Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"nitric oxide"

Brief Communications

Production of Inflammatory Cytokines and Nitric Oxide by Human Mast Cells Incubated with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate: Eun-Ah Park, Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):201-206.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.201

Abstract
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The roles of mast cells in allergic diseases and helminth infections are well known. However, the roles of mast cells in T. gondii infection is poorly understood. This study was focused on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4), chemokines (CXCL8, MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) by mast cells in response to soluble lysate of T. gondii tachyzoites. Production of CXCL8 (IL-8), MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-4 were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Western blot were used for detection of CXCR-1 and CXCR2. Our results showed that T. gondii lysates triggered mast cells to release CXCL8, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-4 and to produce NO. This suggests that mast cells play an important role in inflammatory responses to T. gondii.

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Whole-transcriptome analysis reveals virulence-specific pathogen−host interactions at the placenta in bovine neosporosis
Pilar Horcajo, Montserrat Coronado, Iván Pastor-Fernández, Esther Collantes-Fernández, Laura Rico-San Román, Armando Reyes-Palomares, Luis-Miguel Ortega-Mora
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Rosuvastatin enhances alterations caused by Toxoplasma gondii in the duodenum of mice
Nelson Raimundo de Miranda Júnior, Amanda Gubert Alves dos Santos, Andréia Vieira Pereira, Isabela Alessandra Mariano, Ana Lucia Falavigna Guilherme, Priscilla de Laet Santana, Lucimara de Fátima Beletini, Fernanda Ferreira Evangelista, Gessilda de Alcant
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TNF-α Triggers RIP1/FADD/Caspase-8-Mediated Apoptosis of Astrocytes and RIP3/MLKL-Mediated Necroptosis of Neurons Induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection
Hongli Zhou, Minyu Zhou, Yue Hu, Yanin Limpanon, Yubin Ma, Ping Huang, Paron Dekumyoy, Wanchai Maleewong, Zhiyue Lv
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.2022; 42(6): 1841. CrossRef
Exhaled Nitric Oxide Level in Pharynx Angioedema
Łukasz Moos, Magdalena Zajac, Zenon Brzoza
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(3): 637. CrossRef
Nitric oxide in parasitic infections: a friend or foe?
Marwa Omar, Heba O. Abdelal
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2022; 46(4): 1147. CrossRef

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Pathological Lesions and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expressions in the Liver of Mice Experimentally Infected with Clonorchis sinensis: Qing-Li Yang, Ji-Qing Shen, Yan Xue, Xiao-Bing Cheng, Zhi-Hua Jiang, Yi-Chao Yang, Ying-Dan Chen, Xiao-Nong Zhou; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):777-783.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.777

Abstract
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The nitric oxide (NO) formation and intrinsic nitrosation may be involved in the possible mechanisms of liver fluke-associated carcinogenesis. We still do not know much about the responses of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induced by Clonorchis sinensis infection. This study was conducted to explore the pathological lesions and iNOS expressions in the liver of mice with different infection intensity levels of C. sinensis. Extensive periductal inflammatory cell infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis were commonly observed during the infection. The different pathological responses in liver tissues strongly correlated with the infection intensity of C. sinensis. Massive acute spotty necrosis occurred in the liver parenchyma after a severe infection. The iNOS activity in liver tissues increased, and iNOS-expressing cells with morphological differences were observed after a moderate or severe infection. The iNOS-expressing cells in liver tissues had multiple origins.

