Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"pathology"

Brief Communications

Problems in Japanese archaeoparasitology: Analysis of paleo-parasitic eggs from Hachinohe Castle: Hisashi Fujita, Masako Funaba, Shiori O. Fujisawa; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):278-283.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25031

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During the Edo period, Hachinohe Castle served as the residence of the Nanbu clan, the lords of the Hachinohe domain, and simultaneously functioned as the local government office. Although an analytical company reported on the soil samples from toilet remains within the castle, this study conducted a new analysis. Not only were Trichuris trichiura eggs found in Layer 21, but Metagonimus yokogawai and Dibothriocephalus nihonkaienesis eggs were also present. In Layer 20, which was initially thought to be free of parasitic organisms, T. trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, and M. yokogawai eggs were discovered. This paper discusses the differing results from previous studies, which demonstrate that the analytical methodology of Japanese archaeoparasitology is not yet well established, and suggests ways to improve it.

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Microscopic findings of host–parasite interaction between the Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, and the monogenean ectoparasite, Microcotyle sebastis: Sang Phil Shin, Seokryel Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):490-496.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24043

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This study was conducted to examine the pathogenesis of gill degeneration in the Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegelii, infested with the monogenean ectoparasite, Microcotyle sebastis. We collected 30 Korean rockfish from a fish farm in Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, and examined them with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histopathology, in March 2018. The monogenean trematode, M. sebastis, was detected in 27 Korean rockfish (90%), with the intensity of infection being 31.7 per fish. The characteristic surface ultrastructures such as tegument with transverse striations, genital atrium, genital pore, and opisthaptor with numerous clamps were observed. The worms were firmly attached to the gill lamellae using clamps from the opisthaptor, causing gill damage and degeneration. The distal part of the lamellae was ruptured by the sclerites of the clamps. The histopathological examination revealed epithelial hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and occasionally fusion of the lamellae. These ultrastructural and histopathological findings provide some understanding of the pathogenesis of gill degeneration in the Korean rockfish infested with M. sebastis.

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Original Article

Characterization of Plasmodium berghei Homologues of T-cell Immunomodulatory Protein as a New Potential Candidate for Protecting against Experimental Cerebral Malaria: Ai Cui, Yucen Li, Xia Zhou, Lin Wang, Enjie Luo; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):101-115.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.101

The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is biologically complex and involves multi-factorial mechanisms such as microvascular congestion, immunopathology by the pro-inflammatory cytokine and endothelial dysfunction. Recent data have suggested that a pleiotropic T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP) could effectively mediate inflammatory cytokines of mammalian immune response against acute graft-versus-host disease in animal models. In this study, we identified a conserved homologue of TIP in Plasmodium berghei (PbTIP) as a membrane protein in Plasmodium asexual stage. Compared with PBS control group, the pathology of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in rPbTIP intravenous injection (i.v.) group was alleviated by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory responses, and rPbTIP i.v. group elicited an expansion of regulatory T-cell response. Therefore, rPbTIP i.v. group displayed less severe brain pathology and feverish mice in rPbTIP i.v. group died from ECM. This study suggested that PbTIP may be a novel promising target to alleviate the severity of ECM.

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Malian children infected with Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum display very similar gene expression profiles
Kieran Tebben, Salif Yirampo, Drissa Coulibaly, Abdoulaye K. Koné, Matthew B. Laurens, Emily M. Stucke, Ahmadou Dembélé, Youssouf Tolo, Karim Traoré, Amadou Niangaly, Andrea A. Berry, Bourema Kouriba, Christopher V. Plowe, Ogobara K. Doumbo, Kirsten E. Ly
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2023; 17(1): e0010802. CrossRef
Characterization of protein cargo of Echinococcus granulosus extracellular vesicles in drug response and its influence on immune response
María Celeste Nicolao, Christian Rodriguez Rodrigues, Magalí B. Coccimiglio, Camila Ledo, Guillermo H. Docena, Andrea C. Cumino
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

An Outbreak of Histomoniasis in Backyard Sanhuang Chickens: Dandan Liu, Lingming Kong, Jianping Tao, Jinjun Xu; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):597-602.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.597

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Histomonas meleagridis is a facultative anaerobic parasite, which can cause a common poultry disease known as histomoniasis. The species and age of the birds impacts on the susceptibility, with turkey being the most susceptible species. Chickens are less susceptible to H. meleagridis than turkeys and usually serve as reservoir hosts. Here, the diagnosis of an outbreak of histomoniasis in backyard Sanhuang chickens is described. The primary diagnosis was made based on clinical symptoms, general changes at necropsy, histopathology, and the isolation and cultivation of parasites. The pathogen was further confirmed by cloning, PCR identification, and animal inoculation tests. A strain of H. meleagri- dis, named HM-JSYZ-C, with a higher pathogenicity level in chickens was obtained. The study lays a foundation for further investigations into H. meleagridis and histomoniasis in chickens.

