Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"PVM"

Original Articles

Genetic polymorphisms of merozoite surface protein-1 ICB 5–6 in Vietnamese Plasmodium vivax isolates: Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Hương Giang Lê, Tuấn Cường Võ, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Minkyoung Cho, Chau Van Khanh, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na; Received September 30, 2025 Accepted December 1, 2025 Published online January 14, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25087 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract
PDF

Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP-1) is one of the major polymorphic markers for molecular epidemiological purposes. In particular, the interspecies conserved block 5–6 (ICB 5–6) of PvMSP-1 is a region exhibiting extensive genetic polymorphism. In this study, we analyzed polymorphic characters of the pvmsp-1 ICB 5–6 region from P. vivax isolates collected in 4 provinces of Vietnam (Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Gia Lai, and Khanh Hoa) between 2018 and 2022. A comparative analysis of pvmsp-1 ICB 5–6 sequences was also conducted between Vietnam and other endemic regions. A total of 139 pvmsp-1 ICB 5–6 sequences were obtained from 117 Vietnamese P. vivax isolates. Vietnam pvmsp-1 ICB 5–6 were clustered into 34 distinct haplotypes at the amino acid level, with the recombinant types being predominant. The pvmsp-1 ICB 5–6 from the Central Highlands, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, and Gia Lai, exhibited high genetic polymorphism, while the sequences from the South-Central region, Khanh Hoa, were less polymorphic. Highly diverse patterns of poly-glutamine (poly-Q) variants were identified in Vietnam pvmsp-1 ICB 5–6. Comparable features of genetic polymorphism were also identified in the global pvmsp-1 ICB 5–6 populations. Phylogenetic analysis of global pvmsp-1 ICB 5–6 revealed no significant country- or region-specific clustering. This study suggests that Vietnam pvmsp-1 ICB 5–6 exhibited a substantial genetic diversity with regional variations, implying the genetic heterogeneity of the Vietnamese P. vivax population. These findings emphasize the importance of continuous molecular surveillance to understand the genetic nature of the parasite in the country.

174 View
19 Download

Plasmodium vivax Drug Resistance Genes; Pvmdr1 and Pvcrt-o Polymorphisms in Relation to Chloroquine Sensitivity from a Malaria Endemic Area of Thailand: Kanchana Rungsihirunrat, Poonuch Muhamad, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Jiraporn Kuesap, Kesara Na-Bangchang; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):43-49.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.43

