Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"biting midge"

Original Articles

Attraction and Repellent Behaviors of Culicoides Biting Midges toward Cow Dung, Carbon Dioxide, and Essential Oils: Daram Yang, Myeon-Sik Yang, Bumseok Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):465-471.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.465

Abstract
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Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous arthropod vectors that transmit epizootic arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Arboviruses are recognized as causes of pregnancy loss, encephalomyelitis, and congenital malformations in ruminants. Therefore, continuous monitoring and control of Culicoides, which causes significant damage to industrial animals are necessary. We performed attraction and repellent tests in Culicoides using various essential oils, cow dung, and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Culicoides tended to move more to cow dung (60.8%, P<0.0001) and CO₂ (63.8%, P<0.01). To the essential oils as repellents, 26.1% (P<0.0001), 18.7% (P<0.001), and 25.5% (P<0.01) of the Culicoides moved to the lavender, lemongrass, and eucalyptus chamber, respectively. The Culicoides that moved to the 3 essential oils chambers showed markedly low activity. Collectively, it was showed that Culicoides tended to be attractive to cow dung and CO₂, and repellent from the 3 essential oils.

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Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017: Myung-Soon Kim, Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Sung-Tae Chong, Hyo-Sung Kim, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):273-280.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.273

Abstract
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Biting midges (Culicoides: Ceratopogonidae) were collected using New Jersey light traps at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG;urban), Seoul Metropolitan city and Camp Humphreys USAG (rural), Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do (province), Republic of Korea , from May-October 2010-2013 and 2015-2017, to determine species composition and seasonal distribution patterns in urban and rural habitats. A total of 9,958 female (53.85%) and 8,533 male (46.15%) Culicoides comprising 16 species were collected. Overall, the most commonly collected species was Culicoides arakawae (74.3%), followed by C. circumscriptus (16.2%), C. kibunensis (2.5%), C. nasuensis (2.2%), C. clavipalpis (1.4%), and C. pallidulus (1.3%), while the remaining 10 species accounted for <2.1% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The 2 predominant species collected were C. circumscriptus (47.4%) and C. arakawae (33.4%) at Yongsan, and C. arakawae (90.4%) and C. circumscriptus (3.9%) at Camp Humphreys. The seasonal abundance of these 2 species varied between years and between sites but on average peaked in August-September for C. arakawae and June-July for C. circumscriptus. Annual variations in abundance were observed for most species collected during this study. Unusually high proportions of male specimens were observed for most species at both sites which may be due to the use of the New Jersey trap.

Citations

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Searching for potential Culicoides vectors of four orbiviruses in Yunnan Province, China
Zhan Hong Li, Yi Nan Wang, Jia Ming Deng, Le Li, Lian Jiang Yang, Xinq Qiang Chen, Wen Hua Wang, Fu You Lu, Zhong Jie Tang, Dong Mei Wang, Ying Liang Duan
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hiding in plain sight: Uncovering the hidden diversity of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Republic of Korea using DNA barcoding data
Jiseung Jeon, Dong-Yeol Lee, Seung Bak An, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107821. CrossRef
Potential roles of Culicoides spp. (Culicoides imicola, Culicoides oxystoma) as biological vectors of bluetongue virus in Yuanyang of Yunnan, P. R. China
Nan Li, Jinxin Meng, Yuwen He, Wenhua Wang, Jinglin Wang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Culicoides and midge-associated arboviruses on cattle farms in Yunnan Province, China
Ying-Liang Duan, Zhan-Hong Li, Glenn A. Bellis, Le Li, Bing-Gang Liu, Jian-Ping Wang, Jian-Mei Liu, De-Fang Liao, Jian-Bo Zhu
Parasite.2024; 31: 72. CrossRef

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Analysis of Five Arboviruses and Culicoides Distribution on Cattle Farms in Jeollabuk-do, Korea: Daram Yang, Myeon-Sik Yang, Haerin Rhim, Jae-Ik Han, Jae-Ku Oem, Yeon-Hee Kim, Kyoung-Ki Lee, Chae-Woong Lim, Bumseok Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):477-485.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.477

Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) are transmitted by arthropods such as Culicoides biting midges and cause abortion, stillbirth, and congenital malformation in ruminants, apparently leading to economic losses to farmers. To monitor the distribution of Culicoides and to determine their relationship with different environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and altitude of the farms) on 5 cattle farms, Culicoides were collected during summer season (May-September) in 2016 and 2017, and analyzed for identification of species and detection of arboviruses. About 35% of the Culicoides were collected in July and the collection rate increased with increase in temperature and humidity. The higher altitude where the farms were located, the more Culicoides were collected on inside than outside. In antigen test of Culicoides against 5 arboviruses, only Chuzan virus (CHUV) (2.63%) was detected in 2016. The Akabane virus (AKAV), CHUV, Ibaraki virus and Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) had a positive rate of less than 1.8% in 2017. In antigen test of bovine whole blood, AKAV (12.96%) and BEFV (0.96%) were positive in only one of the farms. As a result of serum neutralization test, antibodies against AKAV were generally measured in all the farms. These results suggest that vaccination before the season in which the Culicoides are active is probably best to prevent arbovirus infections.

