Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"mosquito"

Original Articles

Genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Anopheles kochi, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles vagus: ITS2-based analysis of highland transboundary populations in the Menoreh Hills, Java, Indonesia: Derico Hitipeuw, Raisha Nuranindita, Martini Martini, Arif Suryo Prasetyo, Jin-Hee Han, Hojong Jun, Bo Young Jeon, Triwibowo Ambar Garjito, Rohmadi Rohmadi, Fauzi Muh; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):228-242.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25026

Abstract
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Baseline genetic characterization of malaria vector populations provides critical data for evidence-based surveillance in persistent transmission foci. This pilot study generated preliminary genetic baseline data for Anopheles populations in the Menoreh Hills border region between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces, Indonesia, addressing a key geographic gap in regional vector research. Adult female mosquitoes were collected from 3 houses with reported malaria cases in Ngadirejo Village using standardized entomological methods, including human landing, animal landing, and resting collections. Specimens were morphologically identified and molecularly characterized via ITS2 gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were assessed using maximum likelihood methods, and genetic diversity indices were calculated to examine population structure. A total of 62 specimens representing 3 species were collected exclusively through animal landing collections: Anopheles vagus (48 specimens, 77.4%), Anopheles maculatus (9 specimens, 14.5%), and Anopheles kochi (5 specimens, 8.1%). An. kochi exhibited high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.709) with low nucleotide diversity (π=0.004), while An. maculatus showed lower haplotype diversity (Hd=0.480) and higher nucleotide diversity (π=0.026). Phylogenetic analysis revealed Purworejo specimens clustered with regional populations: An. kochi grouped within Clade I with Indonesian isolates; An. maculatus distributed across multiple clades; An. vagus formed a cohesive unit with other Indonesian populations. The exclusive success of animal landing collections in the Menoreh Hills highlands provides key methodological insights. This study offers essential baseline reference data, validates cost-effective genetic surveillance approaches, and supports future large-scale population connectivity studies across the Menoreh Hills malaria transmission complex.

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Monitoring Culicine Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as a Vector of Flavivirus in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, during 2019: Young Yil Bahk, Seo Hye Park, Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Sung-Suck Oh, Haneul Jung, Hojong Jun, Kyung-Ae Kim, Jong Myong Park, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Eun-Jeong Choi, Bag-Sou Moon, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):551-558.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.551

The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquitoes or tick vectors and are etiological agents of acute zoonotic infections. The viruses are found around the world and account for significant cases of human diseases. We investigated population of culicine mosquitoes in central region of Korean Peninsula, Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si. Aedes vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected mosquitoes (56.5%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.6%), Anopheles spp. (10.9%), and Culex pipiens complex (5.9%). In rural regions of Hwaseong, Aedes vexans nipponii was the highest population (62.9%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.9%) and Anopheles spp. (12.0%). In another rural region of Incheon (habitat of migratory birds), Culex pipiens complex was the highest population (31.4%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (30.5%), and Aedes vexans vexans (27.5%). Culex pipiens complex was the predominant species in the urban region (84.7%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, pooled up to 30 mosquitoes each, and tested for flaviviral RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR and confirmed by cDNA sequencing. Three of the assayed 2,683 pools (989 pools without Anopheles spp.) were positive for Culex flaviviruses, an insect-specific virus, from Culex pipiens pallens collected at the habitats for migratory birds in Incheon. The maximum likelihood estimation (the estimated number) for Culex pipiens pallens positive for Culex flavivirus was 25. Although viruses responsible for mosquito-borne diseases were not identified, we encourage intensified monitoring and long-term surveillance of both vector and viruses in the interest of global public health.