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MicroRNA expression profile of chicken liver at different times after Histomonas meleagridis infection
Qiaoguang Chen, Yuming Zhang, Jie Rong, Chen Chen, Shuang Wang, Jiege Wang, Zaifan Li, Zhaofeng Hou, Dandan Liu, Jianping Tao, Jinjun Xu
Veterinary Parasitology.2024; 329: 110200. CrossRef
Molecular Detection and Characterization of Histomonas Meleagridis in Fighting Cocks, Thailand
Mangsatabam Norjit Singh, Sawang Kesdangsakonwut, Wanarit Jitsamai, Chongtham Sonia, Cherdpong Phupolpan, Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
SSRN Electronic Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
MicroRNA expression profile of chicken cecum in different stages during Histomonas meleagridis infection
Yu-Ming Zhang, Qiao-Guang Chen, Chen Chen, Shuang Wang, Zai-Fan Li, Zhao-Feng Hou, Dan-Dan Liu, Jian-Ping Tao, Jin-jun Xu
BMC Veterinary Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Pathologic Characterization of Coinfection with Histomonas meleagridis, Marek's Disease Virus, and Subtype J Avian Leukosis Virus in Chickens
Ming Li, Haifeng Xiong, Hanwen Wu, Dongmei Hu, Yan Lin, Xueting Huang, Jun Wang, Kezong Qi, Hongmei Liu
Avian Diseases.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Erratum: An Outbreak of Histomoniasis in Backyard Sanhuang Chickens

The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(1): 75. CrossRef

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Original Article

Morphological Studies of Developmental Stages of Oculotrema hippopotami (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) Infecting the Eye of Hippopotamus amphibius (Mammalia: Hippopotamidae) Using SEM and EDXA with Notes on Histopathology: Nataliya Yu. Rubtsova, Richard A. Heckmann, Willem J. Smit, Wilmien J. Luus-Powell, Ali Halajian, Francois Roux; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):463-475.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.463

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The present study was performed to observe histopathological effects of Oculotrema hippopotami Stunkard, 1924 infection in the eye of Hippopotamus amphibius, as well as to reveal new details of morphology and structural features of this monogenean and its comparison between 2 age stages of the parasite. This was done using both light and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and histopathology. The presence of a mixture of different generations (adult and sub-adult) in one host individual is common for Oculotrema Stunkard, 1924 in contrast to Polystoma Zeder, 1800. New metrical and graphical information obtained for adults and sub-adults compared with the previous studies. Here we show the presence of genital papillae in adults, metrical data on the distal part of the vas deferens. SEM micrographs of sperm ejaculatory structures and information about the flattened dorsal side of the body provided for the first time. Histopathological changes, such as necrosis and hemorrhage in host tissues as a result of O. hippopotami attachment structures are described. Structural analysis of different body parts of O. hippopotami of both age groups are also included. We show qualitative differences in the presence of hardening ions (S, P, Ca) in attachment structures (oral and haptor suckers) that increase with the age of the worm. The presence of sub-adults and adults on the same host, together with high levels of infection without high pathogenicity may account for Oculotrema being one of the most successful parasites among the Monogenea.

