Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"E-Hyun Shin"

Brief Communications

Species identification and pyrethroid resistance genotyping of recently resurgent Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus in Korea: Susie Cho, Heung Chul Kim, Hoonsik Eom, Jae Rok Lee, Chung Hyun Ko, E-hyun Shin, Won Kyu Lee, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):251-256.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24002

The global resurgence of bed bug infestations, exacerbated by increasing international travel, trade, and insecticide resistance, has significantly impacted Korea. This study identified the bed bug species and performed pyrethroid resistance genotyping of recently resurgent bed bugs in Korea. Thirty-one regional bed bug samples were collected from 5 administrative regions: Gyeonggi-do (n=14), Seoul (n=13), Busan (n=2), Jeonllanam-do (n=1), and Chungcheongbuk-do (n=1). The samples underwent morphological and molecular identification. Twenty-four regional samples (77.4%) were identified as the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, and the remaining 7 regional samples (22.6%) were identified as the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. The C. hemipterus regional samples carried at least three mutations associated with knockdown resistance (kdr), including 2 super-kdr mutations. The 7 C. lectularius regional samples possessed at least one of the 3 kdr-related mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance. This study confirms that the prevalent bed bug species recently in Korea is C. hemipterus, replacing the previously endemic C. lectularius. Additionally, the rise in bed bug populations with pyrethroid resistance underscores the necessity of introducing alternative insecticides.

Citations

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Widespread fixation of kdr-associated mutations in temporal samples of Cimex lectularius collected from multi-unit buildings
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Multiple mechanisms associated with deltamethrin and imidacloprid resistance in field-collected common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Jin-Jia Yu, Shao-Hung Lee, Chow-Yang Lee, Changlu Wang
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2025; 210: 106357. CrossRef
Global Perspective of Insecticide Resistance in Bed Bugs and Management Options
Chow‐Yang Lee
Entomological Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular identification and knockdown resistance mutation of bed bugs involved in 2019 outbreak in Cape Coast, Ghana and Munich, Germany
Andreas A. Kudom, Philipp Hanke, Joana Ayettey, Rofela Combey, Ben A. Mensah, Benjamin Anderson, Andreas Wieser
Acta Tropica.2025; 265: 107623. CrossRef
Toxicity of ivermectin to bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus) and risk factors associated with infestation in Kwale County, coastal Kenya
Tobias Odongo, Isaiah Omondi, Caroline Wanjiku, Miguel Okoko, Caroline Kiuru, Mercy Kariuki, Isaac Ringera, Bruno Otieno, Festus Mure, Joanna Furnival-Adams, Almudena Sanz Gutierrez, Rachel Otuko, Nelly Regina Rabinovich, Joseph Mwangangi, Carlos Chaccour
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of bed bug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) infestation and prevalence of insecticide-resistant amino acid substitutions in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Maaya Sasaki
Medical Entomology and Zoology.2025; 76(2): 45. CrossRef
Development of molecular diagnostic protocols for simultaneous identification of common bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and tropical bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus)
Jeong Heum Han, Junhyeong Choi, Susie Cho, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2023–2024년 국내에서 발생한 빈대의 분포 조사
기훈 김, 선란 조, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2024; 17(45): 1956. CrossRef

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Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea: In-Yong Lee, Hyeon-Je Song, Yeon-Joo Choi, Sun-Hye Shin, Min-Kyung Choi, So-Hyun Kwon, E-Hyun Shin, Chan Park, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kyung-Hee Park, Won-Jong Jang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):225-229.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.225

Abstract
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A total of 9,281 larval chigger mites were collected from small mammals captured at Hwaseong-gun, Gyeonggi-do (Province) (2,754 mites from 30 small mammals), Asan city, Chungcheongnam-do (3,358 mites from 48 mammals), and Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (3,169 for 62 mammals) from April-November 2009 in the Republic of Korea (= Korea) and were identified to species. Leptotrombidium pallidum was the predominant species in Hwaseong (95.8%) and Asan (61.2%), while Leptotrombidium scutellare was the predominant species collected from Jangseong (80.1%). Overall, larval chigger mite indices decreased from April (27.3) to June (4.9), then increased in September (95.2) and to a high level in November (169.3). These data suggest that L. pallidum and L. scutellare are the primary vectors of scrub typhus throughout their range in Korea. While other species of larval chigger mites were also collected with some implications in the transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi, they only accounted for 11.2% of all larval chigger mites collected from small mammals.