Citations

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Isolation and identification of an AKAV strain in dairy cattle in China
Miaomiao Zhang, Menghua Deng, Sisi Zhao, Dengshuai Zhao, Yajie Zheng, Limei Qin, Han Gao, Mengmeng Zhao, Keshan Zhang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of Hematophagous Arthropods, Other than Mosquitoes and Ticks, in Arbovirus Transmission
Bradley J. Blitvich
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Coinfection of Bovine ephemeral fever virus and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ in cattle in Central China: implications for tick-borne transmission and viral divergence
Hongfei Shi, Tingting Lv, Zhengtian Zhang, Hongyue Zhai, Li Wang, Shidong Ji, Dandan Li, Lunguang Yao
BMC Veterinary Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hiding in plain sight: Uncovering the hidden diversity of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Republic of Korea using DNA barcoding data
Jiseung Jeon, Dong-Yeol Lee, Seung Bak An, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107821. CrossRef
Bovine ephemeral fever: From underestimated illness to emerging threat - A review of pathogenesis, economic impact, and future control strategies
Shruti Pyasi, Neha Rani Sahu, Umasish Mohanty, Debasis Nayak
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Ruining Wang, Fang Liang, Xiaolin Lan, Gan Li, Feng Li, Mengmeng Zhao
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Potential roles of Culicoides spp. (Culicoides imicola, Culicoides oxystoma) as biological vectors of bluetongue virus in Yuanyang of Yunnan, P. R. China
Nan Li, Jinxin Meng, Yuwen He, Wenhua Wang, Jinglin Wang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of cervids in the epidemiology of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection in the Republic of Korea: A cross‐sectional retrospective study
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Veterinary Medicine and Science.2023; 9(1): 301. CrossRef
Composition and diversity of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in rural and suburban environments of Algeria
Nadia Kadjoudj, Azzedine Bounamous, Yacine Kouba, Bilal Dik, Samir Zeroual, Aicha Amira, Haroun Chenchouni
Acta Tropica.2022; 234: 106588. CrossRef
Chuzan virus infection

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Genetically modified rabies virus vector‐based bovine ephemeral fever virus vaccine induces protective immune responses against BEFV and RABV in mice
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Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2021; 68(3): 1353. CrossRef
Detection of arboviruses in Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected from animal farms in the border areas of Yunnan Province, China
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Journal of Integrative Agriculture.2021; 20(9): 2491. CrossRef
Attraction and Repellent Behaviors of Culicoides Biting Midges toward Cow Dung, Carbon Dioxide, and Essential Oils
Daram Yang, Myeon-Sik Yang, Bumseok Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 465. CrossRef
The Ecology and Evolution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Peter Mulvey, Veasna Duong, Sebastien Boyer, Graham Burgess, David T. Williams, Philippe Dussart, Paul F. Horwood
Pathogens.2021; 10(12): 1534. CrossRef
Investigation of bovine ephemeral fever virus transmission by putative dipteran vectors under experimental conditions
Jessica E. Stokes, Karin E. Darpel, Simon Gubbins, Simon Carpenter, María del Mar Fernández de Marco, Luis M. Hernández-Triana, Anthony R. Fooks, Nicholas Johnson, Christopher Sanders
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Asia: Recent Status and Research Gaps
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Viruses.2019; 11(5): 412. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Species Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Jeju-do, Republic of Korea: Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, David Gopurenko, Du-Cheng Cai, Hyun-Ji Seo, In-Soo Cho, Jee-Yong Park; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):501-506.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.501

Abstract
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Biting midges belonging to the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were collected by Mosquito Magnet® and black light traps at 5 sites on Jeju-do, Republic of Korea (Korea), from May-November 2013 to determine species diversity and seasonal distribution. A total of 4,267 specimens were collected, of which 99.9% were female. The most common species was Culicoides tainanus (91.8%), followed by C. lungchiensis (7.2%) and C. punctatus (0.6%), while the remaining 4 species accounted for <0.5% of all Culicoides spp. that were collected. High numbers of C. tainanus were collected in May, followed by decreasing numbers through August, and then increasing numbers through November when surveillance was terminated. Peak numbers of C. lungchiensis were collected during September, with low numbers collected from May-August and October-November. The presence of C. lungchiensis in Korea was confirmed by morphological and molecular analyses.