Abstract
PDF

The aim of the study was to explore the possible molecular markers of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax isolates in Thailand. A total of 30 P. vivax isolates were collected from a malaria endemic area along the Thai-Myanmar border in Mae Sot district of Thailand. Dried blood spot samples were collected for analysis of Pvmdr1 and Pvcrt-o polymorphisms. Blood samples (100 μl) were collected by finger-prick for in vitro chloroquine susceptibility testing by schizont maturation inhibition assay. Based on the cut-off IC₅₀ of 100 nM, 19 (63.3%) isolates were classified as chloroquine resistant P. vivax isolates. Seven non-synonymous mutations and 2 synonymous were identified in Pvmdr1 gene. Y976F and F1076L mutations were detected in 7 (23.3%) and 16 isolates (53.3%), respectively. Analysis of Pvcrt-o gene revealed that all isolates were wild-type. Our results suggest that chloroquine resistance gene is now spreading in this area. Monitoring of chloroquine resistant molecular markers provide a useful tool for future control of P. vivax malaria.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Indigenous Plasmodium vivax upsurge in the Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific, and South East Asia regions – beyond the constant culpability of climate change, COVID-19, and armed conflicts
Loick P. Kojom Foko, Amit Sharma
International Journal for Parasitology.2025; 55(14): 755. CrossRef
Low Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Surface Protein in Clinical Isolates from Southern Thailand
Tachin Khulmanee, Thanyapit Thita, Kanyanan Kritsiriwutinan, Usa Boonyuen, Aminoh Saai, Kanjana Inkabjan, Rimi Chakrabarti, Pradipsinh K. Rathod, Srivicha Krudsood, Mathirut Mungthin, Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(5): 94. CrossRef
Drug resistance markers in Plasmodium vivax isolates from a Kanchanaburi province, Thailand between January to May 2023
Thanawat Sridapan, Paweesuda Rattanakoch, Kaewkanha Kijprasong, Suttipat Srisutham, Kristan Alexander Schneider
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(7): e0304337. CrossRef
Investigation of Mutations in the crt-o and mdr1 Genes of Plasmodium vivax for the Molecular Surveillance of Chloroquine Resistance in Parasites from Gold Mining Areas in Roraima, Brazil
Jacqueline de Aguiar Barros, Fabiana Granja, Rebecca de Abreu-Fernandes, Lucas Tavares de Queiroz, Daniel da Silva e Silva, Arthur Camurça Citó, Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira Mocelin, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
Microorganisms.2024; 12(8): 1680. CrossRef
Molecular epidemiology of potential candidate markers for chloroquine resistance in imported Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Iran
Sakineh Pirahmadi, Shima Afzali, Akram Abouie Mehrizi, Abbasali Raz, Ahmad Raeisi
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxins from Animal Venoms as a Potential Source of Antimalarials: A Comprehensive Review
Zeca M. Salimo, André L. Barros, Asenate A. X. Adrião, Aline M. Rodrigues, Marco A. Sartim, Isadora S. de Oliveira, Manuela B. Pucca, Djane C. Baia-da-Silva, Wuelton M. Monteiro, Gisely C. de Melo, Hector H. F. Koolen
Toxins.2023; 15(6): 375. CrossRef
Characteristics of molecular markers associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax strains from vivax malaria cases in Yunnan Province, China
Hongyun Ding, Ying Dong, Yan Deng, Yanchun Xu, Yan Liu, Jing Wu, Mengni Chen, Canglin Zhang, Weibin Zheng
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Distinct Allelic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 3-Alpha (PvMSP-3α) Gene in Thailand Using PCR-RFLP
Kanyanan Kritsiriwuthinan, Warunee Ngrenngarmlert, Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich, Supaksajee Phuagthong, Kantima Choosang, Jianbing Mu
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Nationwide spatiotemporal drug resistance genetic profiling from over three decades in Indian Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax isolates
Loick P. Kojom Foko, Geetika Narang, Jahnvi Jakhan, Suman Tamang, Amit Moun, Vineeta Singh
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Surveillance of drug resistance molecular markers in Plasmodium vivax before and after introduction of dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine in Thailand: 2009–2019
Nutnicha Suphakhonchuwong, Kanchana Rungsihirunrat, Jiraporn Kuesap
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(12): 2871. CrossRef
Genomic analysis of Plasmodium vivax describes patterns of connectivity and putative drivers of adaptation in Ethiopia
Alebachew Messele Kebede, Edwin Sutanto, Hidayat Trimarsanto, Ernest Diez Benavente, Mariana Barnes, Richard D. Pearson, Sasha V. Siegel, Berhanu Erko, Ashenafi Assefa, Sisay Getachew, Abraham Aseffa, Beyene Petros, Eugenia Lo, Rezika Mohammed, Daniel Yil
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-3 Alpha and Beta from Diverse Geographic Areas of Thailand
Jiraporn Kuesap, Kanchana Rungsihirunrat, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Mathirut Mungthin
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases.2022; 75(3): 241. CrossRef
Polymorphisms of potential drug resistant molecular markers in Plasmodium vivax from China–Myanmar border during 2008‒2017
Zhensheng Wang, Chunyan Wei, Yunchun Pan, Zhihua Wang, Xin Ji, Qianqian Chen, Lianhui Zhang, Zenglei Wang, Heng Wang
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Global scenario of Plasmodium vivax occurrence and resistance pattern
Davinder Kaur, Shweta Sinha, Rakesh Sehgal
Journal of Basic Microbiology.2022; 62(12): 1417. CrossRef
Assessing the in vitro sensitivity with associated drug resistance polymorphisms in Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates from Delhi, India
Monika Matlani, Amit Kumar, Vineeta Singh
Experimental Parasitology.2021; 220: 108047. CrossRef
Monitoring Plasmodium vivax resistance to antimalarials: Persisting challenges and future directions
Marcelo U. Ferreira, Tais Nobrega de Sousa, Gabriel W. Rangel, Igor C. Johansen, Rodrigo M. Corder, Simone Ladeia-Andrade, José Pedro Gil
International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2021; 15: 9. CrossRef
Ten-Year Molecular Surveillance of Drug-Resistant Plasmodium spp. Isolated From the China–Myanmar Border
Tongke Tang, Yanchun Xu, Long Cao, Penghai Tian, Jiang Shao, Yan Deng, Hongning Zhou, Bo Xiao
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Global assessment of genetic paradigms of Pvmdr1 mutations in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax isolates
Adel Spotin, Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Mahdi Parsaei, Ali Rostami, Shima Emami, Saba Gholipour, Mostafa Farmani
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2020; 114(5): 339. CrossRef
Molecular Detection of Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Plasmodium vivax from Returned Travellers to NSW, Australia during 2008–2018
Chaturong Noisang, Wieland Meyer, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, John Ellis, Rogan Lee
Pathogens.2020; 9(2): 101. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax drug resistance markers: Genetic polymorphisms and mutation patterns in isolates from Malaysia
Fei-Wen Cheong, Shairah Dzul, Mun-Yik Fong, Yee-Ling Lau, Sasheela Ponnampalavanar
Acta Tropica.2020; 206: 105454. CrossRef
Case report: recurrence of Plasmodium vivax malaria due to defective cytochrome P450 2D6 function in Pos Lenjang, Pahang, Malaysia
Noor Hafizan Mat Salleh, Mohd Faizal Abdul Rahman, Samsiah Samsusah, Jeremy Ryan De Silva, David Chun-Ern Ng, Azilawati Hanim Ghozali, Jia Hui Tan, Meng Yee Lai, Amirah Amir, Jonathan Wee Kent Liew, Yee Ling Lau
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2020; 114(9): 700. CrossRef
Ex vivo susceptibilities of Plasmodium vivax isolates from the China-Myanmar border to antimalarial drugs and association with polymorphisms in Pvmdr1 and Pvcrt-o genes
Jiangyan Li, Jie Zhang, Qian Li, Yue Hu, Yonghua Ruan, Zhiyong Tao, Hui Xia, Jichen Qiao, Lingwen Meng, Weilin Zeng, Cuiying Li, Xi He, Luyi Zhao, Faiza A. Siddiqui, Jun Miao, Zhaoqing Yang, Qiang Fang, Liwang Cui, Kamala Thriemer
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(6): e0008255. CrossRef
An unlabelled probe-based real time PCR and modified semi-nested PCR as molecular tools for analysis of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium vivax isolates from Afghanistan
Sayed Hussain Mosawi, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Najibullah Safi, Reza Fotouhi-Ardakani, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Javid Sadraei
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular surveillance for drug resistance markers in Plasmodium vivax isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic infections at the China–Myanmar border
Yan Zhao, Lin Wang, Myat Thu Soe, Pyae Linn Aung, Haichao Wei, Ziling Liu, Tongyu Ma, Yuanyuan Huang, Lynette J. Menezes, Qinghui Wang, Myat Phone Kyaw, Myat Htut Nyunt, Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular surveillance of the Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance 1 gene in Peru between 2006 and 2015
Fredy E. Villena, Jorge L. Maguiña, Meddly L. Santolalla, Edwar Pozo, Carola J. Salas, Julia S. Ampuero, Andres G. Lescano, Danett K. Bishop, Hugo O. Valdivia
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular detection of drug resistant malaria in Southern Thailand
Chaturong Noisang, Christiane Prosser, Wieland Meyer, Waenurama Chemoh, John Ellis, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Rogan Lee
Malaria Journal.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Promising approach to reducing Malaria transmission by ivermectin: Sporontocidal effect against Plasmodium vivax in the South American vectors Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles darlingi
Yudi T. Pinilla, Stefanie C. P. Lopes, Vanderson S. Sampaio, Francys S. Andrade, Gisely C. Melo, Alessandra S. Orfanó, Nágila F. C. Secundino, Maria G. V. B. Guerra, Marcus V. G. Lacerda, Kevin C. Kobylinski, Karin S. Escobedo-Vargas, Victor M. López-Sifu
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2018; 12(2): e0006221. CrossRef
The prevalence of molecular markers of drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax from the border regions of Thailand in 2008 and 2014
Kritpaphat Tantiamornkul, Tepanata Pumpaibool, Jittima Piriyapongsa, Richard Culleton, Usa Lek-Uthai
International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2018; 8(2): 229. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of the Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance 1 gene in Thai parasite populations
Veerayuth Kittichai, Wang Nguitragool, Huguette Gaelle Ngassa Mbenda, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Liwang Cui
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2018; 64: 168. CrossRef
Molecular Evidence of Drug Resistance in Asymptomatic Malaria Infections, Myanmar, 2015
Myat Htut Nyunt, Thinzar Shein, Ni Ni Zaw, Soe Soe Han, Fauzi Muh, Seong-Kyun Lee, Jin-Hee Han, Kyaw Zin Thant, Eun-Taek Han, Myat Phone Kyaw
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2017; 23(3): 517. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax metacaspase 1 and Plasmodium vivax multi-drug resistance 1 genes of field isolates from Mauritania, Sudan and Oman
Fatimata Sow, Guillaume Bonnot, Bilal Rabah Ahmed, Sidi Mohamed Diagana, Hachim Kebe, Mohamedou Koita, Ba Malado Samba, Said K. Al-Mukhaini, Majed Al-Zadjali, Seif S. Al-Abri, Osama A. M. Ali, Abdallah M. Samy, Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid, Musab M. Ali Albs
Malaria Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical and molecular surveillance of drug resistant vivax malaria in Myanmar (2009–2016)
Myat Htut Nyunt, Jin-Hee Han, Bo Wang, Khin Myo Aye, Kyin Hla Aye, Seong-Kyun Lee, Ye Htut, Myat Phone Kyaw, Kay Thwe Han, Eun-Taek Han
Malaria Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Measuring ex vivo drug susceptibility in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Cambodia
Suwanna Chaorattanakawee, Chanthap Lon, Soklyda Chann, Kheang Heng Thay, Nareth Kong, Yom You, Siratchana Sundrakes, Chatchadaporn Thamnurak, Sorayut Chattrakarn, Chantida Praditpol, Kritsanai Yingyuen, Mariusz Wojnarski, Rekol Huy, Michele D. Spring, Dou
Malaria Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax mdr1 genotypes in isolates from successfully cured patients living in endemic and non-endemic Brazilian areas
Larissa Rodrigues Gomes, Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira, Aline Rosa de Lavigne, Suelen Rezende Félix de Lima, Anielle de Pina-Costa, Patrícia Brasil, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Didier Ménard, Maria de Fatima Ferreira-da-Cruz
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphism in French Guiana
Emilie Faway, Lise Musset, Stéphane Pelleau, Béatrice Volney, Jessica Casteras, Valérie Caro, Didier Menard, Sébastien Briolant, Eric Legrand
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms of pvmdr1 and microsatellite genotype in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Republic of Korea military personnel
Dong-Il Chung, Sookwan Jeong, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Hye-Won Yang, Sang-Geon Yeo, Yeonchul Hong, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Malaria Journal.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