Citations

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Abundance, Diversity and Distribution of Mosquito Species and Molecular Detection of Its Associated Hepatitis C Virus in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Tharwat A. Selim, Sanad H. Ragab, Saber A. Riad, Randa I. Eltaly, Shaimaa H. Mohammed, Somia Eissa Sharawi, Naser Ahmed Alkenani, Ruoa Saleh Almahallawi, Hayat S. Al-Rashidi, Mohamed A. M. El-Tabakh
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Brandon D. Hollingsworth, Nathan D. Grubaugh, Brian P. Lazzaro, Courtney C. Murdock, Helen M. Lazear
PLOS Pathogens.2023; 19(8): e1011588. CrossRef
Molecular detection and identification of Culex flavivirus in mosquito species from Jeju, Republic of Korea
Shilpa Chatterjee, Choon-Mee Kim, Na Ra Yun, Dong-Min Kim, Hyeon Je Song, Kyeoung A Chung
Virology Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
National Monitoring of Mosquito Populations and Molecular Analysis of Flavivirus in the Republic of Korea in 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Hak Seon Lee, Sung-Chan Yang, Byung-Eon Noh, Tae-Kyu Kim, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(10): 2085. CrossRef
Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 585. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Epidemiological Characteristics of Re-emerging Vivax Malaria in the Republic of Korea (1993-2017): Young Yil Bahk, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jeonga Kim, Kyoung Jin, Yeong Seon Hong, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):531-543.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.531

Abstract
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Historically, Plasmodium vivax malaria has been one of the most highly endemic parasitic diseases in the Korean Peninsula. Until the 1970s, vivax malaria was rarely directly lethal and was controlled through the Korean Government Program administered by the National Malaria Eradication Service in association with the World Health Organization’s Global Malaria Eradication Program. Vivax malaria has re-emerged in 1993 near the Demilitarized Zone between South and North Korea and has since become an endemic infectious disease that now poses a serious public health threat through local transmission in the Republic of Korea. This review presents major lessons learned from past and current malaria research, including epidemiological and biological characteristics of the re-emergent disease, and considers some interesting patterns of diversity. Among other features, this review highlights temporal changes in the genetic make-up of the parasitic population, patient demographic features, and spatial distribution of cases, which all provide insight into the factors contributing to local transmission. The data indicate that vivax malaria in Korea is not expanding expo- nentially. However, continued surveillance is needed to prevent future resurgence.