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Hypoxic and nitrosative stress conditions modulate expression of myoglobin genes in a carcinogenic hepatobiliary trematode, Clonorchis sinensis
Seon-Hee Kim, Dongki Yang, Young-An Bae, Krystyna Cwiklinski
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(9): e0009811. CrossRef
Molecular characteristics and induction profiles of hypoxia-inducible factor-1αand other basic helix–loop–helix and Per–Arnt–Sim domain-containing proteins identified in a carcinogenic liver flukeClonorchis sinensis
Seon-Hee Kim, Gyu-Seok Oh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Kihyun Lee, Hyun-Jong Yang, Young-An Bae
Parasitology.2019; 146(2): 176. CrossRef
Interplay between proinflammatory cytokines, miRNA, and tissue lesions in Anisakis-infected Sprague-Dawley rats
Jerko Hrabar, Željka Trumbić, Ivana Bočina, Ivana Bušelić, Anamarija Vrbatović, Ivona Mladineo, Walderez O. Dutra
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(5): e0007397. CrossRef
Increased hepatic Th2 and Treg subsets are associated with biliary fibrosis in different strains of mice caused by Clonorchis sinensis
Bei-Bei Zhang, Chao Yan, Fan Fang, Ying Du, Rui Ma, Xiang-Yang Li, Qian Yu, Di Meng, Ren-Xian Tang, Kui-Yang Zheng, Patricia Talamas-Rohana
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(2): e0171005. CrossRef
Human liver flukes
David Harrington, Poppy H L Lamberton, Alastair McGregor
The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2017; 2(9): 680. CrossRef
TLR2 signal influences the iNOS/NO responses and worm development in C57BL/6J mice infected with Clonorchis sinensis
Qing-Li Yang, Ji-Qing Shen, Zhi-Hua Jiang, Yun-Liang Shi, Xiao-Ling Wan, Yi-Chao Yang
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status and perspectives of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, omics, prevention and control
Ze-Li Tang, Yan Huang, Xin-Bing Yu
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis, an oriental liver fluke, as a human biological agent of cholangiocarcinoma: a brief review
Tong-Soo Kim, Jhang Ho Pak, Jong-Bo Kim, Young Yil Bahk
BMB Reports.2016; 49(11): 590. CrossRef

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Original Articles

In Vitro Infectivity Assessment by Drug Susceptibility Comparison of Recombinant Leishmania major Expressing Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein or EGFP-Luciferase Fused Genes with Wild-Type Parasite: Somayeh Sadeghi, Negar Seyed, Mohammad-Hossein Etemadzadeh, Saeid Abediankenari, Sima Rafati, Tahereh Taheri; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):385-394.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.385

Abstract
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Leishmaniasis is a worldwide uncontrolled parasitic disease due to the lack of effective drug and vaccine. To speed up effective drug development, we need powerful methods to rapidly assess drug effectiveness against the intracellular form of Leishmania in high throughput assays. Reporter gene technology has proven to be an excellent tool for drug screening in vitro. The effects of reporter proteins on parasite infectivity should be identified both in vitro and in vivo. In this research, we initially compared the infectivity rate of recombinant Leishmania major expressing stably enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) alone or EGFP-luciferase (EGFP-LUC) with the wild-type strain. Next, we evaluated the sensitivity of these parasites to amphotericin B (AmB) as a standard drug in 2 parasitic phases, promastigote and amastigote. This comparison was made by MTT and nitric oxide (NO) assay and by quantifying the specific signals derived from reporter genes like EGFP intensity and luciferase activity. To study the amastigote form, both B10R and THP-1 macrophage cell lines were infected in the stationary phase and were exposed to AmB at different time points. Our results clearly revealed that the 3 parasite lines had similar in vitro infectivity rates with comparable parasite-induced levels of NO following interferon-γ/lipopolysaccharide induction. Based on our results we proposed the more reporter gene, the faster and more sensitive evaluation of the drug efficiency.