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Redescription and molecular analysis of Corynosoma pseudohamanni Zdzitowiecki, 1984 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) juveniles from Notothenia coriiceps Richardson in the water area of Argentine Islands, West Antarctica
Omar M. Amin, Anshu Chaudhary, Makoto Enoki Caracciolo, Nataliya Yu. Rubtsova, Camila Wendt, Olga Lisitsyna, Tetiana A. Kuzmina, Wanderley de Souza, Hridaya S. Singh
Systematic Parasitology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Description of Pseudobenedeniella johnstoni sp. n. (Monogenea: Capsalidae) from the gills of Antarctic black rockcod, Notothenia coriiceps Richardson in coastal waters of West Antarctica
N. Y. Rubtsova, A. Chaudhary, S. Glotov, T. A. Kuzmina
Helminthologia.2024; 61(4): 327. CrossRef
Revision of Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from a North American population using novel SEM images, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, and molecular analysis
O. M. Amin, A. Chaudhary, H. S. Singh, T. Kuzmina
Helminthologia.2023; 60(1): 1. CrossRef
Redescription of Illiosentis cetratus Van Cleave, 1945 (Acanthocephala: Illiosentidae) from Menticirrhus undulatus (Girard) in California, with notes on Illiosentis furcatus from Peru
Omar M. Amin, Anshu Chaudhary, Hridaya S. Singh
Folia Parasitologica.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Redescription and Molecular Characterization of Pachysentis canicola Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from the Maned Wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) in Texas
Omar M. Amin, Anshu Chaudhary, Richard A. Heckmann, Julie Swenson, Hridaya S. Singh
Acta Parasitologica.2022; 67(1): 275. CrossRef
The morphological and molecular description of Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) poonchensis sp. n. from Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) in Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Omar Mohamed Amin, Mumtaz Ahmed, Anshu Chaudhary, Richard Anderson Heckmann, Hridaya Shanker Singh
Folia Parasitologica.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A comparative assessment of the morphology ofProfilicollis altmani(Acanthocephala, Polymorphidae) from crustaceans and shore birds in Peru, with special notes on hook elemental analysis (EDXA), SEM imaging, histopathology, and molecular profile
Omar M. Amin, Sara M. Rodríguez, Nataliya Rubtsova, Richard A. Heckmann, César Peña, Teresa Castro, Felipe Rivera, Guillermo D’Elía
Parasite.2022; 29: 9. CrossRef
Morphological and Molecular Description of Immature Southwellina hispida (Van Cleave, 1925) Witenberg, 1932 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from the Body Cavity of the Paratenic Host Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper (Gobiidae) in California, with Analyses of
Omar M. Amin, Anshu Chaudhary, Hirdaya S. Singh
Acta Parasitologica.2022; 67(3): 1107. CrossRef
New perspectives of Microsentis wardae Martin & Multani, 1966 (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper in California, with scanning electron microscopy images and energy dispersive X-ray analysis
O. M. Amin, A. Chaudhary, H. S. Singh
Journal of Helminthology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A Review of the Parasite Fauna of the Black-Bellied Pangolin, Phataginus tetradactyla Lin. (Manidae), from Central Africa with the Description of Intraproboscis sanghae n. gen., n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Gigantorhynchidae)
Omar M. Amin, Richard A. Heckmann, Birgit Sist, Walter U. Basso
Journal of Parasitology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
New perspectives on Aspersentis Megarhynchus (Acanthocephala: Heteracanthocephalidae) from Notothenia Coriiceps Richardson (Nototheniidae) in the West Antarctic, with emended generic diagnosis
O.M. Amin, R.A. Heckmann, S. Dallarés, M. Constenla, N.Yu. Rubtsova, T. Kuzmina
Journal of Helminthology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
New morphological and molecular perspectives aboutMacracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus(Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from wild boar,Sus scrofaLinn., in Ukraine
Omar M. Amin, Richard A. Heckmann, Sara Dallarés, María Constenla, Tetiana Kuzmina
Journal of Helminthology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphological Features and Structural Analysis of Plerocercoids of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) from European Pine Marten, Martes martes (Mammalia: Mustelidae) in Ukraine
Nataliya Yu. Rubtsova, Richard A. Heckmann
Comparative Parasitology.2020; 87(1): 109. CrossRef
On theNeoechinorhynchus agilis(Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) complex, with a description ofNeoechinorhynchus ponticusn. sp. fromChelon auratusin the Black Sea
Omar M. Amin, Meysam Sharifdini, Richard A. Heckmann, Nataliya Rubtsova, Halima Jmii Chine
Parasite.2020; 27: 48. CrossRef
Description and molecular analysis of an Italian population of Centrorhynchus globo caudatus (Zeder, 1800) Lühe, 1911 (Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchidae) from Falco tinnunculus (Falconidae) and Buteo buteo (Accipitridae)
O.M. Amin, R.A. Heckmann, S. Dallarés, M. Constenla, S. Rubini
Journal of Helminthology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Cerebral Cysticercosis in Thailand: Samasuk Thammachantha, Ratana Kunnatiranont, Pongwat Polpong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):793-795.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.793

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Cysticercosis and sparganosis are not uncommon parasitic infections in the developing world. Central nervous system infection by both cestodes can present with neurological signs and symptoms, such as seizure and mass effect, including brain hernia. Early detection and accurate diagnosis can prevent a fatal outcome. Histological examinations of brain tissues can confirm the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis, which differs from sparganosis by the presence of a cavitated body. We report here a case of cerebral cysticercosis which has the similar clinical and imaging findings as sparganosis.

