Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"In Yong Lee"

Original Articles

Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea: Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):263-271.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22148

The present study aimed to survey the prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi) infection in the northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea. From early February to early June 2015, a total of 17,050 chiggers were collected from striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius, in Cheorwon-gun, Hwacheon-gun, Yanggu-gun, and Goseong-gun, which are well-known endemic areas of scrub typhus in Korea. The chiggers were analyzed using molecular genomic methods, as previously described. Among the 7,964 identified chiggers, the predominant species was Leptotrombidium pallidum (76.9%), followed by L. zetum (16.4%), L. orientale (4.3%), L. palpale (0.3%), L. tectum (0.2%), and Neotrombicula tamiyai (1.8%). The chigger index (CI) was highest in Hwacheon (115.58), followed by Cheorwon (97.02), Yanggu (76.88), and Goseong (54.68). Out of the 79 O. tsutsugamushi-positive chigger pools, 67 (84.8%) were identified as the Boryong strain, 10 (12.7%) as the Youngworl strain, and only 2 were the Jecheon strain. Based on the high infestation of chiggers in striped field rodents and the high rate of O. tsutsugamushi infection in chigger mites, Hwacheon-gun and Cheorwon-gun are presumed to be high-risk areas for scrub typhus. Furthermore, L. pallidum, a major vector of scrub typhus, and the dominant O. tsutsugamushi serotype, the Boryong strain, were found in the northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea.

Citations

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Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Surveillance of Vector‐Borne Zoonotic Diseases in South Korea: Uncovering Novel Pathogen Carriers Among Rodents and Mites Nationwide
Beoul Kim, You-Jeong Lee, Hee Il Lee, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo, Nan-hua Chen
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2022년 쯔쯔가무시증 매개 털진드기 감시 현황
세훈 조, 태규 김, 현우 김, 정원 주, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(46): 1563. CrossRef

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Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea: In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):473-479.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.473

Abstract
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A nationwide survey of chigger mites causing scrub typhus and an investigation of epidemiologic factors for chigger mites was conducted at 16 localities in 8 provinces in Korea during autumn 2009, 2012, and 2013. A total of 233 Apodemus agrarius were captured, and all were infested with chigger mites. The chigger index was highest in Chungcheongbuk-do in 2009 (358.3) and 2012 (290.1) and Chungcheongnam-do in 2013 (294.4). The predominant chigger mite species was Leptotrombidium pallidum in the northern and central parts and L. scutellare in the southern and western parts, Korea. L. pallidum was not found in Jellanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do and the distribution of L. scutellare had been expanded in the northern parts of Korea. The chigger index of L. pallidum was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with humidity. The incidence of scrub typhus is dependent on L. scutellare index. These findings could be helpful to monitor the distribution of chigger mites and to develop a preventive measures for scrub typhus in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Scrub typhus update: A re‑emerging global threat beyond the Tsutsugamushi Triangle and the physiological ramifications of scrub typhus infection (Review)
Ankur Vashishtha, Vivek Kumar, Gautam Panwar, Gaurav Kausik, Samaniya Baig, Prigya Sharma, Rajesh Yadav
World Academy of Sciences Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Association Between Environmental Factors and Scrub Typhus: A Review
Shu Yang, Shu Yang, Yuxiang Xie, Wenjing Duan, Yiting Cui, Ai Peng, Yisheng Zhou, Yibing Fan, Hui Li, Peng Huang
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 10(6): 151. CrossRef
Temperature effect on scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: the projection for climate change
Donghee Seo, Yoon-Jung Choi, Yun-Chul Hong
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations of meteorological factors and dynamics of scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: A nationwide time-series study
Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
Environmental Research.2024; 245: 117994. CrossRef
The impact of meteorological parameters on the scrub typhus incidence in Baoshan City, western Yunnan, China
Yun-Yan Luo, Alan Frederick Geater, Jia-Xiang Yin
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea
Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 263. CrossRef
Molecular Identification of Bacillus Isolated from Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) and Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) Feces by Using an SNP-Based 16S Ribosomal Marker
Md-Mafizur Rahman, Sang-Jin Lim, Yung-Chul Park
Animals.2022; 12(8): 979. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Pentastomiasis at the Left Maxilla Bone in a Patient with Thyroid Cancer: Eunae Sandra Cho, Seung Wook Jung, Hwi-Dong Jung, In Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Su Jin Jeong, Hyun Sil Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):433-437.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.433