11,736 View
196 Download
39 Web of Science
Crossref

Mini Review

GRA Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii: Maintenance of Host-Parasite Interactions across the Parasitophorous Vacuolar Membrane: Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S29.
Published online October 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S29

Abstract
PDF

The dense granule of Toxoplasma gondii is a secretory vesicular organelle of which the proteins participate in the modification of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and PV membrane for the maintenance of intracellular parasitism in almost all nucleated host cells. In this review, the archives on the research of GRA proteins are reviewed on the foci of finding GRA proteins, characterizing molecular aspects, usefulness in diagnostic antigen, and vaccine trials in addition to some functions in host-parasite interactions.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Studies on experimental animals immunized with different antigenic vaccine combinations of Neospora caninum of cattle origin
Zeyu Tang, Zhenyu Wang, Zhen Ma, Weidong Jin, Sicheng Lin, Longsheng Wang, Pengfei Min, Lu Li, Jianhao Zhao, Lijun Jia
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular interactions of Toxoplasma gondii dense granule 23 (GRA23) with host proteins PEX3 and TRAP1
Xuewei Fan, Nan Zhang, Xichen Zhang, Shudong Li, Jiangming Fu, Min Sun, Xiaoxiao Ma, Muhammad Zahoor Khan, Xin Jiang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Study of dense granule proteins in Eimeria spp. identifies a limited repertoire with potential as vaccine candidates
Gonzalo Sanchez-Arsuaga, Damer P. Blake, Fiona M. Tomley, Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii GRA12 Vaccine in Domestic Cats
Jinru Yang, Linchong Nie, Yining Song, Zipeng Yang, Liulu Yang, Hongjie Ren, Wenhao Li, Yasser Mahmmod, Xiu-Xiang Zhang, Ziguo Yuan, Hao Yuan, Yan Zhang
Vaccines.2025; 13(8): 851. CrossRef
Analyzing Electroencephalograms Using Cloud Computing Techniques Using Gray Relational Analysis Method