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Neurosurgical Approach to Neurocysticercosis in Adults: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Clinical and Imaging Insights
Maxon V. Knott, Chandler N. Berke, Khushi Hemendra Shah, Muhammet Enes Gurses, Malek Bashti, Victor M. Lu, Michael E. Ivan, Jose G. Castro, Ricardo J. Komotar, Ashish H. Shah
Neurosurgery.2025; 97(2): 281. CrossRef
Spinal Sparganosis Coexisting with Acquired Arteriovenous Fistula of the Filum Terminale
Prasert Iampreechakul, Wuttipong Tirakotai, Punjama Lertbutsayanukul, Sirirat Khunvutthidee, Samasuk Thammachantha, Somkiet Siriwimonmas
World Neurosurgery.2020; 136: 341. CrossRef

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Original Article

Animal Models for Echinostoma malayanum Infection: Worm Recovery and Some Pathology: Jiraporn Songsri, Ratchadawan Aukkanimart, Thidarut Boonmars, Panaratana Ratanasuwan, Porntip Laummaunwai, Pranee Sriraj, Panupan Sripan; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):47-53.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.47

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Echinostomes are intestinal trematodes that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans, in their adult stage and also parasitize numerous invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate hosts in their larval stages. The purpose of this study was to compare Echinostoma malayanum parasite growth, including worm recovery, body size of adult worms, eggs per worm, eggs per gram of feces, and pathological changes in the small intestine of experimental animals. In this study, 6-8-week-old male hamsters, rats, mice, and gerbils were infected with echinostome metacercariae and then sacrificed at day 60 post-infection. The small intestine and feces of each infected animal were collected and then processed for analysis. The results showed that worm recovery, eggs per worm, and eggs per gram of feces from all infected hamsters were higher compared with infected rats and mice. However, in infected gerbils, no parasites were observed in the small intestine, and there were no parasite eggs in the feces. The volume of eggs per gram of feces and eggs per worm were related to parasite size. The results of histopathological changes in the small intestine of infected groups showed abnormal villi and goblet cells, as evidenced by short villi and an increase in the number and size of goblet cells compared with the normal control group.

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Research Note: Genetic analysis, pathology, and vectors of echinostomiasis, a zoonotic helminth infection in chickens in Bangladesh
Sharmin Shahid Labony, Sudip Paul, Md. Abdul Alim, Md. Shahadat Hossain, Takahiro Inoue, Sumaiya Naznin Ritu, Mohammad Zahangir Alam, Mahmudul Alam, Hayato Kawada, Muhammad Mehedi Hasan, Takeshi Hatta, Naotoshi Tsuji, Anisuzzaman
Poultry Science.2022; 101(3): 101682. CrossRef
A relatively high zoonotic trematode prevalence in Orientogalba ollula and the developmental characteristics of isolated trematodes by experimental infection in the animal model
Jian Li, Yijing Ren, Lei Yang, Jiani Guo, Haiying Chen, Jiani Liu, Haoqiang Tian, Qingan Zhou, Weiyi Huang, Wei Hu, Xinyu Feng
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Immune pathogenesis in pigeons during experimental Prohemistomum vivax infection
Asmaa M. I. Abuzeid, Mahmoud M. Hefni, Yue Huang, Long He, Tingting Zhuang, Guoqing Li
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular and phylogenetic analysis and risk assessment of a trematode parasite, Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex Lane, 1915 with a new host record from India
Dimple Mandla, Neena Singla, Sukhmanpreet Kaur Brar, Lachhman Das Singla
Biologia.2022; 78(1): 119. CrossRef
Artyfechinostomum malayanum: Metacercariae Encysted in Pila sp. Snails Purchased from Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Muth Sinuon, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(3): 341. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Pathological Lesions and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expressions in the Liver of Mice Experimentally Infected with Clonorchis sinensis: Qing-Li Yang, Ji-Qing Shen, Yan Xue, Xiao-Bing Cheng, Zhi-Hua Jiang, Yi-Chao Yang, Ying-Dan Chen, Xiao-Nong Zhou; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):777-783.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.777

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The nitric oxide (NO) formation and intrinsic nitrosation may be involved in the possible mechanisms of liver fluke-associated carcinogenesis. We still do not know much about the responses of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induced by Clonorchis sinensis infection. This study was conducted to explore the pathological lesions and iNOS expressions in the liver of mice with different infection intensity levels of C. sinensis. Extensive periductal inflammatory cell infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis were commonly observed during the infection. The different pathological responses in liver tissues strongly correlated with the infection intensity of C. sinensis. Massive acute spotty necrosis occurred in the liver parenchyma after a severe infection. The iNOS activity in liver tissues increased, and iNOS-expressing cells with morphological differences were observed after a moderate or severe infection. The iNOS-expressing cells in liver tissues had multiple origins.

