Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Muth Sinuon"

Original Article

Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Riparian People along the Mekong River in Cambodia: Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Woon-Mok Sohn, Muth Sinuon, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):431-443.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.431

Abstract
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Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) is described based on adult flukes collected from humans residing along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Total 256 flukes were collected from the diarrheic stool of 6 echinostome egg positive villagers in Kratie and Takeo Province after praziquantel treatment and purging. Adults of the new species were 9.0-13.1 (av. 11.3) mm in length and 1.3-2.5 (1.9) mm in maximum width and characterized by having a head collar armed with 37 collar spines (dorsal spines arranged in 2 alternative rows), including 5 end group spines. The eggs in feces and worm uterus were 98-132 (117) μm long and 62-90 (75) μm wide. These morphological features closely resembled those of Echinostoma revolutum, E. miyagawai, and several other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma species. However, sequencing of the nuclear ITS (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2) and 2 mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1, revealed unique features distinct from E. revolutum and also from other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma group available in GenBank (E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG). Thus, we assigned our flukes as a new species, E. mekongi. The new species revealed marked variation in the morphology of testes (globular or lobulated), and smaller head collar, collar spines, oral and ventral suckers, and cirrus sac compared to E. revolutum and E. miyagawai. Epidemiological studies regarding the geographical distribution and its life history, including the source of human infections, remain to be performed.

Citations

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High Prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi Infection in Schoolchildren and Adults, Kandal Province, Cambodia
Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy, Jong-Yil Chai
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Development and utilization of a visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for rapid detection of Echinostomatidae metacercaria in edible snail samples
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Madeleine Ray, Michael Trinidad, Nidhish Francis, Shokoofeh Shamsi
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Nithinan Chomchoei, Chalobol Wongsawad, Preeyaporn Butboonchoo, Nattawadee Nantarat
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2024; 17(12): 536. CrossRef
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Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Taehee Chang, Jaeeun Cho, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Jeonggyu Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy, Jong-Yil Chai
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
High diversity of trematode metacercariae that parasitize freshwater gastropods in Bangkok, Thailand, and their infective situations, morphologies and phylogenetic relationships
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Rafael Toledo, María Álvarez-Izquierdo, J. Guillermo Esteban, Carla Muñoz-Antoli
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Echinostoma mekongi: Discovery of Its Metacercarial Stage in Snails, Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis, in Pursat Province, Cambodia
Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy
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Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 (Echinostomatidae) from Ducks in Aceh Province, Indonesia with Special Reference to Its Synonymy with Echinostoma robustum Yamaguti, 1935
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Jaeeun Cho, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Kwanghoon Park, Mun-Hyoo Jeong, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Marzuki Bin Muhammad Abdullah
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Acanthoparyphium shinanense n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Experimental Chicks Infected with Metacercariae Encysted in Brackish Water Clams in the Republic of Korea
Seungwan Ryoo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 341. CrossRef
Taxonomy of Echinostoma revolutum and 37-Collar-Spined Echinostoma spp.: A Historical Review
Jong-Yil Chai, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 343. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Artyfechinostomum malayanum: Metacercariae Encysted in Pila sp. Snails Purchased from Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Muth Sinuon, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):341-345.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.341

Abstract
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The metacercariae of Artyfechinostomum malayanum (Leiper, 1911) Mendheim, 1943 were discovered in Pila sp. snails purchased from a market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. They were isolated from the snails using the artificial digestion technique and were orally fed to 2 hamsters, 1 rat, and 2 mice to obtain the adult flukes. The metacercariae were round, 145-165 μm in diameter, having a cyst wall of 6-10 μm in thickness, a head collar and collar spines, and characteristic features of excretory granules. Adult flukes were recovered in the small intestines of the animals at days 14 and 32 post infection and were morphologically observed using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. They were plump or elongated, ventrally curved, 6.0-8.1×1.6-2.0 mm in size, and characterized by the head collar bearing 43 collar spines, including 5 end group ones on each side, a long cirrus sac extending beyond the posterior margin of the ventral sucker, a submedian ovary, and 2 deeply lobed testes. Eggs in uteri were operculate, ovoid to ellipsoid, and 120-135×68-75 μm in size. In scanning electron microscopy, the head collar was prominent with collar spines looking like horns. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the ventral surface between the head collar and ventral sucker. Sensory papillae were distributed mainly on the tegument around suckers. By this study, it has been first confirmed that the life cycle of A. malayanum exists in Cambodia.