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Characterization and Evaluation of Microwave-Synthesized Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhanced Amphotericin B Efficacy Against Leishmania donovani: A Novel Therapeutic Paradigm
Sunidhi Lohan, Meenakshi Bhatia
BioNanoScience.2024; 14(3): 2782. CrossRef
Insights into the drug screening approaches in leishmaniasis
Boobalan Gopu, Parampreet Kour, Ramajayan Pandian, Kuljit Singh
International Immunopharmacology.2023; 114: 109591. CrossRef
A short-term method to evaluate anti-leishmania drugs by inhibition of stage differentiation in Leishmania mexicana using flow cytometry
Christian Florian Teh-Poot, Victor Manuel Dzul-Huchim, Jonathan M. Mercado, Liliana Estefanía Villanueva-Lizama, Maria Elena Bottazzi, Kathryn M. Jones, Francis T.F. Tsai, Julio Vladimir Cruz-Chan
Experimental Parasitology.2023; 249: 108519. CrossRef
Challenges and Tools for In Vitro Leishmania Exploratory Screening in the Drug Development Process: An Updated Review
Anita Cohen, Nadine Azas
Pathogens.2021; 10(12): 1608. CrossRef
A Survey on Inhibitory Effect of Whole-Body Extraction and Secretions of Lucilia sericata's Larvae on Leishmania major In vitro
Maryam Tahmasebi, Simindokht Soleimanifard, Alireza Sanei, Azadeh Karimy, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
Advanced Biomedical Research.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Potential of the natural products against leishmaniasis in Old World - a review of in-vitro studies
Sofia Cortes, Carolina Bruno de Sousa, Thiago Morais, João Lago, Lenea Campino
Pathogens and Global Health.2020; 114(4): 170. CrossRef
Sambucus ebulus extract stimulates cellular responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis
Maryam Heidari‐Kharaji, Vahid Fallah‐Omrani, Alireza Badirzadeh, Behnam Mohammadi‐Ghalehbin, Mohammad Ali Nilforoushzadeh, Leila Masoori, Hossein Montakhab‐Yeganeh, Mehrak Zare
Parasite Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
In-depth comparison of cell-based methodological approaches to determine drug susceptibility of visceral Leishmania isolates
Sarah Hendrickx, Lieselotte Van Bockstal, Guy Caljon, Louis Maes, Kiyoshi Kita
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(12): e0007885. CrossRef
Assessment of Leishmania cell lines expressing high levels of beta-galactosidase as alternative tools for the evaluation of anti-leishmanial drug activity
Aline C. da Silva Santos, Danielle M.N. Moura, Thiago A.R. dos Santos, Osvaldo P. de Melo Neto, Valéria R.A. Pereira
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2019; 166: 105732. CrossRef
Development of NanoLuc-PEST expressing Leishmania mexicana as a new drug discovery tool for axenic- and intramacrophage-based assays
Sarah L. Berry, Hamza Hameed, Anna Thomason, Marissa L. Maciej-Hulme, Somaia Saif Abou-Akkada, Paul Horrocks, Helen P. Price, Timothy G. Geary
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2018; 12(7): e0006639. CrossRef
Arginase activity in pathogenic and non-pathogenic species of Leishmania parasites
Alireza Badirzadeh, Tahereh Taheri, Yasaman Taslimi, Zahra Abdossamadi, Maryam Heidari-Kharaji, Elham Gholami, Baharehsadat Sedaghat, Maryam Niyyati, Sima Rafati, Armando Jardim
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2017; 11(7): e0005774. CrossRef
Human Neutrophil Peptide 1 as immunotherapeutic agent against Leishmania infected BALB/c mice
Zahra Abdossamadi, Negar Seyed, Farnaz Zahedifard, Tahereh Taheri, Yasaman Taslimi, Hossein Montakhab-Yeganeh, Alireza Badirzadeh, Mohammad Vasei, Safoora Gharibzadeh, Sima Rafati, Michael P. Pollastri
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2017; 11(12): e0006123. CrossRef
EGFP reporter protein: its immunogenicity in Leishmania-infected BALB/c mice
Samira Seif, Fereshteh Kazemi, Elham Gholami, Negar Seyed, Yasaman Taslimi, Sima Habibzadeh, Bahareh Azarian, Shahram Jamshidi, Mehrdad Hashemi, Sima Rafati, Tahereh Taheri
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2016; 100(9): 3923. CrossRef

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Flavonoids Modulate the Proliferation of Neospora caninum in Glial Cell Primary Cultures: Rosan Barbosa de Matos, Suzana Braga-de-Souza, Bruno Pena Seara Pitanga, Victor Di?genes Amaral da Silva, Erica Etelvina Viana de Jesus, Alexandre Morales Pinheiro, Maria de F?tima Dias Costa, Ramon dos Santos El-Bacha, C?tia Suse de Oliveira Ribeiro, Silvia Lima Costa; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):613-619.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.613

Abstract
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Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa; Sarcocystidae) is a protozoan that causes abortion in cattle, horses, sheep, and dogs as well as neurological and dermatological diseases in dogs. In the central nervous system of dogs infected with N. caninum, cysts were detected that exhibited gliosis and meningitis. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that exhibit antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antiviral properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of flavonoids in a well-established in vitro model of N. caninum infection in glial cell cultures. Glial cells were treated individually with 10 different flavonoids, and a subset of cultures was also infected with the NC-1 strain of N. caninum. All of the flavonoids tested induced an increase in the metabolism of glial cells and many of them increased nitrite levels in cultures infected with NC-1 compared to controls and uninfected cultures. Among the flavonoids tested, 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone, 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone (luteolin), and 3,3',4',5,6-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin), also inhibited parasitophorous vacuole formation. Taken together, our findings show that flavonoids modulate glial cell responses, increase NO secretion, and interfere with N. caninum infection and proliferation.

