Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Hee-Il Lee"

Original Article

A novel kit for enrichment of fecal helminth eggs: Eunsol Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):323-329.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24021

Abstract
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We developed a new concentration kit, called the ParaEgg (PE), for easy detection trematode eggs from fecal samples in endemic areas of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in Korea. To create a standard of detection efficiency, 120 fecal samples were examined using the water–ether concentration method (WECM). The PE kit and Mini ParaSep (PS) kit were used to compare the detection sensitivity of 100 egg-positive and 20 egg-negative samples in WECM. Additionally, stool samples, which were intentionally spiked with 10, 20, and 30 Clonorchis sinensis eggs, were evaluated to assess the sensitivity in lowinfection cases. The PE and PS kits showed detection rates of 100% and 92%, respectively, from 100 egg-positive samples in WECM. Meanwhile, eggs were detected in 3 (PE) and 2 (PS) out of 20 egg-negative samples in WECM. The PE kit detected the highest number of eggs per gram of feces (727 on average), followed by the WECM (524) and PS kit (432). In fecal samples that were intentionally spiked with 10, 20, and 30 C. sinensis eggs, PE only detected eggs 2 out of 5 samples in 10 eggs spiked (40%), and the detection rates were 80% and 100%, respectively. The PE kit enabled a more accurate identification of trematode eggs because of the clearance of small fecal debris in the microscopic field. In conclusion, the PE kit is obviously helpful to detect and identify trematode eggs in stool examinations especially in endemic areas of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis.

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2024년 장내기생충 유행지역 감염 조사

Public Health Weekly Report.2025; 18(19): 707. CrossRef
Diagnostic performance evaluation of ParaEgg for identifying intestinal helminthiasis: A comparative study with conventional copromicroscopy
Tilak Chandra Nath, Heeil Lee, Md. Mahamudul Hasan, Tanmoy Roy Rudro, Dipta Das, Md. Taufiqur Rahman, Nandiny Saha Roy, Pritha Parial, Proloy Chakraborty Tusher, Tarek Siddiki
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 30: e00449. CrossRef
Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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Case Report

Imported human babesiosis in the Republic of Korea, 2019: two case reports: Hyun Jung Kim, Min Jae Kim, Hyun-Il Shin, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):72-77.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22168

Abstract
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Human babesiosis is a tick-borne disease induced by the genus Babesia and has been significantly reported in the Republic of Korea. This report shows the cases of 2 patients with human babesiosis who traveled to the USA in 2019. The 2 patients experienced fever and had travel histories to babesiosis-endemic regions. The diagnoses of both cases were verified by the identification of Babesia-infected red blood cells on blood smears. One patient was found to be infected with Babesia microti using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 18S rRNA, which discovered the phylogenetic link to the B. microti strain endemic in the USA. The 2 patients recovered from fever with subsequent hemoparasite clearance. Babesiosis could be diagnosed in anyone with histories of travel to babesiosis-endemic countries and tick bites. Furthermore, Babesia-specific PCR is required for determining geno-and phenotypic characteristics.

Citations

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Imported parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea: status and issues
Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2025; 68(1): 52. CrossRef
Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding
Singeun Oh, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Hyun Jung Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myung-hee Yi, Arwa Shatta, Bekbolsun Aknazarov, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Won Ju, Bekir Oguz
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0327953. CrossRef
Detection of US and Kobe‐type Babesia microti in ticks collected from small mammals of the Republic of Korea
Tae Yun Kim, Seong Yoon Kim, Jiye Seo, Hee IL Lee, Wook‐Gyo Lee, Hyunwoo Kim
Entomological Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Human Babesia odocoilei and Bartonella spp. co-infections in the Americas
Ricardo G. Maggi, Ana Cláudia Calchi, Charlotte O. Moore, Emily Kingston, Edward B. Breitschwerdt
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of Multiplex Assays for the Identification of Zoonotic Babesia Species
Ana Cláudia Calchi, Charlotte O. Moore, Lillianne Bartone, Emily Kingston, Marcos Rogério André, Edward B. Breitschwerdt, Ricardo G. Maggi
Pathogens.2024; 13(12): 1094. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Positive rates for Enterobius vermicularis eggs among preschool children in Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Korea (2017-2021): Myoung-Ro Lee, Hee-Eun Shin, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Chun Soon Park, Hee-Il Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):84-88.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22121