Citations

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Habitat Type-Based Assemblage and Distribution Prediction of Small Mammals and Chigger Mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) in Chuncheon City, Republic of Korea
Kiyoon Kim, Jusun Hwang, Kyungmin Kim, Kwangbae Yoon, Daehyun Oh, Yungchul Park
Animals.2024; 14(23): 3433. CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of Rodents and Chiggers with Orientia Tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea
Jung Wook Park, Dae Sung Yu, Gi Seong Lee, Jin Jong Seo, Jae Keun Chung, Jae Il Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 559. CrossRef
Geographical distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in chiggers from three provinces in Korea
Yeon‐Joo Choi, In‐Yong Lee, Hyeon‐Je Song, Jeoungyeon Kim, Hye‐Jin Park, Dayoung Song, Won‐Jong Jang
Microbiology and Immunology.2018; 62(9): 547. CrossRef
Meteorological factors affect the epidemiology of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome via altering the breeding and hantavirus-carrying states of rodents and mites: a 9 years’ longitudinal study
Fachun Jiang, Ling Wang, Shuo Wang, Lin Zhu, Liyan Dong, Zhentang Zhang, Bi Hao, Fan Yang, Wenbin Liu, Yang Deng, Yun Zhang, Yajun Ma, Bei Pan, Yalin Han, Hongyan Ren, Guangwen Cao
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2017; 6(1): 1. CrossRef
Geographical Distribution and Seasonal Indices of Chigger Mites on Small Mammals Collected on the East Coast of the Republic of Korea
Gab-Man Park, Ho-Sung Shin
Journal of Parasitology.2016; 102(2): 193. CrossRef
Seroepidemiological Survey of Zoonotic Diseases in Small Mammals with PCR Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers, Gwangju, Korea
Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung, Sun Hee Kim, Sun Ju Cho, Yi Deun Ha, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Hyun Jae Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Jah Pyus, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Il Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 307. CrossRef
Catenotaenia dendritica (Cestoda: Catenotaeniidae) and Three Ectoparasite Species in the Red Squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris, from Cheongju, Korea
Seongjun Choe, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Youngsun Lee, Ki-Jeong Na, In-Yong Lee, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(4): 509. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Seasonal Prevalence of Mosquitoes, Including Vectors of Brugian Filariasis, in Southern Islands of the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee-Il Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Jong-Soo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):59-64.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.59

Abstract
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A survey of mosquitoes, including the vector status of Brugia malayi filariasis and their relative larval density, was conducted from 2002 to 2005 at several southern remote islands of Jeollanam-do (province), Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeju-do, Korea, where filariasis was previously endemic. Overall, a total of 9 species belonging to 7 genera were collected. Ochlerotatus togoi (formerly known as Aedes togoi), Anopheles (Hyrcanus) group, and Culex pipiens were the predominant species captured at all areas. Oc. togoi larvae were most frequently collected at salinity levels <0.5% during June and July, with densities decreasing sharply during the rainy season in August. The most likely explanation for the eradication of filariasis in these areas is suggested to be an aggressive treatment program executed during the 1970s and the 1990s. However, high prevalence of the vector mosquitoes may constitute a potential risk for reemerging of brugian filariasis in these areas.

