Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"IL-1"

Original Articles

IL-12 and IL-23 Production in Toxoplasma gondii- or LPS Treated Jurkat T Cells via PI3K and MAPK Signaling Pathways: Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Byung-Hun Kang, Jae-Su Kim, Jae-Hyung Lee, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):613-622.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.613

Abstract
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IL-12 and IL-23 are closely related in structure, and have been shown to play crucial roles in regulation of immune responses. However, little is known about the regulation of these cytokines in T cells. Here, we investigated the roles of PI3K and MAPK pathways in IL-12 and IL-23 production in human Jurkat T cells in response to Toxoplasma gondii and LPS. IL-12 and IL-23 production was significantly increased in T cells after stimulation with T. gondii or LPS. T. gondii and LPS increased the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2 in T cells from 10 min post-stimulation, and peaked at 30-60 min. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway reduced IL-12 and IL-23 production in T. gondii-infected cells, but increased in LPS-stimulated cells. IL-12 and IL-23 production was significantly reduced by ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK inhibitors in T. gondii- and LPS-stimulated cells, but not in cells treated with a JNK1/2 inhibitor. Collectively, IL-12 and IL-23 production was positively regulated by PI3K and JNK1/2 in T. gondii-infected Jurkat cells, but negatively regulated in LPS-stimulated cells. And ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK positively regulated IL-12 and IL-23 production in Jurkat T cells. These data indicate that T. gondii and LPS induced IL-12 and IL-23 production in Jurkat T cells through the regulation of the PI3K and MAPK pathways; however, the mechanism underlying the stimulation of IL-12 and IL-23 production by T. gondii in Jurkat T cells is different from that of LPS.

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Protective Effect of Low 2-O, 3-O Desulfated Heparin (ODSH) Against LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice
Joyce Gonzales, Rahul S. Patil, Thomas P. Kennedy, Nagavedi S. Umapathy, Rudolf Lucas, Alexander D. Verin
Biomolecules.2025; 15(9): 1232. CrossRef
BC and 1,4NQ-BC up-regulate the cytokines and enhance IL-33 expression in LPS pretreatment of human bronchial epithelial cells☆
Jianhong Ge, Hongqian Chu, Qianqian Xiao, Weidong Hao, Jing Shang, Tong Zhu, Zhaogang Sun, Xuetao Wei
Environmental Pollution.2021; 273: 116452. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondiiModulates the Host Cell Responses: An Overview of Apoptosis Pathways
Nour Mammari, Mohamad Adnan Halabi, Souha Yaacoub, Hilda Chlala, Marie-Laure Dardé, Bertrand Courtioux
BioMed Research International.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef

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Trichomonas vaginalis α-Actinin 2 Modulates Host Immune Responses by Inducing Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells via IL-10 Production from Regulatory T Cells: Hye-Yeon Lee, Juri Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):375-384.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.375

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogen that triggers severe immune responses in hosts. T. vaginalis α-actinin 2, Tvα-actinin 2, has been used to diagnose trichomoniasis. This study was undertaken to examine the role of Tvα-actinin 2 as an antigenic molecule to induce immune responses from humans. Western blot analysis using anti-Tvα-actinin 2 antibodies indicated its presence in the secreted proteins of T. vaginalis. ELISA was employed to measure cytokine production by vaginal epithelial cells, prostate cells, mouse dendritic cells (DCs), or T cells stimulated with T. vaginalis or Tvα-actinin 2 protein. Both T. vaginalis and rTvα-actinin 2 induced cytokine production from epithelial cell lines, including IL-10. Moreover, CD4⁺CD25^- regulatory T cells (Treg cells) incubated with rTvα-actinin 2-treated DCs produced high levels of IL-10. These data indicate that Tvα-actinin 2 modulates immune responses via IL-10 production by Treg cells.