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Hypoxic and nitrosative stress conditions modulate expression of myoglobin genes in a carcinogenic hepatobiliary trematode, Clonorchis sinensis
Seon-Hee Kim, Dongki Yang, Young-An Bae, Krystyna Cwiklinski
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(9): e0009811. CrossRef
Molecular characteristics and induction profiles of hypoxia-inducible factor-1αand other basic helix–loop–helix and Per–Arnt–Sim domain-containing proteins identified in a carcinogenic liver flukeClonorchis sinensis
Seon-Hee Kim, Gyu-Seok Oh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Kihyun Lee, Hyun-Jong Yang, Young-An Bae
Parasitology.2019; 146(2): 176. CrossRef
Interplay between proinflammatory cytokines, miRNA, and tissue lesions in Anisakis-infected Sprague-Dawley rats
Jerko Hrabar, Željka Trumbić, Ivana Bočina, Ivana Bušelić, Anamarija Vrbatović, Ivona Mladineo, Walderez O. Dutra
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(5): e0007397. CrossRef
Increased hepatic Th2 and Treg subsets are associated with biliary fibrosis in different strains of mice caused by Clonorchis sinensis
Bei-Bei Zhang, Chao Yan, Fan Fang, Ying Du, Rui Ma, Xiang-Yang Li, Qian Yu, Di Meng, Ren-Xian Tang, Kui-Yang Zheng, Patricia Talamas-Rohana
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(2): e0171005. CrossRef
Human liver flukes
David Harrington, Poppy H L Lamberton, Alastair McGregor
The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2017; 2(9): 680. CrossRef
TLR2 signal influences the iNOS/NO responses and worm development in C57BL/6J mice infected with Clonorchis sinensis
Qing-Li Yang, Ji-Qing Shen, Zhi-Hua Jiang, Yun-Liang Shi, Xiao-Ling Wan, Yi-Chao Yang
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status and perspectives of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, omics, prevention and control
Ze-Li Tang, Yan Huang, Xin-Bing Yu
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis, an oriental liver fluke, as a human biological agent of cholangiocarcinoma: a brief review
Tong-Soo Kim, Jhang Ho Pak, Jong-Bo Kim, Young Yil Bahk
BMB Reports.2016; 49(11): 590. CrossRef

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Case Reports

Perianal Tick-Bite Lesion Caused by a Fully Engorged Female Amblyomma testudinarium: Jin Kim, Haeng An Kang, Sung Sun Kim, Hyun Soo Joo, Won Seog Chong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):685-690.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.685

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A perianal tick and the surrounding skin were surgically excised from a 73-year-old man residing in a southwestern costal area of the Korean Peninsula. Microscopically a deep penetrating lesion was formed beneath the attachment site. Dense and mixed inflammatory cell infiltrations occurred in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues around the feeding lesion. Amorphous eosinophilic cement was abundant in the center of the lesion. The tick had Y-shaped anal groove, long mouthparts, ornate scutum, comma-shaped spiracular plate, distinct eyes, and fastoons. It was morphologically identified as a fully engorged female Amblyomma testudinarium. This is the third human case of Amblyomma tick infection in Korea.

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A checklist of the ticks of Malaysia (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae), with lists of known associated hosts, geographical distribution, type localities, human infestations and pathogens
ABDUL-RAHMAN KAZIM, JAMAL HOUSSAINI, DENNIS TAPPE, CHONG CHIN HEO
Zootaxa.2022; 5190(4): 485. CrossRef
Geographic distribution and modeling of ticks in the Republic of Korea and the application of tick models towards understanding the distribution of associated pathogenic agents
Heidi K. St. John, Penny Masuoka, Ju Jiang, Ratree Takhampunya, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Jin-Won Song, Yu-Jin Kim, Christina M. Farris, Allen L. Richards
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2021; 12(4): 101686. CrossRef
Francisella-Like Endosymbiont Detected in Haemaphysalis Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) From the Republic of Korea
Ratree Takhampunya, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Achareeya Korkusol, Bousaraporn Tippayachai, Silas A Davidson, Jeannine M Petersen, Terry A Klein
Journal of Medical Entomology.2017; 54(6): 1735. CrossRef
Detection of SFTS Virus inIxodes nipponensisandAmblyomma testudinarium(Ixodida: Ixodidae) Collected From Reptiles in the Republic of Korea
Jae-Hwa Suh, Heung-Chul Kim, Seok-Min Yun, Jae-Won Lim, Jin-Han Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Dae-Ho Kim, Hyun-Tae Kim, Hyun Kim, Terry A. Klein, Jaree L. Johnson, Won-Ja Lee
Journal of Medical Entomology.2016; 53(3): 584. CrossRef
Tick Bite by NymphalAmblyomma testudinarium
Yeong Ho Kim, Ji Hyun Lee, Young Min Park, Jun Young Lee
Annals of Dermatology.2016; 28(6): 762. CrossRef
Modulation of host immunity by tick saliva
Jan Kotál, Helena Langhansová, Jaroslava Lieskovská, John F. Andersen, Ivo M.B. Francischetti, Triantafyllos Chavakis, Jan Kopecký, Joao H.F. Pedra, Michail Kotsyfakis, Jindřich Chmelař
Journal of Proteomics.2015; 128: 58. CrossRef

