite immediately from the time point of treatment. Gefitinib inhibition suggests that tyrosine kinases of EGFR family or other homologous kinases of the parasite itself may be the target to cause the block of T. gondii growth.

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Experimental and clinical tests of FDA-approved kinase inhibitors for the treatment of neurological disorders (update 2024)
Hassan Aliashrafzadeh, Dewey Liu, Samantha De Alba, Imad Akbar, Austin Lui, Jordan Vanleuven, Ryan Martin, Zhang Wang, Da Zhi Liu
Exploration of Drug Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The antimicrobial activity of innate host-directed therapies: A systematic review
Tirosh Shapira, Matthew Christofferson, Yossef Av-Gay
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2024; 63(5): 107138. CrossRef
Impact of Training Data, Ground Truth and Shape Variability in the Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of HeLa Cells Observed with Electron Microscopy
Cefa Karabağ, Mauricio Alberto Ortega-Ruíz, Constantino Carlos Reyes-Aldasoro
Journal of Imaging.2023; 9(3): 59. CrossRef
Role of EtMIC4 EGF-like in regulating the apoptosis of Eimeria tenella host cells via the EGFR pathway
Xue-song Zhang, Yong-juan Zhao, Yu Zhang, Tong Xu, Kai-ling Cui, Bu-ting Duan, Xiao-ling Lv, Li Zhang, Zhi-yong Xu, Rui Bai, Ming-xue Zheng
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FDA-Approved Kinase Inhibitors in Preclinical and Clinical Trials for Neurological Disorders
Austin Lui, Jordan Vanleuven, David Perekopskiy, Dewey Liu, Desiree Xu, Omar Alzayat, Taiseer Elgokhy, Timothy Do, Meghan Gann, Ryan Martin, Da-Zhi Liu
Pharmaceuticals.2022; 15(12): 1546. CrossRef
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George Ghartey-Kwansah, Benjamin Aboagye, Frank Adu-Nti, Yeboah Kwaku Opoku, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
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Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef
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George Ghartey-Kwansah, Frank Adu-Nti, Benjamin Aboagye, Amandus Ankobil, Edward Eyipe Essuman, Yeboah Kwaku Opoku, Samuel Abokyi, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, Johnson Nyarko Boampong
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Molecular Detection and Seroprevalence of Babesia microti among Stock Farmers in Khutul City, Selenge Province, Mongolia: Sung-Hee Hong, Davaasuren Anu, Young-Il Jeong, Davaajav Abmed, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Sang-Eun Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):443-447.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.443

Abstract
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Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease in humans worldwide; however, little is known about the frequency of infection or prevalence of this disease in other parts of the world, excluding North America. In this study, we aimed to investigate Babesia microti infection frequency in a human population in Mongolia. One hundred blood samples were collected from stock farmers living in Khutul city of Selenge province, Mongolia. The sera and DNA from blood samples were evaluated for the presence of B. microti infection by using indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests and PCR. The positive detection rates obtained using the IFA tests and PCR assays were 7% and 3%, respectively. This study is the first to detect of B. microti infections based on antibody seroprevalence or PCR assays for the presence of B. microti DNA in a Mongolian population.

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Babesia microti Transmission Risk Through Ixodes persulcatus Ticks in Selenge, Mongolia, and Investigation of Its Infectivity in Rodents
Davganyam Bayarmagnai, Gombodash Ganbat, Ariunbold Munkhtsetseg, Mygarmarsuren Odonchimeg, Dashzevge Erdenechimeg, Tserennyam Davaajargal, Zorigt Uurtsaikh, Khandsuren Naranbaatar, Damdinsuren Boldbaatar, Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
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Journal of Clinical Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Solomon Ngutor Karshima, Magdalene Nguvan Karshima, Musa Isiyaku Ahmed
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Jiří Černý, Buyantogtokh Buyannemekh, Tersia Needham, Gantulga Gankhuyag, Dashzeveg Oyuntsetseg
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The Babesia observational antibody (BAOBAB) study: A cross-sectional evaluation of Babesia in two communities in Kilosa district, Tanzania
Evan M. Bloch, Zakayo Mrango, Mabula Kasubi, Jerusha Weaver, Aleksandra Mihailovic, Beatriz Munoz, Anna Weimer, Andrew Levin, Laura Tonnetti, Jeffrey M. Linnen, Vanessa Brès, Douglas E. Norris, Giovanna Carpi, Sheila K. West, Christine A Petersen
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PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2017; 11(10): e0005898. CrossRef
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Aya Zamoto-Niikura, Shigeru Morikawa, Ken-Ichi Hanaki, Patricia J. Holman, Chiaki Ishihara, P. D. Schloss
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The PCR detection and phylogenetic characterization of Babesia microti in questing ticks in Mongolia
Bumduuren Tuvshintulga, Thillaiampalam Sivakumar, Badgar Battsetseg, Sandag-ochir Narantsatsaral, Batsaikhan Enkhtaivan, Banzragch Battur, Kyoko Hayashida, Kazuhiro Okubo, Takahiro Ishizaki, Noboru Inoue, Ikuo Igarashi, Naoaki Yokoyama
Parasitology International.2015; 64(6): 527. CrossRef

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Karyological Studies of Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) (Gastropoda: Planobidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Gab Man Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):449-451.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.449

Abstract
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The karyotypes of Biomphalaria tenagophila collected from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were studied using the air-drying method. Somatic cells of this species had 2n=36. The 18 chromosome pairs were identified and classified into 3 groups. The diploid cell has 7 pairs of metacentric, 8 pairs of submetacentric, and 3 pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes. Observed chromosomes ranged from 2.4 to 6.4 ?m, and the total length was 122.3 ?m. This is the first report on the chromosome of B. tenagophila.