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Identification and Characterization of α-Actinin 1 of Histomonas meleagridis and Its Potential Vaccine Candidates against Histomonosis
Dandan Liu, Chen Chen, Qiaoguang Chen, Shuang Wang, Zaifan Li, Jie Rong, Yuming Zhang, Zhaofeng Hou, Jianping Tao, Jinjun Xu
Animals.2023; 13(14): 2330. CrossRef
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of secretory proteins for the cytotoxicity analysis of low‐dose doxorubicin
Mengmeng Zheng, Siqi Gao, Yamin Lin, Yating Lin, Zufang Huang, Shusen Xie, Yun Yu, Juqiang Lin
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy.2020; 51(11): 2217. CrossRef
Vasoactive intestinal peptide is required in the maintenance of immune regulatory competency of immune regulatory monocytes
L Guan, D Yu, G-H Wu, H-J Ning, S-D He, S-S Li, T-Y Hu, G Yang, Z-Q Liu, H-Q Yu, X-Z Sun, Z-G Liu, P-C Yang
Clinical and Experimental Immunology.2019; 196(2): 276. CrossRef

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Low Fetal Weight is Directly Caused by Sequestration of Parasites and Indirectly by IL-17 and IL-10 Imbalance in the Placenta of Pregnant Mice with Malaria: Loeki Enggar Fitri, Teguh Wahju Sardjono, Zainabur Rahmah, Budi Siswanto, Kusworini Handono, Yoes Prijatna Dachlan; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):189-196.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.189

Abstract
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The sequestration of infected erythrocytes in the placenta can activate the syncytiotrophoblast to release cytokines that affect the micro-environment and influence the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to fetus. The high level of IL-10 has been reported in the intervillous space and could prevent the pathological effects. There is still no data of Th17 involvement in the pathogenesis of placental malaria. This study was conducted to reveal the influence of placental IL-17 and IL-10 levels on fetal weights in malaria placenta. Seventeen pregnant BALB/C mice were divided into control (8 pregnant mice) and treatment group (9 pregnant mice infected by Plasmodium berghei). Placental specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin were examined to determine the level of cytoadherence by counting the infected erythrocytes in the intervillous space of placenta. Levels of IL-17 and IL-10 in the placenta were measured using ELISA. All fetuses were weighed by analytical balance. Statistical analysis using Structural Equation Modeling showed that cytoadherence caused an increased level of placental IL-17 and a decreased level of placental IL-10. Cytoadherence also caused low fetal weight. The increased level of placental IL-17 caused low fetal weight, and interestingly low fetal weight was caused by a decrease of placental IL-10. It can be concluded that low fetal weight in placental malaria is directly caused by sequestration of the parasites and indirectly by the local imbalance of IL-17 and IL-10 levels.

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Graziella Rubino, Efdal Yörük
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Is TNF alpha a mediator in the co-existence of malaria and type 2 diabetes in a malaria endemic population?
Subulade A. Ademola, Oluwayemi J. Bamikole, Olukemi K. Amodu
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Interleukin-17 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblasts via regulating PPAR-γ/RXR-α/Wnt signaling
Zhuo Zhang, Yuhua Yang, Xiaomei Lv, Hongyuan Liu
Bioengineered.2022; 13(1): 1224. CrossRef
Pregnancy-associated malaria: Effects of cytokine and chemokine expression
Karen E. Sánchez, Lilian M. Spencer
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.2022; 47: 102282. CrossRef
Malaria and pregnancy: a Venezuelan approach. Review article
Daniel Ernesto Carvallo Ruiz, Elizabeth Natalia Martínez-Núñez, José Manuel Martín-Castelli, Samantha Margaret Arrizabalo-Seir, Aixa Guadalupe Medina-Gamboa, José Núñez-Troconis
Obstetrics & Gynecology International Journal.2022; 13(5): 311. CrossRef
Impact of placental malaria on maternal, placental and fetal cord responses and its role in pregnancy outcomes in women from Blue Nile State, Sudan
Samia Omer, Clara Franco-Jarava, Ali Noureldien, Mona Omer, Mutasim Abdelrahim, Israel Molina, Ishag Adam
Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Establishing a conceptual framework of the impact of placental malaria on infant neurodevelopment
Harriet L.S. Lawford, Anne CC Lee, Sailesh Kumar, Helen G. Liley, Samudragupta Bora
International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2019; 84: 54. CrossRef
IL-10 producing B cells rescue mouse fetuses from inflammation-driven fetal death and are able to modulate T cell immune responses
Mandy Busse, Kim-Norina Jutta Campe, Desiree Nowak, Anne Schumacher, Susanne Plenagl, Stefanie Langwisch, Gisa Tiegs, Annegret Reinhold, Ana Claudia Zenclussen
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis exosome‐like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite‐infected mice
L. M. Olmos‐Ortiz, M. A. Barajas‐Mendiola, M. Barrios‐Rodiles, L. E. Castellano, S. Arias‐Negrete, E. E. Avila, P. Cuéllar‐Mata
Parasite Immunology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Malaria in pregnancy: the relevance of animal models for vaccine development
Justin Doritchamou, Andrew Teo, Michal Fried, Patrick E Duffy
Lab Animal.2017; 46(10): 388. CrossRef