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Congenital Neosporosis in Goats from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil: Mary S. Varaschin, Christian Hirsch, Flademir Wouters, Karen Y. Nakagaki, Ant?nio M. Guimar?es, Domingos S. Santos, Pedro S. Bezerra, Rafael C. Costa, Ana P. Peconick, Ingeborg M. Langohr; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):63-67.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.63

Abstract
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Congenital Neospora caninum infection was diagnosed in two Saanen goat kids from two distinct herds with a history of abortion and weak newborn goat kids in the Southern region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The first kid was weak at birth, had difficulty to rise and was unable to nurse. Gross lesions of porencephaly and hydrocephalus ex vacuo were seen. Multifocal necrosis, gliosis and non-supurative encephalitis were observed in the brain. Several parasitic cysts with a thick wall that reacted strongly only with polyclonal antiserum to Neospora caninum were seen in the cerebral cortex, brain stem and cerebellum. The second kid was born from a Neospora caninum seropositive mother that aborted in the last pregnancy. It was born without clinical signs. The diagnosis of neosporosis was based on antibody titer of 1:800 to N. caninum by indirect fluorescence antibody test obtained from blood collected before the goat kid ingested the colostrum and Neospora caninum DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced from placenta. This is the first report of neosporosis in goats in the southeast region of Brazil.

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Anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cattle intended for human consumption in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors
Samira Pereira Batista, Jordania Oliveira Silva, Carolina Magri Ferraz, João Pedro Barbosa de Assis, Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi, Luiza Guilherme Daleprani, Fernando Luiz Tobias, Thais Ferreira Feitosa, Fábio Ribeiro Braga, Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
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An Imported Case of Echinococcosis of the Liver in a Korean Who Traveled to Western and Central Europe: Sun-Ju Byun, Kyung Chul Moon, Kyung-Suk Suh, Joon Koo Han, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):161-165.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.161

Abstract
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Echinococcus granulosus, an intestinal tapeworm of dogs and other canids, infects humans in its larval stage and causes human echinococcosis or hydatid disease. In the Republic of Korea, 31 parasite-proven human echinococcosis cases have been reported, most of which were imported from the Middle East. We recently examined a 61-year-old Korean man who had a large cystic mass in his liver. ELISA was negative for tissue parasitic infections, including echinococcosis, cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, and sparganosis. The patient underwent surgery to remove the cyst, and the resected cyst was processed histopathologically for microscopic examinations. In sectioned cyst tissue, necrotizing protoscolices with disintegrated hooklets of E. granulosus were found. In some areas, only freed, fragmented hooklets were detected. The patient had traveled to western and central Europe in 1996, and had no other history of overseas travel. We report our patient as a hepatic echinococcosis case which was probably imported from Europe.

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Won Jun Choi, Hanna Jin, Hyeon Jae Jo, Chan Mi Lee, Chang Kyung Kang, Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Wan Beom Park, Nam Joong Kim, Min-Ho Choi
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Akira Ito, Christine M. Budke
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Gyeong Deok Jo, Jae Young Lee, Sung-Tae Hong, Jung Hoon Kim, Joon Koo Han
World Journal of Radiology.2016; 8(10): 846. CrossRef
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Tatiana Küster, Nadja Kriegel, Britta Stadelmann, Xiaofang Wang, Yuxiang Dong, Jonathan L. Vennerstrom, Jennifer Keiser, Andrew Hemphill
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Hoon Choi, Jae Young Park, Jae-Heon Kim, Du Geon Moon, Jeong-Gu Lee, Jae Hyun Bae
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Keun Soo Ahn, Sung-Tae Hong, Yu Na Kang, Jung Hyeok Kwon, Mi Jeong Kim, Tae Jun Park, Yong Hoon Kim, Tae Jin Lim, Koo Jeong Kang
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Original Articles

Sarcocystis and Its Complications in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Eastern Provinces of Iran: Akbar Valinezhad, Ahmad Oryan, Nasrollah Ahmadi; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):229-234.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.229

Abstract
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The prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. was investigated by gross and histopathological examinations in 250 camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered from 2002 to 2005 in the Mashhad Slaughterhouse, eastern Iran. Samples were taken from the diaphragm, heart, tongue, esophagus and masseter muscles for histopathological studies. No macroscopic sarcocysts were found in the samples at gross inspection. Sarcocysts were detected in 209 of 250 (83.6%) examined camels at histopathological level. The infection rate of the esophagus, heart, masseter muscles, diaphragm, and tongue was 58.8%, 48.0%, 46.8%, 41.6%, and 28.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of infection between male (85.8%) and female (81.0%) camels. The tissue response to vital cysts was minimal; however, reaction to the degenerating cysts was severe and caused tissue damages resulting in hyperemia, hemorrhages, mononuclear cell infiltration, necrotic changes, and fibrosis. The wild and domestic carnivores especially dogs may be the final hosts of Sarcocystis spp. in this area.

