Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Hak-Sun Yu"

Brief Communication

Negligible Egg Positive Rate of Enterobius vermicularis and No Detection of Head Lice among Orphanage Children in Busan and Ulsan, Korea (2014): Dong-Hee Kim, Hyun-Mi Son, Sang Hwa Lee, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Sang Kyun Park, Jun-Ho Choi, Jung Ha Park, Hak-Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):497-499.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.497

Abstract
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To determine whether pinworm infections and head lice infestations spread among children in orphanages, 117 children from 4 orphanages in Busan-si and Ulsan-si, Korea, were examined for enterobiasis and head lice infestation between January and February 2014. The overall rate of Enterobius vermicularis egg positivity was 0.85%, whereas none of the children had head lice infestations. The rate of pinworm infection was much lower among the orphanage children compared to the rates observed in previous studies among kindergarten and primary school students. Moreover, the risk factors for enterobiasis were less frequent among these subjects than previously reported. The personal hygiene and health of the orphanage children were supervised by a regular, employed nurse through a health education program. In conclusion, pinworm infection was efficiently controlled among the children in orphanages, and this might be related to good personal hygiene practices in Korea.

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Enterobius vermicularis Infection among Preschool Children: A 12-Year (2008-2019) Survey in Large Cities and Provinces of the Republic of Korea
Hyejoo Shin, Bong-Kwang Jung, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Taehee Chang, Jiyeon Park, Keon Hoon Lee, Jeonggyu Lee, Jae Young Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Jae Hyun Cho, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 421. CrossRef
A systematic scoping review of hygiene behaviors and environmental health conditions in institutional care settings for orphaned and abandoned children
Michelle Moffa, Ryan Cronk, Donald Fejfar, Sarah Dancausse, Leslie Acosta Padilla, Jamie Bartram
Science of The Total Environment.2019; 658: 1161. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Prevalence ofEnterobius vermicularisamong preschool children in 2003 and 2013 in Xinxiang city, Henan province, Central China
Shuai Wang, Zhijun Yao, Yichen Hou, Dong Wang, Haizhu Zhang, Jingbo Ma, Luwen Zhang, Shiguo Liu
Parasite.2016; 23: 30. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Molecular and biochemical characterization of hemoglobinase, a cysteine proteinase, in Paragonimus westermani: Joon-Hyuck Choi, Jae-Hyuk Lee, Hak-Sun Yu, Hae-Jin Jeong, Jin Kim, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):187-196.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.187

Abstract
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The mammalian trematode Paragonimus westermani is a typical digenetic parasite, which can cause paragonimiasis in humans. Host tissues and blood cells are important sources of nutrients for development, growth and reproduction of P. westermani. In this study, a cDNA clone encoding a 47 kDa hemoglobinase of P. westermani was characterized by sequencing analysis, and its localization was investigated immunohistochemically. The phylogenetic tree prepared based on the hemoglobinase gene showed high homology with hemoglobinases of Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma spp. Moreover, recombinant P. westermani hemoglobinase degradaded human hemoglobin at acidic pH (from 3.0 to 5.5) and its activity was almost completely inhibited by E-64, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor. Immunohistochemical studies showed that P. westermani hemoglobinase was localized in the epithelium of the adult worm intestine implying that the protein has a specific function. These observations suggest that hemoglobinase may act as a digestive enzyme for acquisition of nutrients from host hemoglobin. Further investigations may provide insights into hemoglobin catabolism in P. westermani.