REST Journal on Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence.2025; 4(1 March 20): 717. CrossRef
An in silico approach to decipher immunogenic epitopes in Toxoplasma gondii GRA1 and GRA3
Narges Safari, Alireza Khodaei Ardakan, Erfan Hamedi, Faezeh Kalantarzadeh, Pedram Kaveh, Parham Rahmanian, Shadan Ghiabi, Seyed Amir Hosseini, Davood Siamian, Mohammad Gorgipour, Mohammad Arad Zandieh
Informatics in Medicine Unlocked.2024; 44: 101435. CrossRef
Comparative GRA6 and GRA7 for their Utility as Genetic Markers in the Genotyping of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Nora Harminarti, Ika Puspa Sari, Wayan Tunas Artama, Darma Imran, Agnes Kurniawan
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(3): 1555. CrossRef
Insight into the current Toxoplasma gondii DNA vaccine: a review article
Xirui Zhang, Hao Yuan, Yasser S. Mahmmod, Zipeng Yang, Mengpo Zhao, Yining Song, Shengjun Luo, Xiu-Xiang Zhang, Zi-Guo Yuan
Expert Review of Vaccines.2023; 22(1): 66. CrossRef
A preliminary study to develop a lateral flow assay using recombinant GRA1 protein for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in stray cats
Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya, Hüseyin Can, Aytül Gül, Tuğba Karakavuk, Mervenur Güvendi, Muhammet Karakavuk, Ceren Gül, Sedef Erkunt Alak, Cemal Ün, Adnan Yüksel Gürüz, Mert Döşkaya
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2023; 101: 102057. CrossRef
The interplay between toxoplasmosis and host miRNAs: Mechanisms and consequences
Ahmed S. Doghish, Mohamed A. Ali, Mahmoud A. Elrebehy, Hend H. Mohamed, Reda Mansour, Aml Ghanem, Ahmed Hassan, Mohammed S. Elballal, Ola Elazazy, Ahmed E. Elesawy, Sherif S. Abdel Mageed, Yara A. Nassar, Osama A. Mohammed, Ahmed I. Abulsoud
Pathology - Research and Practice.2023; 250: 154790. CrossRef
Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals the Predominating Cellular Processes and the Involved Key Phosphoproteins Essential for the Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii
Xin-zhu Chen, Rui-xue Bai, Fei-yu Qin, Hong-juan Peng, Jin-feng Ren, Lang Hu, Yu-di Li, Cheng He
Acta Parasitologica.2023; 68(4): 820. CrossRef
Diagnostic value of recombinant nanoluciferase fused Toxoplasma gondii antigens in Luciferase-linked Antibody Capture Assay (LACA) for Toxoplasma infection in pigs
Hieu Duc DUONG, Yuji TANIGUCHI, Yasuhiro TAKASHIMA, Satoshi SEKIGUCHI, Khin Myo AYE, Parnian AHMADI, Linh Khanh BUI, Takao IRIE, Eiji NAGAYASU, Ayako YOSHIDA
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2022; 84(7): 905. CrossRef
Development and evaluation of recombinant GRA8 protein for the serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats
Charoonluk Jirapattharasate, Ruenruetai Udonsom, Apichai Prachasuphap, Kodcharad Jongpitisub, Panadda Dhepakson
BMC Veterinary Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Disruption of Dense Granular Protein 2 (GRA2) Decreases the Virulence of Neospora caninum
Jingquan Dong, Nan Zhang, Panpan Zhao, Jianhua Li, Lili Cao, Xiaocen Wang, Xin Li, Ju Yang, Xichen Zhang, Pengtao Gong
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunodiagnosis and molecular validation of Toxoplasma gondii‐recombinant dense granular (GRA) 5 protein for the detection of toxoplasmosis in hemodialysis patients
Zahra Arab‐Mazar, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shirzad Fallahi, Simin Rajaeian, Ameneh Koochaki, Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei, Hanieh Rezaee
Seminars in Dialysis.2021; 34(5): 332. CrossRef
Proteomics analysis reveals that the proto-oncogene eIF-5A indirectly influences the growth, invasion and replication of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite
Xinchao Liu, Chunjing Li, Xiaoyu Li, Muhammad Ehsan, Mingmin Lu, Ke Li, Lixin Xu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiaokai Song, XiangRui Li
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Newly Discovered Dense Granule Protein 3 in Neospora caninum
Panpan Zhao, Jingquan Dong, Lili Cao, Jianhua Li, Xichen Zhang, Xin Li, Xiaocen Wang, Babatunde Kazeem Bello, Nan Zhang, Pengtao Gong
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1581. CrossRef
Toxoplasmosis and Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: A Step toward Understanding Parasite Pathogenesis
Haitham G. Abo-Al-Ela
ACS Chemical Neuroscience.2020; 11(16): 2393. CrossRef
Serological detection of T. gondii infection in humans using an immunochromatographic assay based on dense granule protein 7
Rochelle Haidee D. Ybañez, Yoshifumi Nishikawa
Parasitology International.2020; 76: 102089. CrossRef
Detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in cats using an immunochromatographic test based on GRA7 antigen
Rochelle Haidee D. YBAÑEZ, Hisako KYAN, Yoshifumi NISHIKAWA
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2020; 82(4): 441. CrossRef
Proximity biotinylation reveals novel secreted dense granule proteins of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites
Santhosh Mukund Nadipuram, Amara Cervantes Thind, Shima Rayatpisheh, James Akira Wohlschlegel, Peter John Bradley, Silvia N Moreno
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(5): e0232552. CrossRef
Targeting Strategies in Therapeutic Applications of Toxoplasmosis: Recent Advances in Liposomal Vaccine Delivery Systems
Yaghob Azadi, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Amirhossein Ahmadi
Current Drug Targets.2020; 21(6): 541. CrossRef
iTRAQ-Based Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites Provides Insight Into the Role of Phosphorylation for its Invasion and Egress
Cheng He, Mei-zhen Xu, Shuai Pan, Hui Wang, Hong-juan Peng, Zhuan-zhuan Liu
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii antigens to find the best vaccine candidates for immunization
Fatemeh Rezaei, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahdi Sharif, Seyed Hossein Hejazi, Abdol sattar Pagheh, Sargis A. Aghayan, Ahmad Daryani
Microbial Pathogenesis.2019; 126: 172. CrossRef
Annotating the ‘hypothetical’ in hypothetical proteins: In-silico analysis of uncharacterised proteins for the Apicomplexan parasite, Neospora caninum
Larissa Calarco, John Ellis
Veterinary Parasitology.2019; 265: 29. CrossRef
Gene target discovery with network analysis in Toxoplasma gondii
Andres M. Alonso, Maria M. Corvi, Luis Diambra
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Protective efficacy induced by DNA prime and recombinant protein boost vaccination with Toxoplasma gondii GRA14 in mice
Abdol Sattar Pagheh, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Shirzad Gholami, Hossein Asgarian-Omran, Reza Valadan, Hadi Hassannia, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandie, Samira Dodangeh, Zahra Hosseni-khah, Ahmad Daryani
Microbial Pathogenesis.2019; 134: 103601. CrossRef
Evaluation of immune protection againstToxoplasma gondiiinfection in mice induced by a multi-antigenic DNA vaccine containing TgGRA24, TgGRA25 and TgMIC6
Xiao-Pei Xu, Wen-Ge Liu, Qian-Ming Xu, Xing-Quan Zhu, Jia Chen
Parasite.2019; 26: 58. CrossRef
Candidate antigenic epitopes for vaccination and diagnosis strategies of Toxoplasma gondii infection: A review
Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Anwar Fathollahi, Adel Spotin, Mohammad mehdi Ranjbar, Meisam Barati, Somayeh Aghamolaie, Maryam Karimi, Niloofar Taghipour, Mohammad Ashrafi, Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei
Microbial Pathogenesis.2019; 137: 103788. CrossRef