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Immune responses of Aedes togoi, Anopheles paraliae and Anopheles lesteri against nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi microfilariae during migration from the midgut to the site of development
Watcharatip Dedkhad, Bruce M Christensen, Lyric C Bartholomay, Deepak Joshi, Chayanit Hempolchom, Atiporn Saeung
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Marcus S. C. Blagrove, Cyril Caminade, Elisabeth Waldmann, Elizabeth R. Sutton, Maya Wardeh, Matthew Baylis, Christopher M. Barker
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Peripheral Blood Smear Contamination with Helicosporium Fungi Resembling Microfilaria
Kui-Hyun Yoon
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Hyun-Ye Jo, Dong-Kun Yang, Ha-Hyun Kim, Sung-Suk Choi, Kyung-Suk Kang, Sun-Ju Yang, Young-Jin Yang, In-Soo Cho
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Phylogeography of the Coastal Mosquito Aedes togoi across Climatic Zones: Testing an Anthropogenic Dispersal Hypothesis
Teiji Sota, Peter Belton, Michelle Tseng, Hoi Sen Yong, Motoyoshi Mogi, Igor Mokrousov
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Peritrophic matrix formation and Brugia malayi microfilaria invasion of the midgut of a susceptible vector, Ochlerotatus togoi (Diptera: Culicidae)
Narissara Jariyapan, Atiporn Saeung, Nuchpicha Intakhan, Wetpisit Chanmol, Sriwatapron Sor-suwan, Benjarat Phattanawiboon, Kritsana Taai, Wej Choochote
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Luis Fernando Chaves, Yukiko Higa, Su Hyun Lee, Ji Yeon Jeong, Sang Taek Heo, Miok Kim, Noboru Minakawa, Keun Hwa Lee
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Surveillance and Vector Control of Lymphatic Filariasis in the Republic of Korea
Shin Hyeong Cho, Da Won Ma, Bo Ra Koo, Hee Eun Shin, Wook Kyo Lee, Byong Suk Jeong, Chaeshin Chu, Won Ja Lee, Hyeng Il Cheun
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Efficiency Evaluation of Nozawa-Style Black Light Trap for Control of Anopheline Mosquitoes: Hee Il Lee, Bo Youl Seo, E-Hyun Shin, Douglas A. Burkett, Jong-Koo Lee, Young Hack Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):159-165.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.159

Abstract
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House-residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets have achieved some success in controlling anthropophilic and endophagic vectors. However, these methods have relatively low efficacy in Korea because Anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector, is highly zoophilic and exophilic. So, we focused our vector control efforts within livestock enclosures using ultraviolet black light traps as a mechanical control measure. We found that black light traps captured significantly more mosquitoes at 2 and 2.5 m above the ground (P < 0.05). We also evaluated the effectiveness of trap spacing within the livestock enclosure. In general, traps spaced between 4 and 7 m apart captured mosquitoes more efficiently than those spaced closer together (P > 0.05). Based on these findings, we concluded that each black light trap in the livestock enclosures killed 7,586 female mosquitoes per trap per night during the peak mosquito season (July-August). In May-August 2003, additional concurrent field trials were conducted in Ganghwa county. We got 74.9% reduction (P < 0.05) of An. sinensis in human dwellings and 61.5% reduction (P > 0.05) in the livestock enclosures. The black light trap operation in the livestock enclosures proved to be an effective control method and should be incorporated into existing control strategies in developed countries.

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A mark-release-recapture experiment with Anopheles sinensis in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hyeong-Woo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Hee-Il Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Chong-Han Kim, Jong-Taek Kim, Jong-Soo Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Gi-Gon Jung, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):139-148.
Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.139

Abstract
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In order to study the range of flight and feeding activity of Anopheles sinensis, the dispersal experiment was conducted in Paju city, located in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, during the period of 7th to 28th September 1998. Unfed females An. sinensis were collected in cowshed and released after being marked with fluorescent dye at 23:00 hours on the same day. Released female mosquitoes were recaptured everyday during 21 days using light traps, which were set at 10 sites in the cowsheds located 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 km north-northwest and north-northeast and at 3 sites located 1, 6 and 9 km toward south-west from the release point. In addition, to study the longest flight distance in one night, we set the light traps at 16 and 20 km toward north-northeast from the release site. All the collected mosquitoes were placed on filter papers and observed on UV transilluminator after treatment with one drop of 100% ethanol. Out of 12,773 females of An. sinensis released, 194 marked females mosquitoes were recaptured, giving 1.52% recapture rate. Of 194, 72 mosquitoes (37.1%) were recaptured in light traps from three places set at 1 km from the release point, 57 mosquitoes (29.4%) from two places at 1-3 km, 41 mosquitoes (21.1%) from three places at 3-6 km, 20 mosquitoes (10.3%) from three places at 6-9 km, and 4 mosquitoes (2.1%) from two places at 9-12 km. Since 170 female mosquitoes (87.6%) out of 194 marked mosquitoes were captured within 6 km from the release point, this flight radius represents the main activity area. An. sinensis was found to be able to fly at least 12 km during one night.