Abstract
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Pentastomiasis, a zoonotic parasite infection, is typically found in the respiratory tract and viscera of the host, including humans. Here, we report for the first time an extremely rare case of intraosseous pentastomiasis in the human maxilla suffering from medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). A 55-year-old male had continuously visited the hospital for MRONJ which had primarily developed after bisphosphonate and anti-neoplastic administration for previous bone metastasis of medullary thyroid cancer. Pain, bone exposure, and pus discharge in the right mandible and left maxilla were seen. Osteolysis with maxillary cortical bone perforation at the left buccal vestibule, palate, nasal cavity, and maxillary sinus was observed by radiologic images. A biopsy was done at the left maxilla and through pathological evaluation, a parasite with features of pentastome was revealed within the necrotic bone tissue. Further history taking and laboratory evaluation was done. The parasite was suspected to be infected through maxillary open wounds caused by MRONJ. Awareness of intraosseous pentastomiasis should be emphasized not to be missed behind the MRONJ. Proper evaluation and interpretation for past medical history may lead to correct differential diagnosis and therapeutic intervention for parasite infections.

Citations

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Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series
Filipa Frutuoso, Filipe Freitas, Miguel Vilares, Helena Francisco, Duarte Marques, João Caramês, André Moreira
Diseases.2024; 12(9): 205. CrossRef
Cancerogenic parasites in veterinary medicine: a narrative literature review
Niccolò Fonti, Francesca Parisi, Francesca Mancianti, Giulia Freer, Alessandro Poli
Infectious Agents and Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphological and molecular description of Armillifer moniliformis larvae isolated from Sri Lankan brown palm civet (Paradoxurus montanus)
C. Rajapaksha, A. P. Amarasinghe, S. Fernando, R. P. V. J. Rajapakse, D. Tappe, S. Wickramasinghe
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(3): 773. CrossRef
Answer to January 2021 Photo Quiz
Damien Costa, Pascal Rottenberg, Emmanuel Toure, Pascal Delaunay, Loic Favennec, Gilles Gargala, Erik Munson
Journal of Clinical Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifikasi Parasit Pentastomida pada Biawak Air (Varanus salvator) yang akan dikonsumsi
Andhika Yudhantama Subroto, I Komang Wiarsa Sardjana, Moh Sukmanadi, E Djoko Poetranto, Kusnoto Kusnoto, Agus Sunarso
Journal of Parasite Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Capecitabine/everolimus/zoledronic acid

Reactions Weekly.2017; 1676(1): 76. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Indoor Occurrence of the Ghost Ant Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Urban Homes in Korea: In Yong Lee, Seong Joon Park, Jang Hoon Seo, Seobo Sim, Jin-Hwan Kim, Young Gon Gwon, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):225-228.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.225

Abstract
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The ghost ant Tapinoma melanocephalum is a common household pest worldwide. The present study examined the occurrence of the species in urban homes in Korea. During the period of September 2014 to January 2016, T. melanocephalum workers were collected from 58 homes at 29 different localities using bait traps with 10% sugar solution. The species was widely distributed throughout urban homes at 29 different localities, and the indoor occurrence of T. melanocephalum was highest in Seoul (32.7%) and metropolitan areas of Gyeonggi-do (Province) (29.3%). The indoor incidence rate of T. melanocephalum peaked in September (22.8%), remained moderate from October through April, and peaked again in May (15.7%). In contrast, a low incidence was observed from June to August (7.0%). The present study provides evidence that native ants, such as T. melanocephalum, are potential indoor pests of homes in Korea throughout the year.