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Prominent IL-12 Production and Tumor Reduction in Athymic Nude Mice after Toxoplasma gondii Lysate Antigen Treatment: Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Chun-Feng Xin, You-Won Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):605-612.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.605

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a Th1 cellular immunity. Our previous study showed that T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) treatment in S180 tumor-bearing mice resulted in tumor reduction by suppressing CD31 expression, a marker of angiogenesis. In the present study, to investigate tumor suppressive effect of TLA under the absence of T lymphocytes, athymic nude mice were compared with euthymic mice in the anti-tumorigenic effect triggered by TLA in CT26 tumors. According to the results, intratumorally injected TLA reduced tumor growth and TIMP-1 level, a metastatic marker, in both euthymic and athymic mice. TLA treatment led to a sharp increase in IL-12 expression in serum cytokine profiling of athymic mice, and increased MyD88 signals in macrophages derived from the bone marrow, implying the activation of innate immunity. The selective induction of IL-12 by TLA treatment had an anti-tumorigenic effect.

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An Overview of the Dichotomous Role of Microbiota in Cancer Progression and Management
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Current Cancer Drug Targets.2025; 25(1): 38. CrossRef
Bug as a drug: Unveiling anti-cancer properties of Toxoplasma gondii and its therapeutic prospects in cancer immunotherapy
Yie Wei Chua, Sek Chuen Chow
Acta Tropica.2025; 267: 107684. CrossRef
From pathogen to cure: exploring the antitumor potential of Toxoplasma gondii
Parisa Alipanahi, Arezou Khosrojerdi, Abdol Satar Pagheh, Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi, Ehsan Ahmadpour
Infectious Agents and Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Maha M. Eissa, Marwa H. El-Faham, Nahla El Skhawy
Infectious Agents and Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of Antitumor Effects of Toxoplasma gondii Different Antigens on Ehrlich Solid Carcinoma in Mice
Salwa S. Younis, Basma M. Elmansory, Hend A. Elrefaey, Nahla A. Nasef, Sara H. Elakshar, Radwa A. Awad, Ghada A. Gamea
Parasite Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A novel enemy of cancer: recent investigations into protozoan anti-tumor properties
Zhi Zheng, Xiao Lu, Dong Zhou, Xu-feng Deng, Quan-xing Liu, Xiao-bing Liu, Jiao Zhang, Yan-qi Li, Hong Zheng, Ji-gang Dai
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Yujun Xie, Jinyan Wang, Yafei Wang, Yalin Wen, Yanping Pu, Benfan Wang
Cell Communication and Signaling.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Maha M. Eissa, Ahmed Ebada Salem, Nahla El Skhawy
European Journal of Medical Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Lai-Xi Zhao, Qiong Sun, Chong Wang, Jia-Jia Liu, Xiao-Rong Yan, Meng-Ci Shao, Li Yu, Wen-Hua Xu, Rui Xu
International Journal of Nanomedicine.2024; Volume 19: 12421. CrossRef
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Víctor Alberto Maravelez Acosta, Maria de Lourdes Caballero Garcia, Genaro Patiño López, María del Pilar Crisóstomo Vázquez, Luz Ofelia Franco Sandoval, Leticia Eligio García
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Jiating Chen, Wenzhong Liao, HongJuan Peng
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Neospora caninum inhibits tumor development by activating the immune response and destroying tumor cells in a B16F10 melanoma model
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Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploiting the Macrophage Production of IL-12 in Improvement of Vaccine Development against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum Infections
Ragab M. Fereig, Mosaab A. Omar, Abdullah F. Alsayeqh
Vaccines.2022; 10(12): 2082. CrossRef
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Seung-Hwan Seo, Sang-Gyun Kim, Ji-Hun Shin, Do-Won Ham, Eun-Hee Shin
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(18): 6642. CrossRef
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Sang‐Gyun Kim, Seung‐Hwan Seo, Ji‐Hun Shin, Jung‐Pyo Yang, Sang Hyung Lee, Eun‐Hee Shin
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2019; 23(5): 3234. CrossRef
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Young Sang Hwang, Ji-Hun Shin, Jung-Pyo Yang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang Hyung Lee, Eun-Hee Shin
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Journal of Immunology Research.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
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Vanessa Estato, Joice Stipursky, Fabiana Gomes, Tally C. Mergener, Edwards Frazão-Teixeira, Silvana Allodi, Eduardo Tibiriçá, Helene S. Barbosa, Daniel Adesse
The American Journal of Pathology.2018; 188(11): 2674. CrossRef
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ERIC FAURE
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Brief Communication