Abstract
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This study aimed to evaluate the positive rates for Enterobius vermicularis eggs among preschool children in Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, the Republic of Korea (Korea) over a period of 5 years (2017-2021). Perianal swab samples, obtained using cellotape, from 10,392 preschool children in 26 districts were examined microscopically for E. vermicularis eggs. The test results were notified through the local health center, and the families of children who tested positive were advised to provide them anthelmintics treatment. The annual positive rates were 5.0%, 5.2%, 4.4%, 2.2%, and 1.0% in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The overall positive rate was higher in boys than in girls (P< 0.05), and children aged 5-7 years were at a higher risk of being infected than those aged 0-4 years (P< 0.05). Although the rates of infection by E. vermicularis in the survey area, Yeosu-si, were still in the 1% range , the results of this study suggest that they can be significantly reduced through continuous intervention centered around the test–treatment strategy.

Citations

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Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis) Infestation: An Updated Review
Alexander K.C. Leung, Joseph M. Lam, Benjamin Barankin, Alex H.C. Wong, Kin F. Leong, Kam L. Hon
Current Pediatric Reviews.2025; 21(4): 333. CrossRef
2023년 국내 장내기생충 감염 조사
명노 이, 정원 주, 선옥 백, 영주 이, 은솔 이, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2024; 17(28): 1227. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Treatment with Extracellular Vesicles from Giardia lamblia Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice: Hyun Jung Kim, Young-Ju Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee-Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):309-315.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.309

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent illness of the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment of IBD traditionally involves the use of aminosalicylic acid and steroids, while these drugs has been associated with untoward effects and refractoriness. The absence of effective treatment regimen against IBD has led to the exploration of new targets. Parasites are promising as an alternative therapy for IBD. Recent studies have highlighted the use of parasite-derived substances, such as excretory secretory products, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and exosomes, for the treatment of IBD. In this report, we examined whether EVs secreted by Giardia lamblia could prevent colitis in a mouse model. G. lamblia EVs (GlEVs) were prepared from in vitro cultures of Giardia trophozoites. Clinical signs, microscopic colon tissue inflammation, and cytokine expression levels were detected to assess the effect of GlEV treatment on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental murine colitis. The administration of GlEVs prior to DSS challenge reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interferon gamma. Our results indicate that GlEV can exert preventive effects and possess therapeutic properties against DSS-induced colitis.

Citations

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Role of parasite extracellular vesicles/exosomes in the interaction between hosts and virus-infected flagellate protozoa: Progress and prospects
Lu Li, Xiaocen Wang, Jianhua Li, Xichen Zhang, Xin Li, Nan Zhang, Lili Cao, Pengtao Gong
Animals and Zoonoses.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Microscopic messengers: Extracellular vesicles shaping gastrointestinal health and disease
Zhantao Yu, Kevin A. Swift, Madeline A. Hedges, Arianne L. Theiss, Sarah F. Andres
Physiological Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases – from pathogenesis to future diagnostic tools
Saulo Almeida Menezes, Tiana Tasca
Microbes and Infection.2024; 26(4): 105310. CrossRef
An Improved Method to Enrich Large Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Giardia intestinalis through Differential Centrifugation
Abel Sana, Izadora Volpato Rossi, Bruna Sabatke, Letícia Bassani Bonato, Lia Carolina Soares Medeiros, Marcel Ivan Ramirez
Life.2023; 13(9): 1799. CrossRef
Lipidome of extracellular vesicles from Giardia lamblia
Clarissa Perez Faria, Barbara Ferreira, Ágata Lourenço, Inês Guerra, Tânia Melo, Pedro Domingues, Maria do Rosário Marques Domingues, Maria Teresa Cruz, Maria do Céu Sousa, Maria de Fátima Matos Almeida Henriques de Macedo
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(9): e0291292. CrossRef
Efficacy of extracellular vesicles as a cell-free therapy in colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies
Jun-Jie Hou, Wei-Wei Li, Xiao-Li Wang, A-Huo Ma, Yue-Hua Qin
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Protozoa-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Intercellular Communication with Special Emphasis on Giardia lamblia
Bárbara Ferreira, Ágata Lourenço, Maria do Céu Sousa
Microorganisms.2022; 10(12): 2422. CrossRef