Citations

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The ribosomal transcription units of five echinostomes and their taxonomic implications for the suborder Echinostomata (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes)
Thanh Hoa Le, Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Dong Van Quyen, Khue Thi Nguyen, Huong Thi Thanh Doan, Weerachai Saijuntha, David Blair
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef
Mitophylogenomics of the zoonotic fluke Echinostoma malayanum confirms it as a member of the genus Artyfechinostomum Lane, 1915 and illustrates the complexity of Echinostomatidae systematics
Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Weerachai Saijuntha, Scott P. Lawton, Thanh Hoa Le
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(3): 899. CrossRef
High diversity of trematode metacercariae that parasitize freshwater gastropods in Bangkok, Thailand, and their infective situations, morphologies and phylogenetic relationships
Pichit Wiroonpan, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
Parasitology.2022; 149(7): 913. CrossRef
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Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Acta Tropica.2020; 201: 105210. CrossRef

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Stellantchasmus falcatus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Cambodia: Discovery of Metacercariae in Mullets and Recovery of Adult Flukes in an Experimental Hamster: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):537-541.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.537

Abstract
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Stellantchasmus falcatus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) is first reported from Cambodia through recovery of the metacercariae from mullet fish and adult flukes from an experimentally infected hamster. We purchased 7 mullets, Chelon macrolepis, in a local market of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and each of them was examined by the artificial digestion method on May 2010. The metacercariae of S. falcatus were detected in all mullets (100%) examined, and their average density was 177 per fish. They were elliptical, 220×168 μm in average size. They were orally infected to an hamster to obtain adult flukes. Adults recovered at day 10 post infection were observed with a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). They were small, 450×237 μm in average size, had a small oral sucker (41×50 μm), subglobular pharynx (29×21 μm), slender esophagus (57 μm), long and thick-walled expulsor (119×32 μm), spherical ovary (58×69 μm), and 2 ovoid testes (right: 117×74 μm; left: 114×63 μm). Eggs were small, yellow, and 23×12 μm in average size. In SEM observations, tegumental spines were densely distributed on the whole tegument, and single small type I sensory papillae were distributed around the lip of oral sucker. The small ventral sucker was dextrally located and had 8 type I sensory papillae on the left margin. It has been first confirmed in the present study that the mullet, C. macrolepis, is playing the role of a second intermediate host of S. falcatus in Cambodia.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 531. CrossRef
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Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Acta Tropica.2020; 201: 105210. CrossRef
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Laddawan Patarwut, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 701. CrossRef
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Chalobol Wongsawad, Nattawadee Nantarat, Pheravut Wongsawad, Preeyaporn Butboonchoo, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 257. CrossRef
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Original Article

Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths among Inhabitants of Cambodia (2006-2011): Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Bong-Kwang Jung, Soon-Hyung Lee, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):661-666.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.661

Abstract
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In order to investigate the status of intestinal helminthic infections in Cambodia, epidemiological surveys were carried out on a national scale, including 19 provinces. A total of 32,201 fecal samples were collected from schoolchildren and adults between 2006 and 2011 and examined once by the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The overall egg positive rate of intestinal helminths was 26.2%. The prevalence of hookworms was the highest (9.6%), followed by that of Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes (Ov/MIF) (5.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (4.6%), and Trichuris trichiura (4.1%). Other types of parasites detected were Enterobius vermicularis (1.1%), Taenia spp. (0.4%), and Hymenolepis spp. (0.2%). The northwestern regions such as the Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, and Banteay Meanchey Provinces showed higher prevalences (17.4-22.3%) of hookworms than the other localities. The southwestern areas, including Koh Kong and Preah Sihanouk Provinces showed higher prevalences of A. lumbricoides (17.5-19.2%) and T. trichiura (6.1-21.0%). Meanwhile, the central and southern areas, in particular, Takeo and Kampong Cham Provinces, showed high prevalences of Ov/MIF (23.8-24.0%). The results indicate that a considerably high prevalence of intestinal helminths has been revealed in Cambodia, and thus sustained national parasite control projects are necessary to reduce morbidity due to parasitic infections in Cambodia.