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Conor R. Caffrey, Louise Goupil, Karina M. Rebello, John P. Dalton, David Smith, Aaron R. Jex
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Wenlin Wang, David Blair, Tian Min, Fang Li, Dianhua Wang
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Thewarach Laha, Jittiyawadee Sripa, Banchob Sripa, Mark Pearson, Leon Tribolet, Sasithorn Kaewkes, Paiboon Sithithaworn, Paul J. Brindley, Alex Loukas
International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2008; 12(6): e49. CrossRef

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Evaluation of taxonomic validity of four species of Acanthamoeba: A. divionensis, A. paradivionensis, A. mauritaniensis, and A. rhysodes, inferred from molecular analyses: Hua Liu, Eun-Kyung Moon, Hak-Sun Yu, Hae-Jin Jeong, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(1):7-13.
Published online March 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.1.7

Abstract
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The taxonomy of Acanthamoeba spp., an amphizoic amoeba which causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and chronic amoebic keratitis, has been revised many times. The taxonomic validity of some species has yet to be assessed. In this paper, we analyzed the morphological characteristics, nuclear 18s rDNA and mitochondrial 16s rDNA sequences and the Mt DNA RFLP of the type strains of four Acanthamoeba species, which had been previously designated as A. divionensis, A. parasidionensis, A. mauritaniensis, and A. rhysodes. The four isolates revealed characteristic group II morphology. They exhibited 18S rDNA sequence differences of 0.2-1.1% with each other, but more than 2% difference from the other compared reference strains. Four isolates formed a different clade from that of A. castellanii Castellani and the other strains in morphological group II on the phylogenetic tree. In light of these results, A. paradivionensis, A. divionensis, and A. mauritaniensis should be regarded as synonyms for A. rhysodes.

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Md Moshiur Rahman, Kenji Yagita, Akira Kobayashi, Yosaburo Oikawa, Amjad I.A. Hussein, Takahiro Matsumura, Masaharu Tokoro
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Li-Li Chan, Joon-Wah Mak, Yoon-Tong Low, Thuan-Tzen Koh, Init Ithoi, Shar Mariam Mohamed
Acta Tropica.2011; 117(1): 23. CrossRef
Keratitis by Acanthamoeba triangularis: Report of Cases and Characterization of Isolates
Ying-Hua Xuan, Byung-Suk Chung, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong, Tae-Won Hahn, Dong-Il Chung
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(3): 157. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba keratitis due to Acanthamoeba genotype T4 in a non-contact-lens wearer in Turkey
Hatice Ertabaklar, Meral Türk, Volkan Dayanir, Sema Ertuğ, Julia Walochnik
Parasitology Research.2007; 100(2): 241. CrossRef

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Purification and characterization of a 33 kDa serine protease from Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2 isolated from a Korean keratitis patient: Hyo-Kyung Kim, Young-Ran Ha, Hak-Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):189-196.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.189

Abstract
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In order to evaluate the possible roles of secretory proteases in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, we purified and characterized a serine protease secreted by Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2, isolated from a Korean keratitis patient. The ammonium sulfate-precipitated culture supernatant of the isolate was purified by sequential chromatography on CM-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200, and mono Q-anion exchange column. The purified 33 kDa protease had a pH optimum of 8.5 and a temperature optimum of 55℃. Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl-fluoride, both serine protease specific inhibitors, inhibited almost completely the activity of the 33 kDa protease whereas other classes of inhibitors did not affect its activity. The 33 kDa enzyme degraded various extracellular matrix proteins and serum proteins. Our results strongly suggest that the 33 kDa serine protease secreted from this keratopathogenic Acanthamoeba play important roles in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, such as in corneal tissue invasion, immune evasion and nutrient uptake.

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Carolina Piña-Vázquez, Magda Reyes-López, Guillermo Ortíz-Estrada, Mireya de la Garza, Jesús Serrano-Luna
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Comparison of specific activity and cytopathic effects of purified 33 kDa serine proteinase from Acanthamoeba strains with different degree of virulence
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Intracellular Localization and Trafficking of Serine Proteinase AhSub and Cysteine Proteinase AhCP of Acanthamoeba healyi
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Cloning and characterization of Giardia intestinalis cyclophilin: Hak-Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):131-138.
Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.131