Citations

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Nowcasting Vector Mosquito Abundance and Determining Its Association With Malaria Epidemics in South Korea
Taehee Chang, Saebom Choi, Hojong Jun, Jong-Yil Chai, Sang Hoon Song, Sehyeon Kim, Joon-Sup Yeom, Sung-il Cho, Kyung-Duk Min, Fedor Korennoy
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabarcoding for the Monitoring of the Microbiome and Parasitome of Medically Important Mosquito Species in Two Urban and Semi-urban Areas of South Korea
Xavier Chavarria, Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myungjun Kim, Dongjun Kang, In-Yong Lee, Yun Soo Jang, Myung-hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong, Ju Yeong Kim
Current Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Autochthonous Plasmodium vivax Infections, Florida, USA, 2023
Azhar Muneer, Swamy R. Adapa, Suzane Silbert, Kelly Scanlan, Harold Vore, Andrew Cannons, Andrea M. Morrison, Danielle Stanek, Carina Blackmore, John H. Adams, Kami Kim, Rays H.Y. Jiang, Liwang Cui
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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선영 이, 소담 이, 세경 오, 성우 박, 지연 이, 종희 김
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Extensive genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax from Sudan and its genetic relationships with other geographical isolates
Musab M. Ali Albsheer, Alfred Hubbard, Cheikh Cambel Dieng, Eyoab Iyasu Gebremeskel, Safaa Ahmed, Virginie Rougeron, Muntaser E. Ibrahim, Eugenia Lo, Muzamil M. Abdel Hamid
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2024; 123: 105643. CrossRef
Contrasting genomic epidemiology between sympatric Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax populations
Philipp Schwabl, Flavia Camponovo, Collette Clementson, Angela M. Early, Margaret Laws, David A. Forero-Peña, Oscar Noya, María Eugenia Grillet, Mathieu Vanhove, Frank Anthony, Kashana James, Narine Singh, Horace Cox, Reza Niles-Robin, Caroline O. Buckee,
Nature Communications.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Sunghee Hong, Jihye Kim, Soo-Nam Jo, Jong-Hun Kim, Boyoung Park, Bo Youl choi
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Effectiveness of Malaria Antibody Test for Screening Blood Donors
Jungwon Kang, Jaehyun Kim, Jaesook Lee, Deuk Yeong Ko, Hwang Min Kim, Kyoung Young Choi
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최근 5년간(2018–2022년) 국내 말라리아 발생 및 환자관리 현황 분석
현정 김, 소담 이, 나리 신, 경원 황
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Analysis of geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogeny for Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kwang Shik Choi
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Spatio‐temporal incidence of malaria patients in Incheon Metropolitan City
Jung‐A An, Jeong Hyeon Lee, MyungDeok Kim-Jeon, Sung‐Jong Hong, Hyung Wook Kwon
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Identification of breeding habitats and kdr mutations in Anopheles spp. in South Korea
Hyelee Hong, Tae-Hui Eom, Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh, Bao Duong Tuan, Hyun Park, Seon-Ju Yeo
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Vector Competence and the Susceptibility of Anopheles pullus and Anopheles belenrae to Plasmodium vivax-Infected Blood From Thai Patients
Ratawan Ubalee, Heung-Chul Kim, Siriporn Phasomkusolsil, Jaruwan Tawong, Ratree Takhampunya, Amnart Kayha, Suparat Chairuksa, Waranya Buadok, Vichit Phunkitchar, Betty K Poole-Smith, Silas A Davidson, Won-Ja Lee, Terry A Klein, Dina Fonseca
Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(3): 1047. CrossRef
Species Diversity of Anopheles Mosquitoes and Plasmodium vivax Infection Rates, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea During 2020
So Youn Lee, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A Klein, Jihun Ryu, Min Hyeok Won, Jae Won Choi, Myung Soon Kim, Sung Tae Chong, Si Hyeock Lee, Young Ho Kim, Ju Hyeon Kim, Kwang Shik Choi, Nobuko Tuno
Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(5): 1778. CrossRef
Association between CYP2D6 phenotype and recurrence of Plasmodium vivax infection in south Korean patients
Sungim Choi, Heun Choi, Seong Yeon Park, Yee Gyung Kwak, Je Eun Song, So Youn Shin, Ji Hyeon Baek, Hyun-IL Shin, Shin-Hyung Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Jeong-Ran Kwon, Sookkyung Park, Miyoung Kim, Hong Sang Oh, Yong Chan Kim, Min Jae Kim, Joon-Sup Yeom
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Elevated plasma α1-antichymotrypsin is a biomarker candidate for malaria patients
Young Yil Bahk, Sang Bong Lee, Jong Bo Kim, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Dong Min Kim, Sungkeun Lee
BMB Reports.2022; 55(11): 571. CrossRef
Current Status and a Perspective of Mosquito-Borne Diseases in the Republic of Korea
Jae Hyoung Im, Tong-Soo Kim, Moon-Hyun Chung, Ji Hyeon Baek, Hea Yoon Kwon, Jin-Soo Lee
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Primaquine in the Korean Population
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Awareness and Opinions of Inhabitants on Vivax Malaria in Two Endemic Areas, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung Jong Hong, Sung-Keun Lee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 513. CrossRef
An Epidemiological Analysis of 28 Vivax Malaria Cases in Gimpo-si, Korea, 2020
Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Byoung-Hak Jeon, Jeong-Hyun Kim, Sookkyung Park, Jeongran Kwon, Hyesu Kan, Miyoung Kim, Tong-Soo Kim
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A Profile of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Variants and Deficiency of Multicultural Families in Korea
Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Jae Hyoung Im, Joon-Sup Yeom, Sookkyung Park, Jeongran Kwon, Hyesu Kan, Miyoung Kim, Woori Jang, Tong-Soo Kim
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Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Endemic Vivax Malaria in Inhabitants and Patients in Two Cities of Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2020
Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sookkyung Park, Jeongran Kwon, Hyesu Kan, Miyoung Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung Jong Hong, Hyung Wook Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim
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Three-year surveillance of culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for flavivirus infections in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si of Gyeonggi-do Province, Republic of Korea
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 545. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Seasonal Abundance of Deer and Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Northern Part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea: Sang Jae Suh, Heung Chul Kim, Sung Tae Chong, Myung Soon Kim, Terry A, Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):307-314.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.307