The GRA15 protein from Toxoplasma gondii enhances host defense responses by activating the interferon stimulator STING
Peiyan Wang, Siji Li, Yingchi Zhao, Baohuan Zhang, Yunfei Li, Shengde Liu, Hongqiang Du, Lili Cao, Meiling Ou, Xiaohong Ye, Peng Li, Xiang Gao, Penghua Wang, Chunxia Jing, Feng Shao, Guang Yang, Fuping You
Journal of Biological Chemistry.2019; 294(45): 16494. CrossRef
Functional Characterization of Dense Granule Proteins in Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain Using CRISPR-Cas9 System
Meng-Jie Bai, Jin-Lei Wang, Hany M. Elsheikha, Qin-Li Liang, Kai Chen, Lan-Bi Nie, Xing-Quan Zhu
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii-positive human sera recognise intracellular tachyzoites and bradyzoites with diverse patterns of immunoreactivity
Marijo S. Roiko, Kaice LaFavers, Diane Leland, Gustavo Arrizabalaga
International Journal for Parasitology.2018; 48(3-4): 225. CrossRef
Vaccine potential of antigen cocktails composed of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii TgPI-1, ROP2 and GRA4 proteins against chronic toxoplasmosis in C3H mice
Mariano S. Picchio, Vanesa R. Sánchez, Nadia Arcon, Ariadna S. Soto, Matías Perrone Sibilia, María de los Angeles Aldirico, Mariela Urrutia, Rosalía Moretta, Ignacio M. Fenoy, Alejandra Goldman, Valentina Martin
Experimental Parasitology.2018; 185: 62. CrossRef
Further aspects of Toxoplasma gondii elimination in the presence of metals
Laís Pessanha de Carvalho, Edésio José Tenório de Melo
Parasitology Research.2018; 117(4): 1245. CrossRef
A novel dense granule protein NcGRA23 in Neospora caninum
Weirong Wang, Pengtao Gong, Pu Wang, Jingquan Dong, Xiaocen Wang, Zhengtao Yang, Jianhua Li, Xichen Zhang
Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica.2018; 50(7): 727. CrossRef
Chitosan Microsphere Used as an Effective System to Deliver a Linked Antigenic Peptides Vaccine Protect Mice Against Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis
Jingjing Guo, Xiahui Sun, Huiquan Yin, Ting Wang, Yan Li, Chunxue Zhou, Huaiyu Zhou, Shenyi He, Hua Cong
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative studies of Toxoplasma gondii transcriptomes: insights into stage conversion based on gene expression profiling and alternative splicing
Long-Fei Chen, Xiao-Long Han, Fen-Xiang Li, Yun-Ying Yao, Jin-Ping Fang, Xiao-Ju Liu, Xiao-Cong Li, Kun Wu, Min Liu, Xiao-Guang Chen
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Genome Wide Identification of Mutational Hotspots in the Apicomplexan Parasite Neospora caninum and the Implications for Virulence
Larissa Calarco, Joel Barratt, John Ellis, Geoff McFadden
Genome Biology and Evolution.2018; 10(9): 2417. CrossRef
Construction and Sequencing of Dense Granular14 (GRA14) Gene of Toxoplasma gondii (RH) in Expression Prokaryotic Plasmid PET32a: A Preliminary Study in Vaccine Production
Mohammad Ashrafi, Hossein Sobati, Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei
Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports.2018; 5(1): 75. CrossRef
The genome of the protozoan parasite Cystoisospora suis and a reverse vaccinology approach to identify vaccine candidates
Nicola Palmieri, Aruna Shrestha, Bärbel Ruttkowski, Tomas Beck, Claus Vogl, Fiona Tomley, Damer P. Blake, Anja Joachim
International Journal for Parasitology.2017; 47(4): 189. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii : Immunological response of sheep to injections of recombinant SAG1, SAG2, GRA1 proteins coupled to the non-toxic microparticle muramyl dipeptide
Gabriela Oledzka, Li Bo, Elzbieta Hiszczynska-Sawicka, Frank B. Gelder, Jozef Kur, Robin G. McFarlane
Small Ruminant Research.2017; 150: 111. CrossRef
Evaluation of the immune response in BALB/c mice induced by a novel DNA vaccine expressing GRA14 against Toxoplasma gondii
E. Ahmadpour, S. Sarvi, M. B. Hashemi Soteh, M. Sharif, M. T. Rahimi, R. Valadan, M. Tehrani, A. Khalilian, M. Montazeri, A. Daryani
Parasite Immunology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccines Encoding Granule Antigen 2 and 5 Against Acute Toxoplasmosis in BALB/c Mice
Yee Ling Lau, Xiao Teng Ching, Mun Yik Fong
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2017; 96(6): 1441. CrossRef
Development of direct assays for Toxoplasma gondii and its use in genomic DNA sample
Lívia M. Alves, Vinícius R. Rodovalho, Ana C.H. Castro, Márcia A.R. Freitas, Caroline M. Mota, Tiago W.P. Mineo, José R. Mineo, João M. Madurro, Ana G. Brito-Madurro
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis.2017; 145: 838. CrossRef
Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells
Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 491. CrossRef
Increased Expression of Toxoplasma Gondii GRA1 Suppresses Host Cell Apoptosis
Shengxia Chen
Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
AN EVALUATION STUDY OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) USING RECOMBINANT PROTEIN GRA1 FOR DETECTION OF IgG ANTIBODIES AGAINTS TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTIONS
Nina Difla Muflikhah, Wayan Tunas Artama
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease.2017; 6(5): 105. CrossRef
Evaluation of Immunoprotection Conferred by the Subunit Vaccines of GRA2 and GRA5 against Acute Toxoplasmosis in BALB/c Mice
Xiao T. Ching, Mun Y. Fong, Yee L. Lau
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii-Derived Synthetic Peptides Containing B- and T-Cell Epitopes from GRA2 Protein Are Able to Enhance Mice Survival in a Model of Experimental Toxoplasmosis
Luciana M. Bastos, Arlindo G. Macêdo, Murilo V. Silva, Fernanda M. Santiago, Eliezer L. P. Ramos, Fabiana A. A. Santos, Carlos P. Pirovani, Luiz R. Goulart, Tiago W. P. Mineo, José R. Mineo
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Synergistic effect of rSAG1 and rGRA2 antigens formulated in PLGA microspheres in eliciting immune protection against Toxoplasama gondii
Mojgan Allahyari, Reyhaneh Mohabati, Samira Amiri, Ahmad Reza Esmaeili Rastaghi, Jalal Babaie, Mehdi Mahdavi, Alireza Vatanara, Majid Golkar
Experimental Parasitology.2016; 170: 236. CrossRef
Molecular Characterization and Immune Protection of a New Conserved Hypothetical Protein of Eimeria tenella
Qi Zhai, Bing Huang, Hui Dong, Qiping Zhao, Shunhai Zhu, Siting Liang, Sha Li, Sihan Yang, Hongyu Han, Paulo Lee Ho
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(6): e0157678. CrossRef
In Vivo Biotinylation of the Toxoplasma Parasitophorous Vacuole Reveals Novel Dense Granule Proteins Important for Parasite Growth and Pathogenesis
Santhosh M. Nadipuram, Elliot W. Kim, Ajay A. Vashisht, Andrew H. Lin, Hannah N. Bell, Isabelle Coppens, James A. Wohlschlegel, Peter J. Bradley, John C. Boothroyd
mBio.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of an indirect ELISA using recombinant granule antigen GRA1, GRA7 and soluble antigens for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens
Xuefei Sun, Zedong Wang, Jiping Li, Feng Wei, Quan Liu
Research in Veterinary Science.2015; 100: 161. CrossRef
Comparative proteomic analysis of different Toxoplasma gondii genotypes by two‐dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry
Dong‐Hui Zhou, Fu‐Rong Zhao, Alasdair J. Nisbet, Min‐Jun Xu, Hui‐Qun Song, Rui‐Qing Lin, Si‐Yang Huang, Xing‐Quan Zhu
ELECTROPHORESIS.2014; 35(4): 533. CrossRef
High Expression of Water-Soluble Recombinant Antigenic Domains ofToxoplasma gondii Secretory Organelles
Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(4): 367. CrossRef
Production and Evaluation of Recombinant Granule Antigen Protein GRA7 for Serodiagnosis ofToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Cattle
Zedong Wang, Wei Ge, Jiping Li, Mingxing Song, Hongchao Sun, Feng Wei, Quan Liu
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2014; 11(9): 734. CrossRef
Vaccines against neosporosis: What can we learn from the past studies?
Thierry Monney, Andrew Hemphill
Experimental Parasitology.2014; 140: 52. CrossRef
Recombinant Dense Granular Protein (GRA5) for Detection of Human Toxoplasmosis by Western Blot
Xiao Teng Ching, Yee Ling Lau, Mun Yik Fong, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Hemah Andiappan
BioMed Research International.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef
Recent Advances in Toxoplasma gondii Immunotherapeutics
Sherene Swee-Yin Lim, Rofina Yasmin Othman
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(6): 581. CrossRef
Evaluation of recombinant granule antigens GRA1 and GRA7 for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondiiinfection in dogs
Zedong Wang, Wei Ge, Si-Yang Huang, Jiping Li, Xing-Quan Zhu, Quan Liu
BMC Veterinary Research.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Differential proteomic profiles from distinct Toxoplasma gondii strains revealed by 2D-difference gel electrophoresis
Huaiyu Zhou, Qunli Zhao, Lachhman Das Singla, Juan Min, Shenyi He, Hua Cong, Ying Li, Chunlei Su
Experimental Parasitology.2013; 133(4): 376. CrossRef
TgGRA23, a novel Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and intravacuolar network
Tatsunori Masatani, Tomohide Matsuo, Tetsuya Tanaka, Mohamad Alaa Terkawi, Eung-Goo Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Gabriel Oluga Aboge, Junya Yamagishi, Kei Hayashi, Kyohko Kameyama, Shinuo Cao, Yoshifumi Nishikawa, Xuenan Xuan
Parasitology International.2013; 62(4): 372. CrossRef
A HT/PEXEL Motif in Toxoplasma Dense Granule Proteins is a Signal for Protein Cleavage but not Export into the Host Cell
Chia‐Hung Christine Hsiao, N. Luisa Hiller, Kasturi Haldar, Laura J. Knoll
Traffic.2013; 14(5): 519. CrossRef
A Rapid Diagnostic Test for Toxoplasmosis using Recombinant Antigenic N-terminal Half of SAG1 Linked with Intrinsically Unstructured Domain of GRA2 Protein
Kyoung Ju Song, Zhaoshou Yang, Chom-Kyu Chong, Jin-Soo Kim, Kyung Chan Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(5): 503. CrossRef
GRA 14, a novel dense granule protein from Neospora caninum
Gongzhen Liu, Xia Cui, Pan Hao, Daoyu Yang, Jing Liu, Qun Liu
Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica.2013; 45(7): 607. CrossRef
Comparative characterization of microRNA profiles of different genotypes ofToxoplasma gondii
M. J. XU, D. H. ZHOU, S. Y. HUANG, F. R. ZHAO, A. J. NISBET, R. Q. LIN, H. Q. SONG, X. Q. ZHU
Parasitology.2013; 140(9): 1111. CrossRef
Host Organelle Hijackers: a similarmodus operandiforToxoplasma gondiiandChlamydia trachomatis: co-infection model as a tool to investigate pathogenesis
Julia D. Romano, Isabelle Coppens
Pathogens and Disease.2013; 69(2): 72. CrossRef
Molecular cloning, sequencing, and biological characterization of GRA4 gene of Toxoplasma gondii
Hira Ram, J. R. Rao, A. K. Tewari, P. S. Banerjee, A. K. Sharma
Parasitology Research.2013; 112(7): 2487. CrossRef
A novel dense granule protein, GRA22, is involved in regulating parasite egress in Toxoplasma gondii
Tadashi Okada, Dini Marmansari, Zeng-mei Li, Altanchimeg Adilbish, Shishenkov Canko, Akio Ueno, Haruhi Shono, Hidefumi Furuoka, Makoto Igarashi
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2013; 189(1-2): 5. CrossRef
Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii-recombinant dense granular protein (GRA2) for serodiagnosis by western blot
Xiao Teng Ching, Yee Ling Lau, Mun Yik Fong, Veeranoot Nissapatorn
Parasitology Research.2013; 112(3): 1229. CrossRef
Development of an Immunochromatographic Assay Based on Dense Granule Protein 7 for Serological Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Mohamad Alaa Terkawi, Kyohko Kameyama, Nazim Hamza Rasul, Xuean Xuan, Yoshifumi Nishikawa
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2013; 20(4): 596. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondiisalvages sphingolipids from the host Golgi through the rerouting of selected Rab vesicles to the parasitophorous vacuole
Julia D. Romano, Sabrina Sonda, Emily Bergbower, Maria Elisa Smith, Isabelle Coppens, Howard Riezman
Molecular Biology of the Cell.2013; 24(12): 1974. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii: The vaccine potential of three trivalent antigen-cocktails composed of recombinant ROP2, ROP4, GRA4 and SAG1 proteins against chronic toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice
Bozena Dziadek, Justyna Gatkowska, Marcin Grzybowski, Jaroslaw Dziadek, Katarzyna Dzitko, Henryka Dlugonska
Experimental Parasitology.2012; 131(1): 133. CrossRef
Identification of antigenic proteins of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain recognized by human immunoglobulin G using immunoproteomics
Xi-Meng Sun, Yong-Sheng Ji, Saeed A. Elashram, Zhi-Min Lu, Xian-Yong Liu, Xun Suo, Qi-Jun Chen, Heng Wang
Journal of Proteomics.2012; 77: 423. CrossRef
Proteome expression changes among virulent and attenuated Neospora caninum isolates
Javier Regidor-Cerrillo, Gema Álvarez-García, Iván Pastor-Fernández, Virginia Marugán-Hernández, Mercedes Gómez-Bautista, Luis M. Ortega-Mora
Journal of Proteomics.2012; 75(8): 2306. CrossRef
Introduction of Caveolae Structural Proteins into the Protozoan Toxoplasma Results in the Formation of Heterologous Caveolae but Not Caveolar Endocytosis
Bao Lige, Julia D. Romano, Vera Sampels, Sabrina Sonda, Keith A. Joiner, Isabelle Coppens, Michael Koval
PLoS ONE.2012; 7(12): e51773. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii Dense Granule Antigen 1 stimulates apoptosis of monocytes through autocrine TGF-β signaling
Anna D’Angelillo, Elvira De Luna, Simona Romano, Rita Bisogni, Wilma Buffolano, Nicola Gargano, Paola Del Porto, Luigi Del Vecchio, Eskild Petersen, Maria Fiammetta Romano
Apoptosis.2011; 16(6): 551. CrossRef
Combination of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides with recombinant ROP2 or GRA4 proteins induces protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection
Vanesa R. Sánchez, Martín N. Pitkowski, Anahí V. Fernández Cuppari, Facundo M. Rodríguez, Ignacio M. Fenoy, Fernanda M. Frank, Alejandra Goldman, Ricardo S. Corral, Valentina Martin
Experimental Parasitology.2011; 128(4): 448. CrossRef
Evaluation of three recombinant multi-antigenic vaccines composed of surface and secretory antigens of Toxoplasma gondii in murine models of experimental toxoplasmosis
Bozena Dziadek, Justyna Gatkowska, Anna Brzostek, Jaroslaw Dziadek, Katarzyna Dzitko, Marcin Grzybowski, Henryka Dlugonska
Vaccine.2011; 29(4): 821. CrossRef
DNA vaccination with a gene encoding Toxoplasma gondii GRA6 induces partial protection against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice
Xi-Meng Sun, Jun Zou, Elashram Saeed AA, Wen-Chao Yan, Xian-Yong Liu, Xun Suo, Heng Wang, Qi-Jun Chen
Parasites & Vectors.2011;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomic Analysis ofToxoplasma gondiiKI-1 Tachyzoites
Si-Hwan Choi, Tae Yun Kim, Sung Goo Park, Guang-Ho Cha, Dae-Whan Shin, Jong-Yil Chai, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(3): 195. CrossRef