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Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2025; 120: 102340. CrossRef
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Lamiaa K. Elsharkawy, Safaa M. Barghash, Basma M. Abou El-Nour, Wafaa Labib, Al-Shaimaa M. Sadek
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Ismail S. Elshahawy, Marwa Fawaz, Aya Gomaa, Eman Mohammed
BMC Veterinary Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Sarcocystis camelicanis increases interleukin (IL)-6 expression in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Riyadh and Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Dina M. Metwally, Tahani T. Al-Otaibi, Abdelhabib Semlali, Reem A. Alajmi
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Sameh Abuseir
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Ahmed Gareh, Mahmoud Soliman, Amira A. Saleh, Fatma A. El-Gohary, Heba M. M. El-Sherbiny, Ragab H. Mohamed, Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
Veterinary Sciences.2020; 7(4): 162. CrossRef
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Muhammad A. Saeed, Jane L. Vaughan, Abdul Jabbar
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Alireza Sazmand, Anja Joachim
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The role of sheep in the epidemiology of Sarcocystis spp. in Tabriz area northwest of Iran
Mohammad Mirzaei, Hadi Rezaei
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2016; 40(2): 285. CrossRef
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Mohammad Mirzaei, Hadi Rezaei
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2016; 40(3): 648. CrossRef
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Majedeh Akhlaghi, Mostafa Razavi, Arsalan Hosseini
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J. P. DUBEY, M. HILALI, E. VAN WILPE, R. CALERO-BERNAL, S. K. VERMA, I. E. ABBAS
Parasitology.2015; 142(12): 1481. CrossRef
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Mohammad Mirzaei Dehaghi, Mohsen Fallahi, Masoud Sami, Mohammad Hosein Radfar
Comparative Clinical Pathology.2013; 22(3): 343. CrossRef
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Noreddine Benkerroum
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Hossein Hamidinejat, Seyedhossein Hekmatimoghaddam, Hedieh Jafari, Alireza Sazmand, Pedram Haddad Molayan, Leila Derakhshan, Seyedmehdi Mirabdollahi
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2013; 37(2): 163. CrossRef
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Mohamed Tharwat, Fahd Al-Sobayil, Ahmed Ali, Sébastien Buczinski
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Seyed Reza Hosseini, Amir Shakerian, Nahid Tahamtan
Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.2012; 11(15): 2683. CrossRef
Characterization of Sarcocystis fusiformis based on sequencing and PCR-RFLP in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Iran
Ahmad Oryan, Hassan Sharifiyazdi, Monire Khordadmehr, Sara Larki
Parasitology Research.2011; 109(6): 1563. CrossRef
Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of Sarcocystis isolated from camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran
Gholam Reza Motamedi, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Abas Nouri, Khosro Aghaeipour
Parasitology Research.2011; 108(4): 949. CrossRef
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Mohammad Mirzaei De, Saeid Fathi, Ehsan Norouzi As
Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.2011; 10(9): 1205. CrossRef
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Hossein Nourani, Somayeh Matin, Abass Nouri, Hamidreza Azizi
Tropical Animal Health and Production.2010; 42(6): 1225. CrossRef
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Hossein Hamidineja, Mohammad Hossein Raz Jalali, Leily Nabavi
Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.2010; 9(12): 1724. CrossRef
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Zheng Xiang, Benjamin M. Rosenthal, Yongshu He, Wenlin Wang, Hong Wang, Jingling Song, Pei-Qing Shen, Ma-Lin Li, Zhaoqing Yang
Parasitology International.2010; 59(2): 128. CrossRef
Prevalence, biology, and distribution pattern of Sarcocystis infection in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Iran
Ahmad Oryan, Nasrollah Ahmadi, Seyed Mostafa Modarres Mousavi
Tropical Animal Health and Production.2010; 42(7): 1513. CrossRef
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Fathy Abdel-Ghaffar, Heinz Mehlhorn, Abdel-Rahman Bashtar, Khaled Al-Rasheid, Thabit Sakran, Hoda El-Fayoumi
Parasitology Research.2009; 106(1): 189. CrossRef
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Saeid R. Nourollahi Fard, Masoud Asghari, Fatemeh Nouri
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Bile duct changes in rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis: Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Shunyu Li, Byung-Suk Chung, Jae Hoon Lim, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):7-17.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.7

Abstract
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This study describes an evaluation of the sonographic, cholangiographic, pathological, and immunological findings, and the protective effect shown by rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis. Eight experimental rat groups were, namely, a normal control, a primary infection control, a reinfection I (reinfection 7 week after treatment following 3-week infection), a reinfection II (reinfection 2 week after treatment following 8-week infection), a reinfection III (exploration of the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection 4 week after treatment following 4-week infection), a superinfection, a secondary infection control, and an infection following immunization group. Sonographic and cholangiographic findings showed moderate or marked dilatation of the bile duct confluence in the primary infection control, reinfection II, and secondary infection control groups. Juvenile worms survived in the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection following treatment in the reinfection III group. It was concluded that reinfecting juvenile worms found during the first week following reinfection failed to survive or grow further. Anatomical, pathophysiological, or immunological changes may induce protection from reinfection in rats.