Citations

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Diversity and Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Tengchong County of Yunnan, China
Yi-Nan Wang, Ying-Liang Duan, Zhan-Hong Li, Jia-Ming Deng, Xing-Nan Sun, Xue-Ying Shen, An-Xi Yang, Shi-Long Li
Insects.2025; 16(8): 780. CrossRef
Hiding in plain sight: Uncovering the hidden diversity of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Republic of Korea using DNA barcoding data
Jiseung Jeon, Dong-Yeol Lee, Seung Bak An, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107821. CrossRef
Culicoides and midge-associated arboviruses on cattle farms in Yunnan Province, China
Ying-Liang Duan, Zhan-Hong Li, Glenn A. Bellis, Le Li, Bing-Gang Liu, Jian-Ping Wang, Jian-Mei Liu, De-Fang Liao, Jian-Bo Zhu
Parasite.2024; 31: 72. CrossRef
Detection of bluetongue virus in Culicoides spp. in southern Yunnan Province, China
Ying Liang Duan, Le Li, Glenn Bellis, Zhen Xing Yang, Hua Chun Li
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017
Myung-Soon Kim, Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Sung-Tae Chong, Hyo-Sung Kim, Terry A. Klein
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 273. CrossRef
Evidence of bluetongue virus circulation in farmed and free-ranging cervids from the Republic of Korea: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
Veterinary Microbiology.2019; 230: 145. CrossRef
Serological evidence of bluetongue virus infection and serotype distribution in dairy cattle in South Korea
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
BMC Veterinary Research.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
DNA barcoding and surveillance sampling strategies for Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern India
Lara E. Harrup, Swathi Laban, Bethan V. Purse, Yarabolu Krishnamohan Reddy, Yella Narasimha Reddy, Sonnahallipura Munivenkatappa Byregowda, Naveen Kumar, Kondappa Muniramaiah Purushotham, Shrikant Kowalli, Minakshi Prasad, Gaya Prasad, Alison A. Bettis, R
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Collected by Mosquito Magnet® in Northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), Korea: Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, Sung-Tae Chong, Jee-Yong Park; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):57-62.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.57

Abstract
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Biting midges (Culicoides: Ceratopogonidae) were collected by Mosquito Magnet® traps at the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) camp and Daeseongdong village inside the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and near the military demarcation line (MDL) separating North and South Korea and at Warrior Base (US Army training site) and Tongilchon 3 km south of the DMZ in northern Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea (ROK), from May-October 2010-2012, to determine their seasonal distributions. A total of 18,647 Culicoides females (18,399; 98.7%) and males (248; 1.3%) comprising 16 species were collected. Overall, the most commonly collected species was Culicoides nipponensis (42.9%), followed by C. erairai (29.2%), C. punctatus (20.3%), C. arakawae (3.3%), C. pallidulus (1.8%), and C. circumscriptus (1.4%), while the remaining 10 species accounted for only 1.1% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The seasonal distribution of C. nipponensis was bimodal, with high numbers collected during May-June and again during September. C. erairai was more frequently collected during June-July, followed by sharply decreased populations from August-October. C. punctatus was collected in low numbers from May-September with high numbers collected during October. C. erairai was predominantly collected from the NNSC camp (85.1% of all C. erairai collected) located adjacent to the MDL at Panmunjeom in the northernmost part of Gyeonggi-do (Province), while other sites yielded low numbers of specimens.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Hiding in plain sight: Uncovering the hidden diversity of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Republic of Korea using DNA barcoding data
Jiseung Jeon, Dong-Yeol Lee, Seung Bak An, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107821. CrossRef
Evidence of bluetongue virus circulation in farmed and free-ranging cervids from the Republic of Korea: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
Veterinary Microbiology.2019; 230: 145. CrossRef
Serological evidence of bluetongue virus infection and serotype distribution in dairy cattle in South Korea
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
BMC Veterinary Research.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroepidemiology of bluetongue in South Bengal
Arkendu Halder, Siddhartha N. Joardar, Devi Prasad Isore, Indranil Samanta, Panchanan Parui, Dhriti Banerjee, Chandan Lodh
Veterinary World.2016; 9(1): 1. CrossRef
Species Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of <i>Culicoides</i> spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Jeju-do, Republic of Korea
Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, David Gopurenko, Du-Cheng Cai, Hyun-Ji Seo, In-Soo Cho, Jee-Yong Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 501. CrossRef