Abstract
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The seasonal abundance of horse and deer flies (family Tabanidae) was analyzed using Mosquito Magnet^® traps at 5 sites located near/in the demilitarized zone, northern Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea from late April to early October for 4 consecutive years (2010-2013). A total of 2,999 horse and deer flies (tabanids) belonging to 5 genera and 20 species were collected. Chrysops mlokosiewiczi (90.9%) was the most frequently collected, followed by Haematopota koryoensis (4.8%) and C. suavis (1.0%). The remaining 17 species comprised only of 3.3% of all species collected. C. mlokosiewiczi demonstrated bimodal peak populations during mid-June and early August, while H. koryoensis demonstrated a unimodal peak during mid-July. Overall numbers of tabanids collected were influenced by the previous year’s winter temperatures and precipitation. Population abundance was influenced by habitat with most of tabanids collected from habitats near forested areas, followed by rice paddies, and a beef farm.

Citations

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Diversity and seasonal dynamics of dipteran flies infesting cattle and its habitation in Bhubaneswar, India
Rachita Shety, Manaswini Dehuri, Mitraranjan Panda, Bijayendranath Mohanty
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science.2022; 42(1): 983. CrossRef
Seasonal surveillance of deer and horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae), Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea
Kwang Shik Choi, Heung Chul Kim, Sung Tae Chong, Myung Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, Hyo-Sung Kim, Sang Jae Suh
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology.2020; 23(2): 315. CrossRef
Transfluthrin Spatial Repellent on US Military Camouflage Netting Reduces Tabanids in a Warm-Temperate Environment
S. C. Britch, D. L. Kline, K. J. Linthicum, J. Urban, E. Dickstein, R. L. Aldridge, F. V. Golden
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association.2020; 36(3): 212. CrossRef
Species diversity and abundance of Tabanus spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae) in different habitats of Thailand
Tanasak Changbunjong, Poonyapat Sedwisi, Thekhawet Weluwanarak, Eakanan Nitiyamatawat, Rattana Sariwongchan, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology.2018; 21(1): 134. CrossRef

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Xenomonitoring of Different Filarial Nematodes Using Single and Multiplex PCR in Mosquitoes from Assiut Governorate, Egypt: Ahmed Kamal Dyab, Lamia Ahmed Galal, Abeer El-Sayed Mahmoud, Yasser Mokhtar; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):77-83.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.77

Abstract
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Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. Screening by vector dissection is a tiresome technique. We aimed to screen filarial parasites in their vectors by single and multiplex PCR and evaluate the usefulness of multiplex PCR as a rapid xenomonitoring and simultaneous differentiation tool, in area where 3 filarial parasites are coexisting. Female mosquitoes were collected from 7 localities in Assiut Governorate, were microscopically identified and divided into pools according to their species and collection site. Detection of W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens using single PCR was reached followed by multiplex PCR. Usefulness of multiplex PCR was evaluated by testing mosquito pools to know which genera and species are used by filarial parasites as a vector. An overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) in mosquitoes was 0.6%; the highest was Culex spp. (0.47%). W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens could be simultaneously and differentially detected in infected vectors by using multiplex PCR. Out of 100 mosquito pools, 8 were positive for W. bancrofti (ERI of 0.33%) and 3 pools each were positive for D. immitis and D. repens (ERI 0.12%). The technique showed 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. El-Nikhila, El-Matiaa villages, and Sahel Seleem district in Assiut Governorate, Egypt are still endemic foci for filarial parasites. Multiplex PCR offers a reliable procedure for molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis within their respective vectors in endemic areas. Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs.