STAT6 Expression and IL-13 Production in Association with Goblet Cell Hyperplasia and Worm Expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi from C57BL/6 Mice: Jin-Joo Lee, Donghee Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Min-Ki Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):589-594.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.589

Abstract
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In intestinal helminth infections, Th2 immune respones are generally associated with mucin secretion for worm expulsion from the host intestine. In particular, IL-4 and IL-13 are the important cytokines related with intestinal mucus production via STAT6 signalling in nematode infections. However, this perspective has never been studied in Gymnophalloides seoi infection. The present study aimed to observe the STAT6 signalling and cytokine responses in C57BL/6 mice, a mouse strain resistant to infection with this trematode. The results showed that worm expulsion occurred actively during days 1-2 post-infection (PI), when goblet cells began to proliferate in the small intestine. The STAT6 gene expression in the mouse spleen became remarkable from day 2 PI. Moreover, G. seoi infection induced a significant increase of IL-13 from day 4 PI in the spleen of infected mice. Our results suggested that goblet cell hyperplasia and worm expulsion in G. seoi-infected mice should be induced by STAT6 signalling, in which IL-13 may be involved as a dominant triggering cytokine.

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Immune Regulation of Goblet Cell and Mucus Functions in Health and Disease
Jenny K. Gustafsson, Gunnar C. Hansson
Annual Review of Immunology .2025; 43(1): 169. CrossRef
The Interplay between Nutrition, Innate Immunity, and the Commensal Microbiota in Adaptive Intestinal Morphogenesis
Franziska Bayer, Olga Dremova, My Phung Khuu, Könül Mammadova, Giulia Pontarollo, Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi, Natalia Soshnikova, Helen Louise May-Simera, Kristina Endres, Christoph Reinhardt
Nutrients.2021; 13(7): 2198. CrossRef
Role of Goblet Cells in Intestinal Barrier and Mucosal Immunity
Songwei Yang, Min Yu
Journal of Inflammation Research.2021; Volume 14: 3171. CrossRef
The relationship between intestinal goblet cells and the immune response
Mingming Zhang, Chenchen Wu
Bioscience Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Developmental expression of STATs, nuclear factor-κB and inflammatory genes in the jejunum of piglets during weaning
Hongbo Yi, Denghu Jiang, Lin Zhang, Haitao Xiong, Feifei Han, Yizhen Wang
International Immunopharmacology.2016; 36: 199. CrossRef
Increased Intestinal Epithelial Cell Turnover and Intestinal Motility in Gymnophalloides seoi-Infected C57BL/6 Mice
Sang Hyub Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jae-Hwan Park, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(3): 273. CrossRef

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Original Article

Kinetics of IL-23 and IL-12 Secretion in Response to Toxoplasma gondii Antigens from THP-1 Monocytic Cells: Juan-Hua Quan, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, In-Wook Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):85-92.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.85

Abstract
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IL-23 and IL-12 are structurally similar and critical for the generation of efficient cellular immune responses. Toxoplasma gondii induces a strong cell-mediated immune response. However, little is known about IL-23 secretion profiles in T. gondii-infected immune cells in connection with IL-12. We compared the patterns of IL-23 and IL-12 production by THP-1 human monocytic cells in response to stimulation with live or heat-killed T. gondii tachyzoites, or with equivalent quantities of either T. gondii excretory/secretory proteins (ESP) or soluble tachyzoite antigen (STAg). IL-23 and IL-12 were significantly increased from 6 hr after stimulation with T. gondii antigens, and their secretions were increased with parasite dose-dependent manner. IL-23 concentrations were significantly higher than those of IL-12 at the same multiplicity of infection. IL-23 secretion induced by live parasites was significantly higher than that by heat-killed parasites, ESP, or STAg, whereas IL-12 secretion by live parasite was similar to those of ESP or STAg. However, the lowest levels of both cytokines were at stimulation with heat-killed parasites. These data indicate that IL-23 secretion patterns by stimulation with various kinds of T. gondii antigens at THP-1 monocytic cells are similar to those of IL-12, even though the levels of IL-23 induction were significantly higher than those of IL-12. The detailed kinetics induced by each T. gondii antigen were different from each other.

