Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"drinking water"

Case Report

A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul: Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):461-466.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.461

Abstract
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From May to June 2012, a waterborne outbreak of 124 cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the plumbing systems of an older high-rise apartment complex in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The residents of this apartment complex had symptoms of watery diarrhea and vomiting. Tap water samples in the apartment complex and its adjacent buildings were collected and tested for 57 parameters under the Korean Drinking Water Standards and for additional 11 microbiological parameters. The microbiological parameters included total colony counts, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus, fecal streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, total culturable viruses, and Norovirus. While the tap water samples of the adjacent buildings complied with the Korean Drinking Water Standards for all parameters, fecal bacteria and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the tap water samples of the outbreak apartment complex. It turned out that the agent of the disease was Cryptosporidium parvum. The drinking water was polluted with sewage from a septic tank in the apartment complex. To remove C. parvum oocysts, we conducted physical processes of cleaning the water storage tanks, flushing the indoor pipes, and replacing old pipes with new ones. Finally we restored the clean drinking water to the apartment complex after identification of no oocysts.

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Molecular Prevalence and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in Patients with Acute Diarrhea in Korea, 2013-2016
Da-Won Ma, Myoung-Ro Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee
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Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources
Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Sung Kyu Ahn, Sangjung Park, Won Hwa Jheong, Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Sang-Seob Lee, Okjae Rhee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 205. CrossRef

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Original Articles

A Ten-year Survey of Giardia Cysts in Drinking Water Supplies of Seoul, the Republic of Korea: Mok-Young Lee, Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Hyo Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Yong-Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):9-15.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.9

Abstract
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To understand the distribution of Giardia cysts in drinking water supplies in Seoul, Korea, we collected water samples quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River, its largest stream and 6 conventional water treatment plants (WTPs) serving drinking water, from 2000 to 2009. Giardia cysts in each of 10 L water were confirmed in 35.0% of intake water samples and the arithmetic mean was 1.65 cysts/10 L (range 0-35 cysts/10 L). The lowest cyst density was observed at Paldang and Kangbuk intakes, and the pollution level was higher at 4 intakes downstream. It seemed that these 4 intakes were under influence of Wangsuk stream at the end of which cysts were found in all samples with the mean of 140 cysts/10 L. The annual mean number of cysts was 0.21-4.21 cysts/10 L, and the cyst level at the second half of the 10 years was about 1/5 of that at first half on average. The cysts were more frequently found in winter, and their mean density was 3.74 cysts/10 L in winter and 0.80-1.08 cysts/10 L in other seasons. All finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Giardia in each of 100 L sample for 10 years and cyst removal by physical process was average 2.9-log. It was concluded that conventional water treatment at 6 WTPs of Seoul appears to remove the cysts effectively under the present level of their source water. Domestic wastewater from the urban region could be an important source of Giardia pollution in the river.

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Improved recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water by optimizing immunomagnetic separation using acid and heat dissociation
Eun-Sook Lee, Ji-Yeon Lee, Young-Ae Baek, Seok-Ju Cho
Journal of Water and Health.2025; 23(6): 757. CrossRef
Molecular detection and assemblage analysis of the intestinal protozoan Giardia duodenalis in wild boars in Korea
Haeseung Lee, Dongmi Kwak
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Occurrence of Giardia duodenalis in selected stations and tributary rivers of Laguna Lake, Philippines
Mark Raymond A. Vejano, Laurice Beatrice Raphaelle O. dela Peña, Windell L. Rivera
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from pigs in Korea
Haeseung Lee, ByeongYeal Jung, Jun-Sik Lim, Min-Goo Seo, Seung-Hun Lee, Kwang-Ho Choi, Mi-Hye Hwang, Tae-Hwan Kim, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak
Parasitology International.2020; 78: 102154. CrossRef
Multilocus genotyping and risk factor analysis of Giardia duodenalis in dogs in Korea
Ha-Young Kim, Haeseung Lee, Seung-Hun Lee, Min-Goo Seo, Seonju Yi, Jong Wan Kim, Chung Hyun Kim, Yu-Ran Lee, ByungJae So, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak
Acta Tropica.2019; 199: 105113. CrossRef
Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources
Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Sung Kyu Ahn, Sangjung Park, Won Hwa Jheong, Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Sang-Seob Lee, Okjae Rhee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 205. CrossRef
Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis in calves with diarrhoea
S. H. Lee, D. VanBik, H. Y. Kim, A. Cho, J. W. Kim, J. W. Byun, J. K. Oem, S. I. Oh, D. Kwak
Veterinary Record.2016; 178(25): 633. CrossRef
A Case of Colitis by <i>Giardia lamblia</i> Infection with Atypical Presentation
Soo Kyoung Choi, Youn Hee Lee, Jinhee Lee, Seon Ho Park, Mi Hee Kim, Ok-Ran Shin, Young-Seok Cho
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2015; 89(3): 312. CrossRef
Development of a Diagnostic Kit to Detect Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia
Hyeng-Il Cheun, Byung-Suk Chung, Da-Won Ma, Bo-La Goo, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Mi-jung Ji, Won-Ja Lee
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(3): 146. CrossRef