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Status of Helminthic Infections in Residents around River Basins in the Republic of Korea for 10 Years (2011-2020): Myoung-Ro Lee, Hee-Eun Shin, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Hee-Il Lee, Jung-Won Ju; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(3):187-193.
Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.187

Abstract
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The positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis is the highest among intestinal parasites in the Republic of Korea (Korea). More than 1.2 million people were at risk of C. sinensis infection in Korea in 2012. An intensive control program is being implemented for residents of the 5 major river basins to reduce helminthic infections, including C. sinensis infection. This study evaluated the continuous intensive control program for parasitic diseases including clonorchiasis in areas near the 5 major river basins in Korea over the past 10 years (2011-2020). A total of 335,020 fecal samples (one sample per resident) prepared by the modified sedimentation technic were microscopically examined. Those who expelled helminth eggs were treated with anthelmintics through local health centers and re-examined 3 months later. The overall positive rate of helminths egg was 7.1%. The annual positive rates were dramatically decreased from 14.4% (2011) to 5.9% (2020). The egg positive rate was highest in C. sinensis (5.3%), followed by heterophyid flukes (1.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.2%). The prevalence of C. sinensis was significantly higher in males (7.6%) than in females (3.7%), and the highest in the 50–59 years (7.0%) age group. Our results are beneficial to establish prevention and control policies against helminthiases including clonorchiasis in endemic areas in this country.

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Clonorchis sinensis and Cholangiocarcinoma
Eun-Min Kim, Sung-Tae Hong
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiparasitism in Spain in a Korean Visiting Friends and Relatives: Case Report and Review of Imported Cases of Clonorchis sinensis in Europe
Paola Cociancic, Jacklyn Comas, J. Guillermo Esteban
Clinical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing trends in clonorchiasis incidence via prescription data analysis in South Korea
Taeksang Lee, Jun Hyun Lee, Hanna Jin, Yun Kyung Lee, Hyun Beom Song
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2023년 국내 장내기생충 감염 조사
명노 이, 정원 주, 선옥 백, 영주 이, 은솔 이, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2024; 17(28): 1227. CrossRef
Efficacy assessment of miltefosine and curcumin against Clonorchis sinensis infection
Soon-Ok Lee, Ki Back Chu, Keon-Woong Yoon, Gi-Deok Eom, Jie Mao, Hyeryon Lee, Joo Hwan No, Jin Ho Song, Sung-Jong Hong, Sung Soo Kim, Fu-Shi Quan, Audrey Odom John
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A novel kit for enrichment of fecal helminth eggs
Eunsol Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 323. CrossRef
Age, period, and cohort effects of Clonorchis sinensis infection prevalence in the Republic of Korea: Insights and projections
Sung-mok Jung, Heewon Kang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sejin Ju, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee, Jong-hun Kim, Sung Hye Kim, Ran Wang
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(10): e0012574. CrossRef
Risk factors for Clonorchis sinensis infections and control measures reinforced with focused interviews
Soon-Ok Lee, Fuhong Dai, Eun Joo Park, Yun Pyo Hong, Fu-Shi Quan, Jin-Ho Song, Sung-Jong Hong
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2022년 유행지역 주민의 장내기생충 감염 조사
명노 이, 정원 주, 선옥 백, 영주 이, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(32): 1131. CrossRef
2022년 국내 자연산 민물고기 간흡충 감염도 조사
명노 이, 정원 주, 선옥 백, 영주 이, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(43): 1455. CrossRef
Relationship between Clonorchis sinensis Infection and Cholangiocarcinoma in Korea
Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Yeong Hoon Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(4): 261. CrossRef