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Ângela Cristina de Oliveira Lima, Luciana dos Santos Freitas, Carlos Alfredo Lopes De Carvalho, Alexandre Moraes Pinheiro
Archives of Health.2023; 4(1): 166. CrossRef
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João Gustavo Mendes Rodrigues, Paula Sibelly Veras Albuquerque, Johnny R Nascimento, Jaianna Andressa Viana Campos, Andressa S S Godinho, Sulayne Janayna Araújo, Jefferson Mesquita Brito, Caroline M Jesus, Guilherme Silva Miranda, Michelle C Rezende, Debo
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2021; 264: 113287. CrossRef
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Cíntia A.J. Pereira, Laura L.S. Oliveira, Aytube L. Coaglio, Fernanda S.O. Santos, Rodolfo S.M. Cezar, Tiago Mendes, Fernando L.P. Oliveira, Gustavo Conzensa, Walter S. Lima
Veterinary Parasitology.2016; 228: 160. CrossRef
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Ghalia Sabbagh, Noura Berakdar
Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling.2015; 61: 214. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Increased Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Levels in Serum of Dogs Experimentally Infected with Rangelia vitalii: Francine C. Paim, Aleksandro S. Da Silva, Carlos Breno V. Paim, Raqueli T. Fran?a, M?rcio M. Costa, Marta M. M. F. Duarte, Manuela B. Sangoi, Rafael N. Moresco, Silvia G. Monteiro, Sonia Terezinha A. Lopes; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):133-137.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.133

Abstract
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This study aimed to measure the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and nitrite/nitrate (NO_x) in serum of dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalii. Twelve female mongrel dogs were divided into 2 groups; group A (uninfected controls) composed by healthy dogs (n=5) and group B consisting of dogs inoculated with R. vitalii (n=7). Animals were monitored by blood smear examinations, which showed intraerythrocytic forms of the parasite on day 5 post-infection (PI). Blood samples were collected through the jugular vein on days 0, 10, and 20 PI to determine the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and NO_x. Cytokines were assessed by ELISA quantitative sandwich technique, and NO_x was measured by the modified Griess method. Cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6) were increased (P<0.01) in serum of infected animals. Serum levels of NO_x were also increased on days 10 PI (P<0.01) and 20 PI (P<0.05) in infected animals. Therefore, the infection with R. vitalii causes an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide content. These alterations may be associated with host immune protection against the parasite.

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The Veterinary Journal.2016; 216: 72. CrossRef
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Amelia Goddard, Andrew L. Leisewitz, Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen, Annemarie T. Kristensen, Johan P. Schoeman, Michelle L. Baker
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(3): e0150113. CrossRef
Canine rangeliosis due to Rangelia vitalii: From first report in Brazil in 1910 to current day – A review
Raqueli T. França, Aleksandro S. Da Silva, Alexandre P. Loretti, Cinthia M. Mazzanti, Sonia T.A. Lopes
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2014; 5(5): 466. CrossRef
Increased concentration of serum TNF alpha and its correlations with arterial blood pressure and indices of renal damage in dogs infected with Babesia canis
Wojciech Zygner, Olga Gójska-Zygner, Piotr Bąska, Ewa Długosz
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(4): 1499. CrossRef
Increase nitric oxide and oxidative stress in dogs experimentally infected by Ehrlichia canis: Effect on the pathogenesis of the disease
Aleksandro S. Da Silva, Thiago D. Munhoz, Joice L.M. Faria, Giovanni Vargas-Hérnandez, Rosangela Z. Machado, Taís C. Almeida, Rafael N. Moresco, Lenita M. Stefani, Mirela Tinucci-Costa
Veterinary Microbiology.2013; 164(3-4): 366. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis: Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):205-212.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.205

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis commonly causes vaginitis and perhaps cervicitis in women and urethritis in men and women. Macrophages are important immune cells in response to T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated whether human macrophages could be involved in inflammation induced by T. vaginalis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) were co-cultured with T. vaginalis. Live, opsonized-live trichomonads, and T. vaginalis lysates increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by HMDM. The involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in cytokine production induced by T. vaginalis was confirmed by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. In addition, stimulation with live T. vaginalis induced marked augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels in HMDM. However, trichomonad-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production in macrophages were significantly inhibited by inhibition of iNOS levels with L-NMMA (NO synthase inhibitor). Moreover, pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitors (PDTC or Bay11-7082) caused human macrophages to produce less TNF-α. These results suggest that T. vaginalis stimulates human macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and NO. In particular, we showed that T. vaginalis induced TNF-α production in macrophages through NO-dependent activation of NF-κB, which might be closely involved in inflammation caused by T. vaginalis.