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A Survey of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water Supplies during a 10-Year Period (2000-2009) in Seoul: Mok Young Lee, Eun Joo Cho, Jin Hyo Lee, Sun Hee Han, Yong Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):219-224.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.219

Abstract
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This study has been conducted to estimate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water supplies in the Metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea, for 10 years from 2000 to 2009. Water samples were collected quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River and its largest stream and 6 conventional Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) serving drinking water for 10 million people of Seoul. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 22.5% of intake water samples and arithmetic mean was 0.65 oocysts/10 L (range 0-22 oocysts/10 L). Although the annual mean of oocyst number was as low as 0.04-1.90 oocysts/10 L, 3 peaks in 2004 and 2007 were observed and the pollution level was a little higher in winter. The lowest density was observed at Paldang intake and the pollution level increased at Kuui and Jayang intakes. At the end of the largest stream, oocysts were found in 70% of collected samples (mean 5.71 oocysts/10 L) and it seemed that its joining the Han River resulted in the increase at Kuui intake and downstream. Oocyst removal by physical process exceeded 2.0-2.3 log and then all finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Cryptosporidium in each 100 L sample for 10 years. These results suggested that domestic wastewater from the urban region could be a source of Cryptosporidium pollution and separating sewage systems adjacent to the intakes could be meaningful for some intakes having weakness related to parasitological water quality.

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Food and Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis from a One Health Perspective: A Comprehensive Review
Munwar Ali, Yaru Ji, Chang Xu, Qazal Hina, Usama Javed, Kun Li
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Da-Won Ma, Myoung-Ro Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(5): 531. CrossRef
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Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Sung Kyu Ahn, Sangjung Park, Won Hwa Jheong, Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Sang-Seob Lee, Okjae Rhee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 205. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium Contamination and Attributed Risks in Yunlong Lake in Xuzhou, China
Yadong Kong, Ping Lu, Tao Yuan, Jinghui Niu, Zhaoji Li, Baisong Yang
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Seobo Sim, Jua Won, Jae-Whan Kim, Kyungjin Kim, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 137. CrossRef
Development of a Diagnostic Kit to Detect Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia
Hyeng-Il Cheun, Byung-Suk Chung, Da-Won Ma, Bo-La Goo, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Mi-jung Ji, Won-Ja Lee
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(3): 146. CrossRef
Health Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Tap Water in Korea
Mok-Young Lee, Sang-Jung Park, Eun-Joo Cho, Su-Jeong Park, Sun-Hee Han, Oh-Sang Kwon
Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2013; 39(1): 32. CrossRef
Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China
Guosheng Xiao, Zhiqun Qiu, Junsheng Qi, Ji-an Chen, Fengdan Liu, Wenyi Liu, Jiaohua Luo, Weiqun Shu
Water Research.2013; 47(7): 2431. CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of the First Water-Borne Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in Seoul, Korea
Shinje Moon, Wooseok Kwak, Sangwon Lee, Won Kim, Jaeyeon Oh, Seung-Ki Youn
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(7): 983. CrossRef
A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul
Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 461. CrossRef
A Ten-year Survey ofGiardia Cystsin Drinking Water Supplies of Seoul, the Republic of Korea
Mok-Young Lee, Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Hyo Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Yong-Sang Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(1): 9. CrossRef

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Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Drinking Water Samples in the North of Portugal: Almeida, Andre , Moreira, Maria Joao , Soares, Sonia , Delgado, Maria de Lurdes , Figueiredo, Joao , Silva, Elisabete , Castro, Antonio , Cosa, Jose Manuel Correida Da; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):43-48.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.43

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium and Giardia are 2 protozoan parasites responsible for waterborne diseases outbreaks worldwide. In order to assess the prevalence of these protozoans in drinking water samples in the northern part of Portugal and the risk of human infection, we have established a long term program aiming at pinpointing the sources of surface water, drinking water, and environmental contamination, working with the water-supply industry. Total 43 sources of drinking water samples were selected, and a total of 167 samples were analyzed using the Method 1623. Sensitivity assays regarding the genetic characterization by PCR and sequencing of the genes, 18S SSU rRNA, for Cryptosporidium spp. and beta,-giardin for G. duodenalis were set in the laboratory. According to the defined criteria, molecular analysis was performed over 4 samples. Environmental stages of the protozoa were detected in 25.7% (43 out of 167) of the water samples, 8.4% (14 out of 167) with cysts of Giardia, 10.2% (17 out of 167) with oocysts of Cryptosporidium and 7.2% (12 out of 167) for both species. The mean concentrations were 0.1-12.7 oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. per 10 L and 0.1-108.3 cysts of Giardia duodenalis per 10 L. Our results suggest that the efficiency in drinking water plants must be ameliorated in their efficiency in reducing the levels of contamination. We suggest the implementation of systematic monitoring programs for both protozoa. To authors' knowledge, this is the first report evaluating the concentration of environmental stages of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking water samples in the northern part of Portugal.

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