18,113 View
180 Download
Crossref

Original Articles

Interaction between Parasitophorous Vacuolar Membrane-associated GRA3 and Calcium Modulating Ligand of Host Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum in the Parasitism of Toxoplasma gondii: Ji Yeon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Kyung Ju Ryu, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):209-216.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.209

Abstract
PDF

A monoclonal antibody against Toxoplasma gondii of Tg556 clone (Tg556) blotted a 29 kDa protein, which was localized in the dense granules of tachyzoites and secreted into the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) after infection to host cells. A cDNA fragment encoding the protein was obtained by screening a T. gondii cDNA expression library with Tg556, and the full-length was completed by 5'-RACE of 2,086 bp containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 669 bp. The ORF encoded a polypeptide of 222 amino acids homologous to the revised GRA3 but not to the first reported one. The polypeptide has 3 hydrophobic moieties of an N-terminal stop transfer sequence and 2 transmembrane domains (TMD) in posterior half of the sequence, a cytoplasmic localization motif after the second TMD and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrival motif in the C-terminal end, which suggests GRA3 as a type III transmembrane protein. With the ORF of GRA3, yeast two-hybrid assay was performed in HeLa cDNA expression library, which resulted in the interaction of GRA3 with calcium modulating ligand (CAMLG), a type II transmembrane protein of ER. The specific binding of GRA3 and CAMLG was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays. The localities of fluorescence transfectionally expressed from GRA3 and CAMLG plasmids were overlapped completely in HeLa cell cytoplasm. In immunofluorescence assay, GRA3 and CAMLG were shown to be co-localized in the PVM of host cells. Structural binding of PVM-inserted GRA3 to CAMLG of ER suggested the receptor-ligand of ER recruitment to PVM during the parasitism of T. gondii.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Toxoplasma effector TgROP1 establishes membrane contact sites with the endoplasmic reticulum during infection
Chahat Mehra, Jesús Alvarado Valverde, Ana Margarida Nogueira Matias, Francesca Torelli, Tânia Catarina Medeiros, Julian Straub, James D. Asaki, Peter J. Bradley, Katja Luck, Steffen Lawo, Moritz Treeck, Lena Pernas
Nature Microbiology.2025; 10(12): 3331. CrossRef
Toxoplasma–host endoplasmic reticulum interaction: How T. gondii activates unfolded protein response and modulates immune response
Obed Cudjoe, Roger Afful, Tonny Abraham Hagan
Current Research in Microbial Sciences.2024; 6: 100223. CrossRef
Host cell manipulation by microsporidia secreted effectors: Insights into intracellular pathogenesis
Liyuan Tang, Musa Makongoro Sabi, Ming Fu, Jingyu Guan, Yongliang Wang, Tian Xia, Kai Zheng, Hongnan Qu, Bing Han
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Preparation and Preliminary Application of Epitope Peptide-Based Antibody against Toxoplasma gondii GRA3
Ru Wang, Minmin Wu, Haijian Cai, Ran An, Ying Chen, Jie Wang, Nan Zhou, Jian Du
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(3): 143. CrossRef
Intracellular life of protozoan Toxoplasma gondii: Parasitophorous vacuole establishment and survival strategies
JULIANA A. PORTES, ROSSIANE C. VOMMARO, LUCIO AYRES CALDAS, ERICA S. MARTINS-DUARTE
BIOCELL.2023; 47(4): 929. CrossRef
A state-of-the-art methodology for high-throughput in silico vaccine discovery against protozoan parasites and exemplified with discovered candidates for Toxoplasma gondii
Stephen J. Goodswen, Paul J. Kennedy, John T. Ellis
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 3 promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by activating the PERK pathway
Cudjoe Obed, Minmin Wu, Ying Chen, Ran An, Haijian Cai, Qingli Luo, Li Yu, Jie Wang, Fang Liu, Jilong Shen, Jian Du
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The UPR sensor IRE1α promotes dendritic cell responses to control Toxoplasma gondii infection
Anaïs F Poncet, Victor Bosteels, Eik Hoffmann, Sylia Chehade, Sofie Rennen, Ludovic Huot, Véronique Peucelle, Sandra Maréchal, Jamal Khalife, Nicolas Blanchard, Sophie Janssens, Sabrina Marion
EMBO reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Interorganellar communication and membrane contact sites in protozoan parasites
Herbert J. Santos, Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Parasitology International.2021; 83: 102372. CrossRef
A Newly Discovered Dense Granule Protein 3 in Neospora caninum
Panpan Zhao, Jingquan Dong, Lili Cao, Jianhua Li, Xichen Zhang, Xin Li, Xiaocen Wang, Babatunde Kazeem Bello, Nan Zhang, Pengtao Gong
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1581. CrossRef
Manipulation of Host Cell Organelles by Intracellular Pathogens
Malte Kellermann, Felix Scharte, Michael Hensel
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(12): 6484. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane-Associated Dense Granule Proteins Regulate Maturation of the Cyst Wall
Rebekah B. Guevara, Barbara A. Fox, David J. Bzik, Silvia N. J. Moreno
mSphere.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
TheToxoplasma gondiidense granule protein TgGRA3 interacts with host Golgi and dysregulates anterograde transport
Maika S. Deffieu, Tchilabalo Dilezitoko Alayi, Christian Slomianny, Stanislas Tomavo
Biology Open.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Rhoptry and Dense Granule Secreted Effectors Regulate CD8+ T Cell Recognition of Toxoplasma gondii Infected Host Cells
Leah M. Rommereim, Barbara A. Fox, Kiah L. Butler, Viviana Cantillana, Gregory A. Taylor, David J. Bzik
Frontiers in Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of two novel host proteins interacting with Toxoplasma gondii 14-3-3 protein by yeast two-hybrid system
Fa-Cai Li, Qing Liu, Hany M. Elsheikha, Wen-Bin Yang, Jun-Ling Hou, Xing-Quan Zhu
Parasitology Research.2018; 117(4): 1291. CrossRef
The ER phagosome connection in the era of membrane contact sites
Paula Nunes-Hasler, Nicolas Demaurex
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research.2017; 1864(9): 1513. CrossRef
How Toxoplasma and malaria parasites defy first, then exploit host autophagic and endocytic pathways for growth
Isabelle Coppens
Current Opinion in Microbiology.2017; 40: 32. CrossRef
Genotyping of polymorphic effectors of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from China
Weisheng Cheng, Cong Wang, Ting Xu, Fang Liu, Faustina Pappoe, Qingli Luo, Yuanhong Xu, Fangli Lu, Jilong Shen
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Apicomplexans pulling the strings: manipulation of the host cell cytoskeleton dynamics
RITA CARDOSO, HELENA SOARES, ANDREW HEMPHILL, ALEXANDRE LEITÃO
Parasitology.2016; 143(8): 957. CrossRef
Variation detection based on next-generation sequencing of type Chinese 1 strains of Toxoplasma gondii with different virulence from China
Weisheng Cheng, Fang Liu, Man Li, Xiaodong Hu, He Chen, Faustina Pappoe, Qingli Luo, Huiqin Wen, Tian Xing, Yuanhong Xu, Jilong Shen
BMC Genomics.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasmosis and Epilepsy — Systematic Review and Meta Analysis
Edgard B. Ngoungou, Devender Bhalla, Amandine Nzoghe, Marie-Laure Dardé, Pierre-Marie Preux, Rima McLeod
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2015; 9(2): e0003525. CrossRef
Neospora caninum Recruits Host Cell Structures to Its Parasitophorous Vacuole and Salvages Lipids from Organelles
Sabrina J. Nolan, Julia D. Romano, Thomas Luechtefeld, Isabelle Coppens
Eukaryotic Cell.2015; 14(5): 454. CrossRef
Phylogeny and virulence divergency analyses of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from China
Min Li, Xu-Wei Mo, Lin Wang, He Chen, Qing-Li Luo, Hui-Qin Wen, Wei Wei, Ai-Mei Zhang, Jian Du, Fang-Li Lu, Zhao-Rong Lun, Ji-Long Shen
Parasites & Vectors.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
High Expression of Water-Soluble Recombinant Antigenic Domains ofToxoplasma gondii Secretory Organelles
Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(4): 367. CrossRef
Exploitation of auxotrophies and metabolic defects in Toxoplasma as therapeutic approaches
Isabelle Coppens
International Journal for Parasitology.2014; 44(2): 109. CrossRef
Selective and strain-specific NFAT4 activation by the Toxoplasma gondii polymorphic dense granule protein GRA6
Ji Su Ma, Miwa Sasai, Jun Ohshima, Youngae Lee, Hironori Bando, Kiyoshi Takeda, Masahiro Yamamoto
Journal of Experimental Medicine.2014; 211(10): 2013. CrossRef
Discovering a vaccine against neosporosis using computers: is it feasible?
Stephen J. Goodswen, Paul J. Kennedy, John T. Ellis
Trends in Parasitology.2014; 30(8): 401. CrossRef
Host Organelle Hijackers: a similarmodus operandiforToxoplasma gondiiandChlamydia trachomatis: co-infection model as a tool to investigate pathogenesis
Julia D. Romano, Isabelle Coppens
Pathogens and Disease.2013; 69(2): 72. CrossRef
Interactions of pathogen-containing compartments with the secretory pathway
Johnathan Canton, Peter E. Kima
Cellular Microbiology.2012; 14(11): 1676. CrossRef
Transcriptomic Analysis of Toxoplasma Development Reveals Many Novel Functions and Structures Specific to Sporozoites and Oocysts
Heather M. Fritz, Kerry R. Buchholz, Xiucui Chen, Blythe Durbin-Johnson, David M. Rocke, Patricia A. Conrad, John C. Boothroyd, Silvia N. Moreno
PLoS ONE.2012; 7(2): e29998. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii Actively Inhibits Neuronal Function in Chronically Infected Mice
Fahad Haroon, Ulrike Händel, Frank Angenstein, Jürgen Goldschmidt, Peter Kreutzmann, Holger Lison, Klaus-Dieter Fischer, Henning Scheich, Wolfram Wetzel, Dirk Schlüter, Eike Budinger, Silvia N. Moreno
PLoS ONE.2012; 7(4): e35516. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii: Expression of GRA1 gene in endoplasmic reticulum promotes both growth and adherence and modulates intracellular calcium release in macrophages
Jie Lin, Xu Lin, Guo-hua Yang, Yong Wang, Bi-wen Peng, Jian-yin Lin
Experimental Parasitology.2010; 125(2): 165. CrossRef
Transmembrane and Ubiquitin-Like Domain Containing 1 (Tmub1) Regulates Locomotor Activity and Wakefulness in Mice and Interacts with CAMLG
Wandong Zhang, Katerina V. Savelieva, Adisak Suwanichkul, Daniel L. Small, Laura L. Kirkpatrick, Nianhua Xu, Thomas H. Lanthorn, Gui-Lan Ye, Georges Chapouthier
PLoS ONE.2010; 5(6): e11261. CrossRef
GRA Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii: Maintenance of Host-Parasite Interactions across the Parasitophorous Vacuolar Membrane
Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S29. CrossRef