Citations

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Ant invasion in China: An in-depth analysis of the country's ongoing battle with exotic ants
Junaid Ali Siddiqui, Bamisope Steve Bamisile, Ruidong Fan, Muhammad Hafeez, Waqar Islam, Wenjia Yang, Minyi Wei, Hao Ran, Yijuan Xu, Xiaoyulong Chen
Ecological Indicators.2024; 160: 111811. CrossRef
Exotic Ants of the Asia-Pacific: Invasion, National Response, and Ongoing Needs
Yijuan Xu, Edward L. Vargo, Kazuki Tsuji, Ross Wylie
Annual Review of Entomology.2022; 67(1): 27. CrossRef

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2 Web of Science
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Original Article

Monthly Occurrence of Vectors and Reservoir Rodents of Scrub Typhus in an Endemic Area of Jeollanam-do, Korea: Seung Hyun Lee, Young-Sun Lee, In Yong Lee, Jae Won Lim, Hee-Kwan Shin, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):327-331.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.327

Abstract
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Monthly surveys were conducted to investigate the occurrence of chigger mites and seroprevalence of scrub typhus among small mammals in Jeollanam-do, the southwestern part of Korea, from November 2006 through October 2007. Fifty-eight small mammals, including 57 Apodemus agrarius (98.3%) and 1 Crocidura lasiura (1.7%), were captured, and a total of 4,675 chigger mites representing 4 genera and 8 species were collected from them. The chigger infestation rate among small mammals was 69.0%. The most predominant species in A. agrarius was Leptotrombidium scutellare (54.0%), followed by Leptotrombidium pallidum (39.4%), Leptotrombidium orientale (4.4%), Leptotrombidium palpale (1.1%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (0.6%), Eushoengastia koreaensis (0.3%), Neotrombicula gardellai (0.3%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (<0.1%). The chigger index of A. agrarius was the highest in October (740.0), followed by November (242.0), September (134.6), March (98.3), February (38.2), January (35.3), December (34.5), April (30.8), and May (1.7). The average antibody positive rate of scrub typhus in wild rodents was 50.0%. The seropositive rates were high in October (100.0%) and November (83.3%), whereas those in other months were relatively low (28.6-57.1%). The chigger index of L. scutellare rapidly increased in September to form an acuminate peak in October, followed by a gradual decline. These results suggest that the outbreak of scrub typhus in the southwestern part of Korean peninsula is mostly due to L. scutellare.