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Antonio Euan‐Canto, Julio César Torres‐Romero, María Elizbeth Alvarez‐Sánchez, Victor Ermilo Arana‐Argáez, Karla Acosta‐Viana, Emanuel Ceballos‐Góngora, Laura Vázquez‐Carrillo, Leidi Alvarez‐Sánchez
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Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Maryam Nemati, Ehsan Salarkia, Sonal Yadav, Najmeh Aminizadeh, Sara Jafarzadeh, Manisha Yadav
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Sonal Yadav, Vivek Verma, Rakesh Singh Dhanda, Sumeeta Khurana, Manisha Yadav
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F. J. Rangel-Mata, E. E. Ávila-Muro, J. E. Reyes-Martínez, L. M. Olmos-Ortiz, M. E. Brunck, L. A. Arriaga-Pizano, P. Cuéllar-Mata
Parasitology.2021; 148(13): 1624. CrossRef
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Li Fei, Wei Zhengkai, Jiang Weina, Cao Lili, Gao Yuhang, Yang Zhengtao, Li Jianhua, Yu Biao, Zhang Xichen, Gong Pengtao
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(1): 267. CrossRef
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Tahali Mendoza-Oliveros, Victor Arana-Argáez, Leidi C. Alvaréz-Sánchez, Julio Lara-Riegos, María Elizbeth Alvaréz-Sánchez, Julio C. Torres-Romero
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Caiyun Qian, Zehui Yun, Yudi Yao, Minghua Cao, Qiang Liu, Song Hu, Shuhua Zhang, Daya Luo
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Namarta Kalia, Jatinder Singh, Manpreet Kaur
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ReducedTrichomonas vaginalisviability in mice pretreated with parasite DNA
Marco Antonio Barajas-Mendiola, Laura E. Castellano, Miriam Barrios-Rodiles, Martha A. Deveze-Alvarez, Eva E. Avila, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata
Parasitology.2019; 146(13): 1636. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Human Macrophages
Angelica Montenegro Riestra, J. Andrés Valderrama, Kathryn A. Patras, Sharon D. Booth, Xing Yen Quek, Chih-Ming Tsai, Victor Nizet
Journal of Innate Immunity.2019; 11(1): 86. CrossRef
Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis
M. Nemati, N. Malla, M. Yadav, H. Khorramdelazad, A. Jafarzadeh
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Ling Li, Xin Li, Pengtao Gong, Xichen Zhang, Zhengtao Yang, Ju Yang, Jianhua Li
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BLT1-mediated O-GlcNAcylation is required for NOX2-dependent migration, exocytotic degranulation and IL-8 release of human mast cell induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-secreted LTB4
Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
Microbes and Infection.2018; 20(6): 376. CrossRef
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Somrita Dey, Biswadev Bishayi
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Trichomonas vaginalis exosome‐like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite‐infected mice
L. M. Olmos‐Ortiz, M. A. Barajas‐Mendiola, M. Barrios‐Rodiles, L. E. Castellano, S. Arias‐Negrete, E. E. Avila, P. Cuéllar‐Mata
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Anti-leishmanial Effects of Trinitroglycerin in BALB/C Mice Infected with Leishmania major via Nitric Oxide Pathway: Hossein Nahrevanian, Mana Najafzadeh, Reza Hajihosseini, Habib Nazem, Mahin Farahmand, Zahra Zamani; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):109-115.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.109