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Monitoring Insecticide Resistance and Target Site Mutations of L1014 Kdr And G119 Ace Alleles in Five Mosquito Populations in Korea: Seo Hye Park, Hojong Jun, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Sung-Lim Yu, Sung Keun Lee, Jung-Mi Kang, Hyunwoo Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):543-550.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.543

Mosquitoes are globally distributed and important vectors for the transmission of many human diseases. Mosquito control is a difficult task and the cost of preventing mosquito-borne diseases is much lower than that for curing the associated diseases. Thus, chemical control remains the most effective tool for mosquito. Due to the long-term intensive use of insecticides to control mosquito vectors, resistance to most chemical insecticides has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between insecticide resistance and target site mutation of L1014 kdr and G119 ace alleles in 5 species/species group of mosquitoes (Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles spp., Culex pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) obtained from 6 collection sites. For Anopheles spp., the proportion of mosquitoes with mutated alleles in L1014 was 88.4%, homozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 46.7%, and heterozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 41.8%. For the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus species, homozygous resistant genotypes were found in 25.9% and 9.8%, respectively. However, target site mutation of L1014 in the Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus species was not observed. Anopheles spp., Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were resistant to deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos, whereas Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus were clearly susceptible. We also found a correlation between the resistance phenotype and the presence of the L1014 kdr and G119 ace mutations only in the Anopheles spp. population. In this study, we suggest that insecticide resistance poses a growing threat and resistance management must be integrated into all mosquito control programs.

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Do Eun Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A Klein, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim, Alec Gerry
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Insecticide resistance mutations of Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea
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Nikhil Bharadwaj, Rohit Sharma, Muthukumaravel Subramanian, Gnanasekar Ragini, Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan, Manju Rahi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(5): 1854. CrossRef
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Fatma Bursalı
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Inference of selection pressures that drive insecticide resistance in Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes in Korea
Do Eun Lee, Jeewoo Shin, Young Ho Kim, Kwang Shik Choi, Hyeyeong Choe, Kwang Pum Lee, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2023; 194: 105520. CrossRef
CDC Bottle Bioassays for Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes koreicus Collected on US Army Garrisons, Republic of Korea
Craig A. Stoops, Myong Sun Kim, Sanjeev Mahabir, Sung Tae Chong, Stephanie S. Cinkovich, Jennifer B. Carder
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Seasonal Prevalence of Mosquitoes, Including Vectors of Brugian Filariasis, in Southern Islands of the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee-Il Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Jong-Soo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):59-64.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.59

Abstract
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A survey of mosquitoes, including the vector status of Brugia malayi filariasis and their relative larval density, was conducted from 2002 to 2005 at several southern remote islands of Jeollanam-do (province), Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeju-do, Korea, where filariasis was previously endemic. Overall, a total of 9 species belonging to 7 genera were collected. Ochlerotatus togoi (formerly known as Aedes togoi), Anopheles (Hyrcanus) group, and Culex pipiens were the predominant species captured at all areas. Oc. togoi larvae were most frequently collected at salinity levels <0.5% during June and July, with densities decreasing sharply during the rainy season in August. The most likely explanation for the eradication of filariasis in these areas is suggested to be an aggressive treatment program executed during the 1970s and the 1990s. However, high prevalence of the vector mosquitoes may constitute a potential risk for reemerging of brugian filariasis in these areas.

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A mark-release-recapture experiment with Anopheles sinensis in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hyeong-Woo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Hee-Il Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Chong-Han Kim, Jong-Taek Kim, Jong-Soo Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Gi-Gon Jung, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):139-148.
Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.139