Citations

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Seasonal dynamics and niches of three vector chigger species at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Lei Zhang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations of meteorological factors and dynamics of scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: A nationwide time-series study
Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
Environmental Research.2024; 245: 117994. CrossRef
Epidemiologic changes of a longitudinal surveillance study spanning 51 years of scrub typhus in mainland China
Pei-Ying Peng, Hui-Ying Duan, Lei Xu, Lin-Tao Zhang, Ji-Qin Sun, Ya Zu, Li-Juan Ma, Yan Sun, Ting-Liang Yan, Xian-Guo Guo
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A cross sectional study on molecular prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in household rat population of South India
S. Purushothaman, P. Azhahianambi, M. Dharman, R. Gokula Kannan, K.G. Tirumurugaan, C. Soundararajan, R.P. Aravindh Babu, Panneer Devaraju, John A.J. Prakash
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2024; 111: 102212. CrossRef
Rickettsial infections: prevalence and diagnosis of scrub typhus in India
Vigneshwaran Ravishankar, Shridhar Narayanan, Radha Krishan Shandil
Frontiers in Tropical Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Serological Detection and Epidemiological Factors Associated with Scrub Typhus among Undifferentiated Febrile Illness Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
V.M. Somasunder, K. Akila, S. Sijimol, S. Senthamarai, S. Sivasankari, C. Anitha, V.J. Subha
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2021; 15(3): 1442. CrossRef
Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea
In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 473. CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of Rodents and Chiggers with Orientia Tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea
Jung Wook Park, Dae Sung Yu, Gi Seong Lee, Jin Jong Seo, Jae Keun Chung, Jae Il Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 559. CrossRef
Risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus in children admitted to a tertiary centre and its surrounding districts in South India: a case control study
Winsley Rose, Gagandeep Kang, Valsan Philip Verghese, Sadanandane Candassamy, Prasanna Samuel, John Jude Antony Prakash, Jayaprakash Muliyil
BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Occurrence rates of wild rodent hosts and chigger mites and the infection rate ofOrientia tsutsugamushiin the central region of South Korea from 2015 to 2018
Moon Bo Choi, Yeongbu Kim, Da Young Kim, Ohseok Kwon
Entomological Research.2019; 49(8): 374. CrossRef
Scrub typhus ecology: a systematic review of Orientia in vectors and hosts
Ivo Elliott, Isabelle Pearson, Prabin Dahal, Nigel V. Thomas, Tamalee Roberts, Paul N. Newton
Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Annual Fluctuation in Chigger Mite Populations and <italic>Orientia Tsutsugamushi</italic> Infections in Scrub Typhus Endemic Regions of South Korea
Seong Yoon Kim, Byoungchul Gill, Bong Gu Song, Hyuk Chu, Won Il Park, Hee Il Lee, E-hyun Shin, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jong Yul Roh
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2019; 10(6): 351. CrossRef
Identification and Characterization of Orientia chuto in Trombiculid Chigger Mites Collected from Wild Rodents in Kenya
Clement Masakhwe, Piyada Linsuwanon, Gathii Kimita, Beth Mutai, Surachai Leepitakrat, Santos Yalwala, David Abuom, Nutthanun Auysawasi, Tom Gilbreath, Elizabeth Wanja, John Waitumbi, Erik Munson
Journal of Clinical Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
A Study on the Public Health Disasters using Meteorological Factor: Scrub Typhus in South Korea
Younggon Lee, Kyuhyun Choi, Jaewon Kwak
Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation.2018; 18(3): 343. CrossRef
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE, 1990–2015, ON WILDLIFE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES FROM THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Jusun Hwang, Kyunglee Lee, Young-Jun Kim, Jonathan M. Sleeman, Hang Lee
Journal of Wildlife Diseases.2017; 53(1): 5. CrossRef
Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis ofOrientia tsutsugamushiin Rodents and Mites from Central India
Ruchi Bhate, Nilesh Pansare, Sandeep P. Chaudhari, Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe, Vijay K. Choudhary, Nitin V. Kurkure, Sunil W. Kolte
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2017; 17(11): 749. CrossRef
Geographical Distribution and Seasonal Indices of Chigger Mites on Small Mammals Collected on the East Coast of the Republic of Korea
Gab-Man Park, Ho-Sung Shin
Journal of Parasitology.2016; 102(2): 193. CrossRef
Seroepidemiological Survey of Zoonotic Diseases in Small Mammals with PCR Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers, Gwangju, Korea
Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung, Sun Hee Kim, Sun Ju Cho, Yi Deun Ha, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Hyun Jae Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Jah Pyus, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Il Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 307. CrossRef
Scrub Typhus Incidence Modeling with Meteorological Factors in South Korea
Jaewon Kwak, Soojun Kim, Gilho Kim, Vijay Singh, Seungjin Hong, Hung Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2015; 12(7): 7254. CrossRef
Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea
In-Yong Lee, Hyeon-Je Song, Yeon-Joo Choi, Sun-Hye Shin, Min-Kyung Choi, So-Hyun Kwon, E-Hyun Shin, Chan Park, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kyung-Hee Park, Won-Jong Jang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(2): 225. CrossRef
Epidemiology of Scrub Typhus and the Eschars Patterns in South Korea from 2008 to 2012
Ji-Hyuk Park, Sun-Ja Kim, Seung-Ki Youn, Kisoo Park, Jin Gwack
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases.2014; 67(6): 458. CrossRef
Coincidence between Geographical Distribution of Leptotrombidium scutellare and Scrub Typhus Incidence in South Korea
Jong Yul Roh, Bong Gu Song, Won Il Park, Eun Hee Shin, Chan Park, Mi-Yeoun Park, Kyu Sik Chang, Wook Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Xue-jie Yu
PLoS ONE.2014; 9(12): e113193. CrossRef
A Case Series of Possibly Recrudescent Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection Presenting as Pneumonia
Jae-Hyoung Im, Ji Hyeon Baek, Jin-Soo Lee, Moon-Hyun Chung, Sun Myoung Lee, Jae-Seung Kang
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases.2014; 67(2): 122. CrossRef
Are There Spatial and Temporal Correlations in the Incidence Distribution of Scrub Typhus in Korea?
Maengseok Noh, Youngjo Lee, Chaeshin Chu, Jin Gwack, Seung-Ki Youn, Sun Huh
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(1): 39. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Risk Factors Associated with Head Louse Infestation in Korea: Seobo Sim, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, In Yong Lee, Seung Hyun Lee, Soo-Youn Oh, Min Seo, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):95-98.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.95