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Differential detection of chicken heterodimeric cytokines, interleukin 12 and 23 using their subunit-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies
Youngsub Lee, Woo H. Kim, Hyoyoun Nam, Hyun S. Lillehoj
Poultry Science.2024; 103(8): 103872. CrossRef
T. gondii excretory proteins promote the osteogenic differentiation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells via the BMP/Smad signaling pathway
Mingzhu Deng, Feifei Gao, Tianfeng Liu, Weiqiang Zhan, Juanhua Quan, Ziquan Zhao, Xuyang Wu, Zhuolan Zhong, Hong Zheng, Jiaqi Chu
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
IL-12 and IL-23 Production in Toxoplasma gondii- or LPS Treated Jurkat T Cells via PI3K and MAPK Signaling Pathways
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Byung-Hun Kang, Jae-Su Kim, Jae-Hyung Lee, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(6): 613. CrossRef
Cytokine response of human THP-1 macrophages to Trichomonas tenax
Emily J. Govro, Melissa K. Stuart
Experimental Parasitology.2016; 169: 77. CrossRef
Far beyond Phagocytosis: Phagocyte-Derived Extracellular Traps Act Efficiently against Protozoan ParasitesIn VitroandIn Vivo
Liliana M. R. Silva, Tamara Muñoz-Caro, Rafael A. Burgos, Maria A. Hidalgo, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla
Mediators of Inflammation.2016; 2016: 1. CrossRef
Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae induces NADPH oxidase-dependent monocyte extracellular trap formation and upregulates IL-12 and TNF-α, IL-6 and CCL2 gene transcription
D. Pérez, M.C. Muñoz, J.M. Molina, T. Muñoz-Caro, L.M.R. Silva, A. Taubert, C. Hermosilla, A. Ruiz
Veterinary Parasitology.2016; 227: 143. CrossRef
Secretion of Rhoptry and Dense Granule Effector Proteins by Nonreplicating Toxoplasma gondii Uracil Auxotrophs Controls the Development of Antitumor Immunity
Barbara A. Fox, Kiah L. Sanders, Leah M. Rommereim, Rebekah B. Guevara, David J. Bzik, Imtiaz A Khan
PLOS Genetics.2016; 12(7): e1006189. CrossRef
Levels of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta After Immunization of Mice With Toxoplasma gondii prepared Excretory/Secretory Proteins
Seyed Hossein Abdollahi, Fateme Ayoobi, Hossein Khorramdelazad, Behzad Nasiri Ahmadabadi, Mohammadtaghi Rezayati, Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi, Mohammad Zare-Bidaki
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Intracellular Networks of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK Pathways for Regulating Toxoplasma gondii-Induced IL-23 and IL-12 Production in Human THP-1 Cells
Juan-Hua Quan, Jia-Qi Chu, Jaeyul Kwon, In-Wook Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Jae-Min Yuk, Eun-Kyeong Jo, Young-Ha Lee, Salvatore V Pizzo
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(11): e0141550. CrossRef
Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites induce monocyte extracellular trap formation
Tamara Muñoz-Caro, Liliana M. R. Silva, Christin Ritter, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(11): 4189. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Increased Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Levels in Serum of Dogs Experimentally Infected with Rangelia vitalii: Francine C. Paim, Aleksandro S. Da Silva, Carlos Breno V. Paim, Raqueli T. Fran?a, M?rcio M. Costa, Marta M. M. F. Duarte, Manuela B. Sangoi, Rafael N. Moresco, Silvia G. Monteiro, Sonia Terezinha A. Lopes; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):133-137.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.133

Abstract
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This study aimed to measure the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and nitrite/nitrate (NO_x) in serum of dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalii. Twelve female mongrel dogs were divided into 2 groups; group A (uninfected controls) composed by healthy dogs (n=5) and group B consisting of dogs inoculated with R. vitalii (n=7). Animals were monitored by blood smear examinations, which showed intraerythrocytic forms of the parasite on day 5 post-infection (PI). Blood samples were collected through the jugular vein on days 0, 10, and 20 PI to determine the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and NO_x. Cytokines were assessed by ELISA quantitative sandwich technique, and NO_x was measured by the modified Griess method. Cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6) were increased (P<0.01) in serum of infected animals. Serum levels of NO_x were also increased on days 10 PI (P<0.01) and 20 PI (P<0.05) in infected animals. Therefore, the infection with R. vitalii causes an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide content. These alterations may be associated with host immune protection against the parasite.