Abstract
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This study investigated whether trinitroglycerine (TNG) as nitric oxide (NO) releasing agent had anti-leishmanial effects and mediated pathology in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a zoonotic infection caused by leishmania protozoa is still one of the health problems in the world and in Iran. NO is involved in host immune responses against intracellular L. major, and leishmania killing by macrophages is mediated by this substance. Moreover, application of CL treatment with NO-donors has been recently indicated. In our study, TNG was used for its ability to increase NO and to modify CL infection in mice, in order to evaluate NO effects on lesion size and formation, parasite proliferation inside macrophages, amastigote visceralization in target organs, and NO induction in plasma and organ suspensions. Data obtained in this study indicated that TNG increased plasma and liver-NO, reduced lesion sizes, removed amastigotes from lesions, livers, spleens, and lymph nodes, declined proliferation of amastigotes, hepatomegaly, and increased survival rate. However, TNG reduced spleen-NO and had no significant effects on spelenomegaly. The results show that TNG therapy reduced leishmaniasis and pathology in association with raised NO levels. TNG had some antiparasitic activity by reduction of positive smears from lesions, livers, spleens, and lymph nodes, which could emphasize the role of TNG to inhibit visceralization of L. major in target organs.

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Brief Communication

Malondialdehyde, Glutathione, and Nitric Oxide Levels in Toxoplasma gondii Seropositive Patients: Ulku Karaman, Tuncay ?elik, Tugba Raika Kiran, Cemil Colak, Nilgun Ulfet Daldal; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):293-295.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.293

Abstract
PDF

The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in the serum malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO) levels between normal and T. gondii-infected patients. To this end, MDA, GSH, and NO levels in the sera of 37 seropositive patients and 40 participants in the control group were evaluated. In Toxoplasma ELISA, IgG results of the patient group were 1,013.0 ± 543.8 in optical density (mean ± SD). A statistically significant difference was found between patients and the control group in terms of MDA, GSH, and NO levels. A decrease in GSH activity was detected, while MDA and NO levels increased significantly. Consequently, it is suggested that the use of antioxidant vitamins in addition to a parasite treatment shall prove useful. The high infection vs control ratio of MDA and NO levels probably suggests the occurrence as a mechanism of tissue damage in cases of chronic toxoplasmosis. Moreover, it is recommended that the patient levels of MDA, GSH, and NO should be evaluated in toxoplasmosis.

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Original Articles

Production of nitric oxide by murine macrophages induced by lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania major: Gholamreza Kavoosi, Sussan K. Ardestani, Amina Kariminia, Zahra Tavakoli; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):35-41.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.35

Abstract
PDF

Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a number of important human diseases. One of the key determinants of parasite infectivity and survival is the surface glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan (LPG). In addition, LPG is shown to be useful as a transmission blocking vaccine. Since culture supernatant of parasite promastigotes is a good source of LPG, we made attempts to characterize functions of the culture supernatant, and membrane LPG isolated from metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania major. The purification scheme included anion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and cold methanol precipitation. The purity of supernatant LPG (sLPG) and membrane LPG (mLPG) was determined by SDS-PAGE and thin layer chromatography. The effect of mLPG and sLPG on nitric oxide (NO) production by murine macrophages cell line (J774.1A) was studied. Both sLPG and mLPG induced NO production in a dose dependent manner but sLPG induced significantly higher amount of NO than mLPG. Our results show that sLPG is able to promote NO production by murine macrophages.

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Effects of iNOS inhibitor on IFN-γ production and apoptosis of splenocytes in genetically different strains of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Ki-Man Kang, Gye-Sung Lee, Jae-Ho Lee, In-Wook Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):175-183.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.175

Abstract
PDF

To evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in IFN-γ production and apoptosis of splenocytes in genetically different strains of mice with toxoplasmosis, BALB/c (a toxoplasmosis resistant strain) and C57BL/6 (a toxoplasmosis susceptible strain) mice were infected with Toxoplasma gondii cysts orally and subsequently injected intraperitoneally with aminoguanidine, an iNOS inhibitor (AG; 35 mg/kg per mouse daily for 14 days). When BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were infected with T. gondii without AG treatment, number of brain cysts, NO and IFN-γ production by splenocytes, and percentages of apoptotic splenocytes were increased compared to uninfected control mice without AG treatment. AG treatment increased the number of brain cysts, and reduced NO and IFN-γ production in T. gondii-infected C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, in T. gondii-infected BABL/c mice, the number of brain cysts, and NO and IFN-γ production of splenocytes was not altered by treatment with AG. However, the percentages of apoptotic splenocytes in T. gondii-infected BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were not affected by AG treatment. These results suggest that NO modulates IFN-γ production in T. gondii-infected C57BL/6 mice, and that NO is involved in mediating a protective response in toxoplasmosis susceptible, but not resistant, mice strain during acute infection.

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