Abstract
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In order to study the range of flight and feeding activity of Anopheles sinensis, the dispersal experiment was conducted in Paju city, located in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, during the period of 7th to 28th September 1998. Unfed females An. sinensis were collected in cowshed and released after being marked with fluorescent dye at 23:00 hours on the same day. Released female mosquitoes were recaptured everyday during 21 days using light traps, which were set at 10 sites in the cowsheds located 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 km north-northwest and north-northeast and at 3 sites located 1, 6 and 9 km toward south-west from the release point. In addition, to study the longest flight distance in one night, we set the light traps at 16 and 20 km toward north-northeast from the release site. All the collected mosquitoes were placed on filter papers and observed on UV transilluminator after treatment with one drop of 100% ethanol. Out of 12,773 females of An. sinensis released, 194 marked females mosquitoes were recaptured, giving 1.52% recapture rate. Of 194, 72 mosquitoes (37.1%) were recaptured in light traps from three places set at 1 km from the release point, 57 mosquitoes (29.4%) from two places at 1-3 km, 41 mosquitoes (21.1%) from three places at 3-6 km, 20 mosquitoes (10.3%) from three places at 6-9 km, and 4 mosquitoes (2.1%) from two places at 9-12 km. Since 170 female mosquitoes (87.6%) out of 194 marked mosquitoes were captured within 6 km from the release point, this flight radius represents the main activity area. An. sinensis was found to be able to fly at least 12 km during one night.

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Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2023; 194: 105520. CrossRef
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Late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea: Douglas A. Burkett, Won-Ja Lee, Kwan-Woo Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Robert A. Wirtz, Hae-Wol Cho, David M. Claborn, Russel E. Coleman, Wan Y Kim, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):45-54.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.45

Abstract
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Field trials evaluating selected commercially available mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, and/or octenol were conducted from 18-27 September 2000 in a malarious area near Paekyeon-ri (Tongil-Chon ) and Camp Greaves in Paju County, Kyonggi Province, Republic of Korea. The host-seeking activity for common mosquito species, including the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human and propane lantern-baited Shannon trap during hours when temperatures exceeded 15℃. The total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the test was compared using a block design. Significant differences were observed for the total number of mosquitoes collected, such that, the Mosquito MagnetTM with octenol > Shannon trap > ABC light trap with light and dry ice > Miniature Black Light trap (manufactured by John W. Hock) ≥ New Jersey Trap > ABC light trap with light only. Significant differences in numbers collected among traps were noted for several species including: Aedes vexans (Meigen), Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu, An. sinensis Weidemann, An. sineroides Yamada, An. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki, Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett L., Cx. orientalis Edwards and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Host-seeking activity for most common species showed a similar bimodal pattern. Results from these field trap evaluations can significantly enhance current vector and disease surveillance efforts especially for the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus.

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Michael J. Turell, Christopher N. Mores, David J. Dohm, Won-Ja Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein
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Laboratory Transmission of Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile, and Getah Viruses by Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected near Camp Greaves, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2003
Michael J. Turell, Christopher N. Mores, David J. Dohm, Won-Ja Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein
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Malaria transmission potential by Anopheles sinensis in the Republic of Korea: Hee-IL Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Won-Ja Lee, Yoon-Young Kim, Kyung-Ro Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):185-192.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.185

Abstract
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To evaluate the factors that determine the transmission level of vivax malaria using vectorial capacity, entomological surveys were conducted from June to August, 2000. From 6 nights of human-bait collection in Paju, the human biting rate (ma) was counted as 87.5 bites/man/night. The parity of Anopheles sinensis from human baiting collections fluctuated from 41% to 71% (average 48.8%) of which the rate gradually increased as time passed on: 35.2% in Jun.; 55.0% in July; 66.2% in Aug. From this proportion of parous, we could estimate the probability of daily survival rate of An. sinensis to be 0.79 assumed with 3 days gonotrophic cycle and the expectancy of infective life through 11 days could be defined as 0.073. Blood meal analysis was performed using ELISA to determine the blood meal source. Only 0.8% of blood meals were from human hosts. We could conclude that An. sinensis is highly zoophilic (cow 61.8%). Malaria is highly unstable (stability index < 0.5) in this area. From these data, vectorial capacity (VC) was determined to be 0.081. In spite of a high human biting rate (ma), malaria transmission potential is very low due to a low human blood index. Therefore, we could conclude that malaria transmission by An. sinensis is resulted by high population density, not by high transmission potential. For this reason, we need more effort to decrease vector population and vector-human contact to eradicate malaria in Korea.

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