Abstract
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Head louse infestation (HLI) is one of the most frequently occurring parasitic diseases in children. This study was conducted to investigate the socioeconomic and personal factors influencing HLI in the Republic of Korea. A total of 2,210 questionnaires about various factors related to HLI were obtained from children in 17 primary schools throughout the country. The rate of HLI was significantly lower in children who lived together with mother or in a family where both parents worked. In addition, HLI was lower in children whose fathers or mothers were public officers or teachers. However, HLI was higher in children who had small families and washed their hair less often. Education levels of parents and the number of children in family were not significant. Improvement of socioeconomic factors and personal hygiene will be helpful for reducing HLI.

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Original Articles

Serosurveillance of Scrub Typhus in Small Mammals Collected from Military Training Sites near the DMZ, Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Chiggers from Mammals Examined: Heung Chul Kim, In Yong Lee, Sung Tae Chong, Allen L. Richards, Se Hun Gu, Jin-Won Song, John S. Lee, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):237-243.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.237

Abstract
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Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. palpale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (14.3%), L. orientale (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticulum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L. subintermedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpale (21.4), were observed during the spring season.

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Geographical Distribution and Relative Abundance of Vectors of Scrub Typhus in the Republic of Korea: In Yong Lee, Heung Chul Kim, Young-Sun Lee, Jang Hoon Seo, Jae Won Lim, Tae Soon Yong, Terry A. Klein, Won Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):381-386.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.381

Abstract
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A survey to determine the geographical distribution and relative abundance of potential vectors of scrub typhus was conducted from October to November 2006 at 13 localities throughout the Republic of Korea. Apodemus agrarius accounted for 97.6% (80/82) of all rodents, while only 2 Myodes regulus (2/82) were collected. A total of 10,860 chiggers were collected from A. agrarius belonging to 4 genera and 8 species, while only Walchia fragilis (40) was collected from Myodes regulus. Leptotrombidium pallidum (8,137; 74.9%), a vector of scrub typhus, was the predominant species collected from A. agrarius followed by Leptotrombidium scutellare (2,057, 18.9%), Leptotrombidium palpale (279; 2.7%), Leptotrombidium orientale (232; 2.1%), and Leptotrombidium zetum (79; 0.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (58; 0.5%), Euschoengastica koreaensis (16; 0.1%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (2; < 0.1%). L. pallidum was the predominant chigger collected at collection sites in Gangwon (100%), Gyeonggi (87.2%), Chungnam (100%), Chungbuk (100%), Jeonbuk (73.9%), Jeonnam (77.0%), and Gyeongbuk (66.1%) provinces, whereas L. scutellare was the predominant chigger collected in Gyeongnam province (77.9%) and Jeju Island (62.3%). Data suggest a correlation between chigger population abundance and human cases of scrub typhus in Korea.

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