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Detection of vivax malaria sporozoites naturally infected in Anopheline mosquitoes from endemic areas of northern parts of Gyeonggi-do (Province) in Korea: Hyeong Woo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Shin Hyeong Cho, Hee Il Lee, Chung Lim Kim, Wook Gyo Lee, Sung Ung Moon, Jong Soo Lee, Wan Ja Lee, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(2):75-81.
Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.2.75

Abstract
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We investigated population densities of mosquitoes infected with sporozoites in three highly epidemic areas of Josan-ri and Jangpa-ri (Paju City) and Dongjung-ri (Yeoncheon County) in Korea. Anopheline mosquitoes were collected from both indoors and outdoors by human baiting collection method during the period of the first week of June to the second week of September 1999. Total 13,296 female mosquitoes were collected and 8,650 (65.1%) were Anophelines. Thirty seven percent (3,199) of the Anopheline mosquitoes were captured outdoors and 63.9% (5,531) indoors. Employing a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we analyzed a total of 7,820 Anopheline mosquitoes and found that 7 Anopheline mosquitoes were infected with sporozoites. The positive rate in Josan-ri was 0.14% (5/3,500) and 0.15% (2/1,370) in Jangpa-ri. The total positive rate in all three surveyed areas was 0.09% (7/7,820). The mosquitoes infected with the sporozoites were detected on June 28^th (n=2), July 5^th (n=1), July 19^th (n=1), August 9^th (n=1), September 6^th (n=1), and the last one on September 13^th (n=1). They were all classified as Anopheles sinensis, which showed positive reaction in ELISA test. Therefore it might be concluded that Anopheles sinensis plays an important role in re-emerging malaria transmission in Korea.

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Late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea: Douglas A. Burkett, Won-Ja Lee, Kwan-Woo Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Robert A. Wirtz, Hae-Wol Cho, David M. Claborn, Russel E. Coleman, Wan Y Kim, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):45-54.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.45

Abstract
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Field trials evaluating selected commercially available mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, and/or octenol were conducted from 18-27 September 2000 in a malarious area near Paekyeon-ri (Tongil-Chon ) and Camp Greaves in Paju County, Kyonggi Province, Republic of Korea. The host-seeking activity for common mosquito species, including the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human and propane lantern-baited Shannon trap during hours when temperatures exceeded 15℃. The total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the test was compared using a block design. Significant differences were observed for the total number of mosquitoes collected, such that, the Mosquito MagnetTM with octenol > Shannon trap > ABC light trap with light and dry ice > Miniature Black Light trap (manufactured by John W. Hock) ≥ New Jersey Trap > ABC light trap with light only. Significant differences in numbers collected among traps were noted for several species including: Aedes vexans (Meigen), Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu, An. sinensis Weidemann, An. sineroides Yamada, An. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki, Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett L., Cx. orientalis Edwards and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Host-seeking activity for most common species showed a similar bimodal pattern. Results from these field trap evaluations can significantly enhance current vector and disease surveillance efforts especially for the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus.