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Amelia Goddard, Andrew L. Leisewitz, Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen, Annemarie T. Kristensen, Johan P. Schoeman, Michelle L. Baker
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Original Article

Parasitic Helminth Cystatin Inhibits DSS-Induced Intestinal Inflammation Via IL-10⁺F4/80⁺ Macrophage Recruitment: Sung Won Jang, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Soon Cheol Ahn, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):245-254.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.245

Abstract
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Many immune down-regulatory molecules have been isolated from parasites, including cystatin (cystain protease inhibitor). In a previous study, we isolated and characterized Type I cystatin (CsStefin-1) of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. To investigate whether the CsStefin-1 might be a new host immune modulator, we induced intestinal inflammation in mice by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and treated them with recombinant CsStefin-1 (rCsStefin-1). The disease activity index (DAI) increased in DSS only-treated mice. In contrast, the DAI value was significantly reduced in rCsStefin-1-treated mice than DSS only-treated mice. In addition, the colon length of DSS only-treated mice was shorter than that of rCsStefin-1 treated mice. The secretion levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were significantly increased by DSS treatment, but the level of TNF-α in MLNs was significantly decreased by rCsStefin-1 treatment. IL-10 production in both spleen and MLNs was significantly increased, and IL-10⁺F4/80⁺ macrophage cells were significantly increased in the spleen and MLNs of rCsStefin-1 treated mice after DSS treatment. In conclusion, rCsStefin-1 could reduce the intestinal inflammation occurring after DSS treatment, these effects might be related with recruitment of IL-10 secreting macrophages.

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Brief Communication

Expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in Splenic Dendritic Cells and Their Serum Levels in Mouse Sparganosis: Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):191-194.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.191

Abstract
PDF

Sparganosis is a tissue invading helminthiasis infecting intermediate hosts, including humans. Strong immune responses are expected to occur in early phases of infection. Thus, we investigated cytokine expressions in splenic dendritic cells and in sera after experimental infection of mice. In splenic dendritic cells, TNF-α and IL-1β expression peaked at week 1 and week 3 post-infection (PI), respectively, and also early phase (week 2 PI) depressed cytokine expression was noticed. Serum IL-1β concentration increased significantly at week 2 PI and peaked at week 6 PI, and that of TNF-α peaked at week 6 PI. These results showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, are chronologically regulated in mouse sparganosis.

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Original Article

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Cytokine Genes are Associated with Fibrosis of the Intrahepatic Bile Duct Wall in Human Clonorchiasis: Byung-Suk Chung, Jeong-Keun Lee, Min-Ho Choi, Myoung Hee Park, Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):145-151.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.145

Abstract
PDF

This study examined the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with intrahepatic bile duct wall fibrosis in human clonorchiasis. A total of 240 residents in Heilongjiang, China underwent ultrasonography, blood sampling, and stool examination. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites for IFN-γ (+874 T/A), IL-10 (-1,082 G/A, -819 C/T, -592 C/A), TNF-α (-308 G/A), and TGF-β1 (codon 10 T/C, codon 25 G/C) genes were observed with the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. No significant correlation was observed between individual cytokine gene polymorphisms and intrahepatic duct dilatation (IHDD). Among individuals with clonorchiasis of moderate intensity, the incidence of IHDD was high in those with IFN-γ intermediate-producing genotype, +874AT (80.0%, P = 0.177), and in those with TNF-α low-producing genotype, -308GG (63.0%, P = 0.148). According to the combination of IFN-γ and TNF-α genotypes, the risks for IHDD could be stratified into high (intermediate-producing IFN-γ and low producing TNF-α), moderate, and low (low-producing IFN-γ and high producing TNF-α) risk groups. The incidence of IHDD was significantly different among these groups (P = 0.022): 88.9% (odds ratio, OR = 24.0) in high, 56.5% (OR = 3.9) in moderate, and 25.0% (OR = 1) in low risk groups. SNP of IFN-γ and TNF-α genes may contribute to the modulation of fibrosis in the intrahepatic bile duct wall in clonorchiasis patients.

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