11,333 View
112 Download
Crossref

Early recognized antigen (p34) of Toxoplasma gondii after peroral ingestion of tissue cyst forming strain (Me49 strain) in mice: Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(3):157-162.
Published online September 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.157

Abstract
PDF

Serum from mouse orally ingested with tissue cyst forming strain (Me49) of Toxoplasma gondii was assayed by Western blot and immunofluorescene assay (IFA) to establish early responses in antigenicity of the parasite in mouse model of foodborne toxoplasmosis. Sera were collected weekly to blot the RH antigen transferred onto nitrocellulose paper after being separated by 12% SDS-PAGE. With the second week serum, 34 kDa protein (p34) was detected uniquely, and all antigens of T. gondii were detected with the sera from 3 or 4 weeks. p34 was not a member of the major surface membrane proteins and confirmed to be localized in the rhoptry by IFA. It was secreted into parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) during the entry into host cells. When applied to the human sera of which the ELISA absorbance was in negative range, 10.3% of sera detected p34, while all the ELISA positive sera detected the band. It has diagnostic usefulness of presumed T. gondii infection. We suggest the name of the p34 protein as ROP9.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Characterization of Excretory-Secretory Antigens of Toxoplasma gondii in the Acute and Chronic Phase of Toxoplasmosis in a Murine Model
Alexandra Moreano-Chacón, Luis A. Gomez-Puerta, Julia Castro-Hidalgo, Maritza Calderón-Sánchez, Edith Malaga-Machaca, Juan Jimenez-Chunga
Acta Parasitologica.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii antigens to find the best vaccine candidates for immunization
Fatemeh Rezaei, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahdi Sharif, Seyed Hossein Hejazi, Abdol sattar Pagheh, Sargis A. Aghayan, Ahmad Daryani
Microbial Pathogenesis.2019; 126: 172. CrossRef
Electrophoretic Patterns of Toxoplasma gondii Excreted/Secreted Antigens and Their Role in Induction of the Humoral Immune Response
Ahmad Daryani, Mehdi Sharif, Hamed Kalani, Alireza Rafiei, Farzad Kalani, Ehsan Ahmadpour
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Kiss and spit: the dual roles of Toxoplasma rhoptries
John C. Boothroyd, Jean-Francois Dubremetz
Nature Reviews Microbiology.2008; 6(1): 79. CrossRef
A role of carboxy-terminal region of Toxoplasma gondii-heat shock protein 70 in enhancement of T. gondii infection in mice
Hye-Seong Mun, Kazumi Norose, Fumie Aosai, Mei Chen, Akihiko Yano
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2000; 38(2): 107. CrossRef