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Vector competence of Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu (Diptera: Culicidae) to Plasmodium vivax in Korea: E-Hyun Shin, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, Won-Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):41-44.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.41

Abstract
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Three anopheline mosquitoes in Korea were studied for their abilities as vectors for Plasmodium vivax. The female mosquitoes of Anopheles lesteri, An. pullus and An. sinensis were allowed to suck malaria patient blood until fully fed, and they were then bred for 2 weeks to develop from malaria parasites to sporozoites. The result from the above confirmed the sporozoites in one An. lesteri of one individual and five An. sinensis of six individuals. We also confirmed that An. sinensis was the main vector to transmit malaria and An. lesteri as well as An. sinensis were able to carry Korean malaria parasites. Therefore, we propose that diversified study is needed to manage malaria projects.

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Seasonal dynamics ofAnophelesspecies at three locations in the Republic of Korea
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Anopheles kleini, Anopheles pullus, and Anopheles sinensis: Potential Vectors of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea
Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Young-Mi Choi, Seok-Hyun Yoon, Kyu-Sik Chang, Sung-Tae Chong, In-Yong Lee, James W. Jones, Jolanta S. Jacobs, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Jae-Sun Park
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Malaria transmission potential by Anopheles sinensis in the Republic of Korea: Hee-IL Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Won-Ja Lee, Yoon-Young Kim, Kyung-Ro Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):185-192.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.185

Abstract
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To evaluate the factors that determine the transmission level of vivax malaria using vectorial capacity, entomological surveys were conducted from June to August, 2000. From 6 nights of human-bait collection in Paju, the human biting rate (ma) was counted as 87.5 bites/man/night. The parity of Anopheles sinensis from human baiting collections fluctuated from 41% to 71% (average 48.8%) of which the rate gradually increased as time passed on: 35.2% in Jun.; 55.0% in July; 66.2% in Aug. From this proportion of parous, we could estimate the probability of daily survival rate of An. sinensis to be 0.79 assumed with 3 days gonotrophic cycle and the expectancy of infective life through 11 days could be defined as 0.073. Blood meal analysis was performed using ELISA to determine the blood meal source. Only 0.8% of blood meals were from human hosts. We could conclude that An. sinensis is highly zoophilic (cow 61.8%). Malaria is highly unstable (stability index < 0.5) in this area. From these data, vectorial capacity (VC) was determined to be 0.081. In spite of a high human biting rate (ma), malaria transmission potential is very low due to a low human blood index. Therefore, we could conclude that malaria transmission by An. sinensis is resulted by high population density, not by high transmission potential. For this reason, we need more effort to decrease vector population and vector-human contact to eradicate malaria in Korea.

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Experimental infection of Anopheles sinensis with Korean isolates of Plasmodium vivax: Hyeong Woo Lee, Shin Hyeong Cho, E-Hyun Shin, Jong Soo Lee, Joon-Sang Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee, Tong Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):177-183.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.177

Abstract
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The
objective
s of the present study were to (1) determine the susceptibility of Anopheles sinensis to Korean isolates of Plasmodium vivax, (2) establish a method to collect large quantities of P. vivax sporozoites for use as antigen in seroepidemiological studies, and (3) investigate the characteristics of Korean isolates of P. vivax sporozoites. Females of Anopheles sinensis were collected at non-epidemic area, Seokwha-ri, Cheongwon-gun and Chungcheongbuk-do using tent-trap methods coupled with dry ice. The females were artificially infected with gametocytes of P. vivax using blood obtained from P. vivax malaria patients. Individual mosquitoes were infected using either a parafilm-covered glass feeding apparatus or were allowed to feed on naturally infected volunteers. Mosquitoes were sacrificed between 16 and 18 days post-feeding and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect sporozoites. Four (33.4%) of 12 mosquitoes, which were fed on naturally infected volunteers directly, were positive for sporozoites. In cases, the mosquitoes allowed to feed on whole blood which were extract from three different patients with heparin treated vacuutainers using a parafilm-covered glass apparatus. Two of 55 (3.6%) were positive which blood sample was maintained at room temperature for 8 hours, 1 of 68 (1.5%) was positive which blood was maintained at 4℃ for 24 hours and 1 of 47 (2.3%) was positive at 4℃ for 48 hours. The mean number of sporozoites was estimated about 818 (n=8; range of 648-1,056) based on optical density values of ELISA.

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