Abstract
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The cyclophilins (Cyps) are family members of proteins that exhibit peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase, EC 5.2.1.8) activity and bind the immunosuppressive agent cyclosprin A (CsA) in varying degrees. During the process of random sequencing of a cDNA library made from Giardia intestinalis WB strain, the cyclophilin gene (gicyp1) was isolated. An open reading frame of gicyp1 gene was 576 nucleotides, which corresponded to a translation product of 176 amino acids (Gicyp1). The identity with other Cyps was about 58-71%. The 13 residues that constituted the CsA binding site of human cyclophilin were also detected in the amino acid sequence of Gicyp1, including tryptophan residue essential for the drug binding. The single copy of the gicyp1 gene was detected in the G. intestinalis chromosome by southern hybridization analysis. Recombinant Gicyp1 protein clearly accelerated the rate of cis → trans isomerization of the peptide substrate and the catalysis was completely inhibited by the addition of 0.5 ?M CsA.

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Cyclophilins as key players in protozoan parasite infections
Reza Mansouri, Enrique Granado-Aparicio, Claudia Alcedo, Julio López-Abán, Reza Shafiei, Antonio Muro, Raúl Manzano-Román, Sajad Rashidi
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Insights into Peptidyl-Prolyl cis-trans Isomerases from Clinically Important Protozoans: From Structure to Potential Biotechnological Applications
Verónica Aranda-Chan, Rosa Elena Cárdenas-Guerra, Alejandro Otero-Pedraza, Esdras Enoc Pacindo-Cabrales, Claudia Ivonne Flores-Pucheta, Octavio Montes-Flores, Rossana Arroyo, Jaime Ortega-López
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Molecular aspects of cyclophilins mediating therapeutic actions of their ligands
Andrzej Galat, Jacqueline Bua
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.2010; 67(20): 3467. CrossRef
Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerases (immunophilins) and their roles in parasite biochemistry, host–parasite interaction and antiparasitic drug action
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International Journal for Parasitology.2006; 36(3): 261. CrossRef
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Eun Kyung Cho, Yoo Kyung Lee, Choo Bong Hong
Molecules and Cells.2005; 20(1): 142. CrossRef

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Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a mammalian cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase from Acanthamoeba healyi: Yeon-Chul Hong, Mi-Yul Hwang, Ho-Cheol Yun, Hak-Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Tai-Soon Yong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):17-24.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.17

Abstract
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We have cloned a cDNA encoding a cysteine proteinase of the Acanthamoeba healyi OC-3A strain isolated from the brain of a granulomatous amoebic encephalitis patient. A DNA probe for an A. healyi cDNA library screening was amplified by PCR using degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed on the basis of conserved amino acids franking the active sites of cysteine and asparagine residues that are conserved in the eukaryotic cysteine proteinases. Cysteine proteinase gene of A. healyi (AhCP1) was composed of 330 amino acids with signal sequence, a proposed pro-domain and a predicted active site made up of the catalytic residues, Cys²⁵, His¹⁵⁹, and Asn¹⁷⁵. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis indicates that AhCP1 belong to ERFNIN subfamily of C1 peptidases. By Northern blot analysis, no direct correlation was observed between AhCP1 mRNA expression and virulence of Acanthamoeba, but the gene was expressed at higher level in amoebae isolated from soil than amoeba from clinical samples. These findings raise the possibility that Ahcp1 protein may play a role in protein metabolism and digestion of phagocytosed bacteria or host tissue debris rather than in invasion of amoebae into host tissue.

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Abigail Betanzos, Cecilia Bañuelos, Esther Orozco
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Molecular and Biochemical Properties of a Cysteine Protease of Acanthamoeba castellanii
Yeonchul Hong, Jung-Mi Kang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Hương Giang Lê, Thị Lam Thái, Jinyoung Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
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Cysteine protease involving in autophagosomal degradation of mitochondria during encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Jenica L. Harrison, Gabriela A. Ferreira, Erinn S. Raborn, Audrey D. Lafrenaye, Francine Marciano-Cabral, Guy A. Cabral
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Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Differentially expressed genes of Acanthamoeba castellanii during encystation
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Naveed Ahmed Khan
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Intracellular Localization and Trafficking of Serine Proteinase AhSub and Cysteine Proteinase AhCP of Acanthamoeba healyi
E.-K. Moon, S.-T. Lee, D.-I. Chung, H.-H. Kong
Eukaryotic Cell.2006; 5(1): 125. CrossRef
Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea
Ho-Joon Shin, Kyung-il Im
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Genetic analyses of Acanthamoeba isolates from contact lens storage cases of students in Seoul, Korea: Hak-Sun Yu, Kyung-Hee Choi, Hyo-Kyung Kim, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):161-170.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.161