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Mahmoud K.F. El-Sayed, Manal M. El-Shahawi, Yasmeen M. Ali, Doaa R. Abdel-Haleem, Fatma S.M. Abu El-Azm
Bioorganic Chemistry.2023; 130: 106258. CrossRef
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Amira Nebbak, Lionel Almeras, Philippe Parola, Idir Bitam
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Mary M. Cameron, Anita Ramesh
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Bancroftian Filariasis Still Endemic in Some Foci in Sohag Governorate, Upper Egypt
Refaat MA Khalifa, Amal M Ahmed, Mohamed AA Taha, Nasr Eldeen MM Ali, Haitham KA Abd El Samea, Dabbu Jaijyan
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Comparative evaluation of dry and liquid RIME LAMP in detecting trypanosomes in dead tsetse flies
Peter Nambala, Janelisa Musaya, Kyoko Hayashida, Emmanuel Maganga, Edward Senga, Kelita Kamoto, John Chisi, Chihiro Sugimoto
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Implementing a community vector collection strategy using xenomonitoring for the endgame of lymphatic filariasis elimination
Sellase Pi-Bansa, Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei, Joannitta Joannides, Maame Esi Woode, David Agyemang, Elizabeth Elhassan, Samuel Kweku Dadzie, Maxwell Alexander Appawu, Michael David Wilson, Benjamin Guibehi Koudou, Dziedzom Komi de Souza, Jürg Utzinger, Dan
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Finding Wolbachia in Filarial larvae and Culicidae Mosquitoes in Upper Egypt Governorate
Ahmed K. Dyab, Lamia A. Galal, Abeer E. Mahmoud, Yasser Mokhtar
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 265. CrossRef
Trypanosome infection rates in tsetse flies in the “silent” sleeping sickness focus of Bafia in the Centre Region in Cameroon
Gustave Simo, Pierre Fongho, Oumarou Farikou, Prosper Innocent Ndjeuto Ndjeuto-Tchouli, Judith Tchouomene-Labou, Flobert Njiokou, Tazoacha Asonganyi
Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Rapid Detection and Identification of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B. pahangi, and Dirofilaria immitis in Mosquito Vectors and Blood Samples by High Resolution Melting Real-Time P: Tongjit Thanchomnang, Pewpan M. Intapan, Chairat Tantrawatpan, Viraphong Lulitanond, Sudchit Chungpivat, Piyanan Taweethavonsawat, Worasak Kaewkong, Oranuch Sanpool, Penchom Janwan, Wej Choochote, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):645-650.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.645

Abstract
PDF

A simple, rapid, and high-throughput method for detection and identification of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi, and Dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and blood samples was developed using a real-time PCR combined with high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Amplicons of the 4 filarial species were generated from 5S rRNA and spliced leader sequences by the real-time PCR and their melting temperatures were determined by the HRM method. Melting of amplicons from W. bancrofti, B. malayi, D. immitis, and B. pahangi peaked at 81.5±0.2℃, 79.0±0.3℃, 76.8±0.1℃, and 79.9±0.1℃, respectively. This assay is relatively cheap since it does not require synthesis of hybridization probes. Its sensitivity and specificity were 100%. It is a rapid and technically simple approach, and an important tool for population surveys as well as molecular xenomonitoring of parasites in vectors.

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Efficiency Evaluation of Nozawa-Style Black Light Trap for Control of Anopheline Mosquitoes: Hee Il Lee, Bo Youl Seo, E-Hyun Shin, Douglas A. Burkett, Jong-Koo Lee, Young Hack Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):159-165.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.159

Abstract
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House-residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets have achieved some success in controlling anthropophilic and endophagic vectors. However, these methods have relatively low efficacy in Korea because Anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector, is highly zoophilic and exophilic. So, we focused our vector control efforts within livestock enclosures using ultraviolet black light traps as a mechanical control measure. We found that black light traps captured significantly more mosquitoes at 2 and 2.5 m above the ground (P < 0.05). We also evaluated the effectiveness of trap spacing within the livestock enclosure. In general, traps spaced between 4 and 7 m apart captured mosquitoes more efficiently than those spaced closer together (P > 0.05). Based on these findings, we concluded that each black light trap in the livestock enclosures killed 7,586 female mosquitoes per trap per night during the peak mosquito season (July-August). In May-August 2003, additional concurrent field trials were conducted in Ganghwa county. We got 74.9% reduction (P < 0.05) of An. sinensis in human dwellings and 61.5% reduction (P > 0.05) in the livestock enclosures. The black light trap operation in the livestock enclosures proved to be an effective control method and should be incorporated into existing control strategies in developed countries.