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Seasonal Abundance of Biting Midges, Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Collected at Cowsheds in the Southern Part of the Republic of Korea: Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Dong-Kyu Lee, Jee-Yong Park, Jung-Yong Yeh, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):127-131.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.127

Abstract
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Black light traps were used to measure the seasonal and geographical distribution of Culicoides spp. (biting midges or no-see-ums) at 9 cowsheds in the southern half of the Republic of Korea (ROK) from June through October 2010. A total of 25,242 Culicoides females (24,852; 98.5%) and males (390; 1.5%) comprising of 9 species were collected. The most commonly collected species was Culicoides punctatus (73.0%) followed by C. arakawae (25.7%), while the remaining 7 species accounted for <1.0% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The mean number of Culicoides spp. collected per trap night (Trap Index [TI]) was highest for C. punctatus (409.3), followed by C. arakawae (144.2), C. tainanus (4.1), C. oxystoma (1.2), C. circumscriptus (0.7), C. homotomus (0.6), C. erairai (0.4), C. kibunensis (0.3), and C. nipponensis (0.04). Peak TIs were observed for C. punctatus (1,188.7) and C. arakawae (539.0) during July and August, respectively. C. punctatus and C. arakawae have been implicated in the transmission of arboviruses and other pathogens of veterinary importance that adversely impact on animal and bird husbandry.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Diversity and Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Tengchong County of Yunnan, China
Yi-Nan Wang, Ying-Liang Duan, Zhan-Hong Li, Jia-Ming Deng, Xing-Nan Sun, Xue-Ying Shen, An-Xi Yang, Shi-Long Li
Insects.2025; 16(8): 780. CrossRef
Hiding in plain sight: Uncovering the hidden diversity of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Republic of Korea using DNA barcoding data
Jiseung Jeon, Dong-Yeol Lee, Seung Bak An, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107821. CrossRef
Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017
Myung-Soon Kim, Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Sung-Tae Chong, Hyo-Sung Kim, Terry A. Klein
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 273. CrossRef
Oral Susceptibility of JapaneseCulicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Species to Akabane Virus
Tohru Yanase, Tomoko Kato, Yoko Hayama, Hiroaki Shirafuji, Makoto Yamakawa, Shogo Tanaka
Journal of Medical Entomology.2019; 56(2): 533. CrossRef
Evidence of bluetongue virus circulation in farmed and free-ranging cervids from the Republic of Korea: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
Veterinary Microbiology.2019; 230: 145. CrossRef
Serological evidence of bluetongue virus infection and serotype distribution in dairy cattle in South Korea
Jeong-Min Hwang, Jae Geun Kim, Jung-Yong Yeh
BMC Veterinary Research.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AVIAN POXVIRUS IN THE ORIENTAL TURTLE DOVE (STREPTOPELIA ORIENTALIS) AND THE BITING MIDGE (CULICOIDES ARAKAWAE) IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Hae Rim Lee, Bon-Sang Koo, Jong-Taek Kim, Heung-Chul Kim, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, Man-Seok Shin, Sanghun Lee, Eun-Ok Jeon, Kyung-Cheol Min, Seung Baek Lee, Yeonji Bae, In-Pil Mo
Journal of Wildlife Diseases.2017; 53(4): 749. CrossRef
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Species Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of <i>Culicoides</i> spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Jeju-do, Republic of Korea
Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, David Gopurenko, Du-Cheng Cai, Hyun-Ji Seo, In-Soo Cho, Jee-Yong Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 501. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of five arboviruses in sentinel cattle as part of nationwide surveillance in South Korea, 2009−2012
Yeon-Hee KIM, Jae-Ku OEM, Eun-Yong LEE, Koung-Ki LEE, Seong-Hee KIM, Myoung-Heon LEE, Se Chang PARK
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2015; 77(2): 247. CrossRef
Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Collected by Mosquito Magnet® in Northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), Korea
Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, Sung-Tae Chong, Jee-Yong Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(1): 57. CrossRef

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Redescription of Chironomus salinarius (Diptera: Chironomidae), nuisance midges that emerged in brackish water of Jinhae-man (Bay), Kyongsangnam-do, Korea: Han-Il Ree, Jin-Hwoa Yum; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):63-66.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.63

Abstract
PDF

Huge numbers of non-biting midges emerged from brackish water which were made at the harbor construction field in Jinhae City, Kyongsangnam-do, Korea in late summer in 2005, and caused a serious nuisance to villagers. The midges were collected and identified as Chironomus salinarius (Kieffer, 1921). Although this species was recorded in Korea for the first time in 1998, the morphological descriptions were so brief and simple. A full redescription is made with detailed illustrations for ecological and control workers of this nuisance midge.

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