Abstract
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We conducted both the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA RFLP analyses for a genetic characterization of Acanthamoeba isolates from contact lens storage cases of students in Seoul, Korea. Twenty-three strains of Acanthamoeba from the American Type Culture Collection and twelve clinical isolates from Korean patients were used as reference strains. Thirty-nine isolates from contact lens storage cases were classified into seven types (KA/LS1, KA/LS2, KA/LS4, KA/LS5, KA/LS7, KA/LS18, KA/LS31). Four types (KA/LS1, KA/LS2, KA/LS5, KA/LS18) including 33 isolates were regarded as A. castellanii complex by riboprints. KA/LS1 type was the most predominant (51.3%) in the present survey area, followed by KA/LS2 (20.9%), and KA/LS5 (7.7%) types. Amoebae of KA/LS1 type had the same mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns as KA/E2 and KA/E12 strains, clinical isolates from Korean keratitis patients. Amoebae of KA/LS2 type had the identical mtDNA RFLP patterns with A. castellanii Ma strain, a corneal isolate from an American patient as amoebae of KA/LS5 type, with KA/E3 and KA/E8 strains from other Korean keratitis patients. Amoebae of KA/LS18 type had identical patterns with JAC/E1, an ocular isolate from a Japanese patient. Three types, which remain unidentified at species level, were not corresponded with any clinical isolate in their mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns. Out of 39 isolates analyzed in this study, mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns of 33 isolates (84.6%) were identical to already known clinical isolates, and therefore, they may be regarded as potentially keratopathogenic. These results suggest that contact lens wearers in Seoul should pay more attention to hygienic maintenance of contact lens storage cases for the prevention of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

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Phylogenetic relationships among Acanthamoeba spp. based on PCR-RFLP analyses of mitochondrial small subunit rRNA gene: Hak-Sun Yu, Mee-Yul Hwang, Tae-Ook Kim, Ho-Cheol Yun, Tae-Ho Kim, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(3):181-188.
Published online September 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.181

Abstract
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We investigated the value of mitochondrial small subunit rRNA gene (mt SSU rDNA) PCR-RFLP as a taxonomic tool for Acanthamoeba isolates with close interrelationships. Twenty-five isolates representing 20 species were included in the analysis. As in nuclear 18S rDNA analysis, two type strains (A. astronyxis and A. tubiashi) of morphological group 1 diverged earliest from the other strains, but the divergence between them was less than in 18S riboprinting. Acanthamoeba griffini of morphological group 2 branched between pathogenic (A. culbertsoni A-1 and A. healyi OC-3A) and nonpathogenic (A. palestinensis Reich, A. pustulosa GE-3a, A. royreba Oak Ridge, and A lenticulata PD2S) strains of morphological group 3. Among the remaining isolates of morphological group 2, the Chang strain had the identical mitochondrial riboprints as the type strain of A. hatchetti. AA2 and AA1, the type strains of A. divionensis and A. paradivionensis, respectively, had the identical riboprints as A. quina Vil3 and A. castellanii Ma. Although the branching orders of A. castellanii Neff, A. polyphaga P23, A. triangularis SH621, and A. lugdunensis L3a were different from those in 18S riboprinting analysis, the results obtained from this study generally coincided well with those from 18S riboprinting. Mitochondrial riboprinting may have an advantage over nuclear 18S rDNA riboprinting because the mt SSU rDNAs do not seem to have introns that are found in the 18S genes of Acanthamoeba and that distort phylogenetic analyses.

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