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High Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection in a Riparian Population in Takeo Province, Cambodia: Tai-Soon Yong, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom, Dong-Min Lee, Keunhee Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Yoon-Hee Lee, Hyun-Ju Woo, Ji-Hwa Lee, Sin-Il Kang, Jae-Ku Cha, Keon-Hoon Lee, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):173-176.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.173

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Opisthorchis viverrini infection was found to be highly prevalent in 3 riverside villages (Ang Svay Chek A, B, and C) of the Prey Kabas District, Takeo Province. This area is located in the southern part of Cambodia, where the recovery of adult O. viverrini worms was recently reported. From May 2006 until May 2010, fecal examinations were performed on a total of 1,799 villagers using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. In the 3 villages, the overall positive rate for helminth eggs ranged from 51.7 to 59.0% (av. 57.4%), and the percentage positive for O. viverrini was 46.4-50.6% (47.5%). Other helminths detected included hookworms (13.2%), echinostomes (2.9%), Trichuris trichiura (1.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.6%), and Taenia spp. (0.06%). The prevalence of O. viverrini eggs appeared to reflect a lower infection in younger individuals (<20 years) than in the adult population (>20 years). Men (50.4%) revealed a significantly higher (P=0.02) prevalence than women (44.3%). The Ang Svay Chek villages of the Prey Kabas District, Takeo Province, Cambodia have been confirmed to be a highly endemic area for human O. viverrini infection.

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Molecular Identification of Taenia Tapeworms by Cox1 Gene in Koh Kong, Cambodia: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Sung-Jong Hong, Eun-Taek Han, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Tep Chhakda, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):195-197.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.195

Abstract
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We collected fecal samples from 21 individuals infected with Taenia tapeworms in Koh Kong Province, Cambodia, and performed nucleotide sequencing of the cox1 gene and multiplex PCR on the eggs for DNA differential diagnosis of human Taenia tapeworms. Genomic DNA was extracted from the eggs of a minimum number of 10 isolated from fecal samples. Using oligonucleotide primers Ta7126F, Ts7313F, Tso7466F, and Rev7915, the multiplex PCR assay proved useful for differentially diagnosing Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica based on 706, 629, and 474 bp bands, respectively. All of the Taenia specimens from Kho Kong, Cambodia, were identified as either T. saginata (n=19) or T. solium (n=2) by cox1 sequencing and multiplex PCR.

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Echinostoma ilocanum Infection in Oddar Meanchey Province, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Jae-Kwang Kim, A-Reum Kang, Mok-Ryun Kim, Jung-Mi Park, Soo-Hyeon Ji, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):187-190.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.187

Abstract
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Fecal examinations using the Kato Katz technique were performed on a total of 1,287 villagers (945 students and 342 general inhabitants) of Oddar Meanchey Province, Cambodia in May 2007 and November 2009. The overall intestinal helminth egg positive rate was 23.9%, and the most prevalent helminth species was hookworms (21.6%). Other helminth eggs detected included echinostomes (1.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.8%), small trematode eggs (0.7%), which may include Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis spp., and Hymenolepis nana (0.4%). In order to recover adult echinostomes, we treated 2 patients with 10-15 mg/kg praziquantel and purged. Total 14 adult echinostomes, 1 and 13 worms from each patient, were collected. The echinostomes characteristically had 49-51 collar spines and 2 round or slightly lobated testes. They were identified as Echinostoma ilocanum (Garrison, 1908) Odhner, 1911. So far as literature are concerned, this is the first record on the discovery of human E. ilocanum infection in Cambodia.

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