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Late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea: Douglas A. Burkett, Won-Ja Lee, Kwan-Woo Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Robert A. Wirtz, Hae-Wol Cho, David M. Claborn, Russel E. Coleman, Wan Y Kim, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):45-54.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.45

Abstract
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Field trials evaluating selected commercially available mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, and/or octenol were conducted from 18-27 September 2000 in a malarious area near Paekyeon-ri (Tongil-Chon ) and Camp Greaves in Paju County, Kyonggi Province, Republic of Korea. The host-seeking activity for common mosquito species, including the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human and propane lantern-baited Shannon trap during hours when temperatures exceeded 15℃. The total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the test was compared using a block design. Significant differences were observed for the total number of mosquitoes collected, such that, the Mosquito MagnetTM with octenol > Shannon trap > ABC light trap with light and dry ice > Miniature Black Light trap (manufactured by John W. Hock) ≥ New Jersey Trap > ABC light trap with light only. Significant differences in numbers collected among traps were noted for several species including: Aedes vexans (Meigen), Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu, An. sinensis Weidemann, An. sineroides Yamada, An. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki, Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett L., Cx. orientalis Edwards and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Host-seeking activity for most common species showed a similar bimodal pattern. Results from these field trap evaluations can significantly enhance current vector and disease surveillance efforts especially for the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus.

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Malaria transmission potential by Anopheles sinensis in the Republic of Korea: Hee-IL Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Won-Ja Lee, Yoon-Young Kim, Kyung-Ro Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):185-192.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.185

Abstract
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To evaluate the factors that determine the transmission level of vivax malaria using vectorial capacity, entomological surveys were conducted from June to August, 2000. From 6 nights of human-bait collection in Paju, the human biting rate (ma) was counted as 87.5 bites/man/night. The parity of Anopheles sinensis from human baiting collections fluctuated from 41% to 71% (average 48.8%) of which the rate gradually increased as time passed on: 35.2% in Jun.; 55.0% in July; 66.2% in Aug. From this proportion of parous, we could estimate the probability of daily survival rate of An. sinensis to be 0.79 assumed with 3 days gonotrophic cycle and the expectancy of infective life through 11 days could be defined as 0.073. Blood meal analysis was performed using ELISA to determine the blood meal source. Only 0.8% of blood meals were from human hosts. We could conclude that An. sinensis is highly zoophilic (cow 61.8%). Malaria is highly unstable (stability index < 0.5) in this area. From these data, vectorial capacity (VC) was determined to be 0.081. In spite of a high human biting rate (ma), malaria transmission potential is very low due to a low human blood index. Therefore, we could conclude that malaria transmission by An. sinensis is resulted by high population density, not by high transmission potential. For this reason, we need more effort to decrease vector population and vector-human contact to eradicate malaria in Korea.

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Malaria Vector Surveillance in Ganghwa-do, a Malaria-Endemic Area in the Republic of Korea: Oh, Sung Suck , Hur, Myung Je , Joo, Gwang Sig , Kim, Sung Tae , Go, Jong Myoung , Kim, Yong Hee , Lee, Wook Gyo , Shin, E Hyun; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):35-41.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.35

Abstract
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We investigated the seasonality of Anopheles mosquitoes, including its species composition, density, parity, and population densities of mosquitoes infected with the parasite in Ganghwa-do (Island), a vivax malaria endemic area in the Republic of Korea. Mosquitoes were collected periodically with a dry-ice-tent trap and a blacklight trap during the mosquito season (April-October) in 2008. Anopheles sinensis (94.9%) was the most abundant species collected, followed by Anopheles belenrae (3.8%), Anopheles pullus (1.2%), and Anopheles lesteri (0.1%). Hibernating Anopheles mosquitoes were also collected from December 2007 to March 2008. An. pullus (72.1%) was the most frequently collected, followed by An. sinensis (18.4%) and An. belenrae (9.5%). The composition of Anopheles species differed between the mosquito season and hibernation seasons. The parous rate fluctuated from 0% to 92.9%, and the highest rate was recorded on 10 September 2008. Sporozoite infections were detected by PCR in the head and thorax of female Anopheles mosquitoes. The annual sporozoite rate of mosquitoes was 0.11% (2 of 1,845 mosquitoes). The 2 mosquitoes that tested positive for sporozoites were An. sinensis. Malarial infections in anopheline mosquitoes from a population pool were also tried irrespective of the mosquito species. Nine of 2,331 pools of Anopheles mosquitoes were positive. From our study, it can be concluded that An. sinensis, which was the predominant vector species and confirmed as sporozoite-infected, plays an important role in malaria transmission in Ganghwa-do.

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