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International Journal for Parasitology.2016; 46(3): 195. CrossRef
Cell Death and Proliferation after Treatment and Reinfection of Clonorchis sinensis in the Sprague-Dawley Rat Bile Duct
Byoung-Hoon Min, Ka-Young Ahn, Haeng-Sook Lee, Soo-Jin Kim, Kyoung-Hwan Joo
Applied Microscopy.2015; 45(2): 80. CrossRef
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Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 232. CrossRef
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Parasitology Research.2008; 103(2): 393. CrossRef
Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis
Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(1): 17. CrossRef
Factors in the resistance of rats to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis
Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology Research.2008; 102(6): 1111. CrossRef
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Tae Yun Kim, Pyo Yun Cho, Jong Won Na, Sung-Jong Hong
Parasitology Research.2007; 101(6): 1557. CrossRef
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Parasitology Research.2005; 97(1): 21. CrossRef

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Mini Review

A review of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) and human infections in the Republic of Korea: Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):85-118.
Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.85

Abstract
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Studies on Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) and human infections are briefly reviewed. This minute intestinal fluke was first discovered from a Korean woman suffering from acute pancreatitis and gastrointestinal troubles. It was described as a new species by Lee, Chai and Hong in 1993. The southwestern coastal village where the patient resided was found to be a highly endemic area, and additional endemic areas have been identified. The parasite is very small, 0.33-0.50 mm long and 0.23-0.33 mm wide, and characterized by the presence of a ventral pit. The first intermediate host remains unknown, but the second intermediate host has been found to be the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Man and the Palearctic oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus have been shown to be natural definitive hosts, and wading birds including the Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus are highly susceptible to experimental infection. Gerbils, hamsters, cats, and several strains of mice were also susceptible laboratory hosts. In experimentally infected mice, the parasites inhabit the small intestine, pinching and sucking the root of villi with their large oral suckers, but they did not invade beyond the mucosa in immunocompetent mice. However, they were found to invade the submucosa in immunosuppressed mice. Human G. seoi infections have been found in at least 25 localities; 23 islands on the Yellow Sea or the South Sea, and 2 western coastal villages. The highest prevalence was found in a village on Aphaedo, Shinan-gun (49% egg positive rate); other areas showed 0.8-25.3% prevalence. Infected people complained of variable degrees of gastrointestinal troubles and indigestion. The infection can be diagnosed by recovery of eggs in the feces; however, an expert is needed to identify the eggs. Praziquantel, 10 mg/kg in single dose, is effective for treatment of human infections. Eating raw oysters in endemic areas should be avoided.

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Original Articles

Intestinal histopathology and in situ postures of Gymnophalloides seoi in experimentally infected mice: Jong-Yil Chai, Hong-Soon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Jae Hyung Yoo, Sang-Mee Guk, Min Seo, Min-Ho Choi, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):31-41.
Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.31

Abstract
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The intestinal histopathology and in situ postures of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) were studied using C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice as experimental hosts; the effects of immunosuppression were also observed. The metacercariae isolated from naturally infected oysters, 300 or 1,000 in number, were infected orally to each mouse, and the mice were killed at days 3-21 post-infection (PI). In immunocompetent (IC) mice, only a small number of flukes were found in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum during days 3-7 PI, with their large oral suckers pinching and sucking the root of villi. The intestinal mucosa showed mild villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and inflammations in the villous stroma and crypt, with remarkable goblet cell hyperplasia. These mucosal changes were almost restored after days 14-21 PI. In immunosuppressed (IS) mice, displacement as well as complete loss of villi adjacent to the flukes was frequently encountered, otherwise the histopathology was generally mild, with minimal goblet cell hyperplasia. In these mice, numerous flukes were found, and it seemed that they were actively moving and rotating in situ. Several flukes were found to have invaded into the submucosa, almost facing the serosa. These results indicate that in IC mice the intestinal histopathology caused by G. seoi is generally mild, and the flukes do not penetrate beyond the mucosa, however, in IS mice, the flukes can cause severe destruction of neighboring villi, and some of them invade into the submucosa.

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Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia
Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim
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A new endemic focus of Gymnophalloides seoi infection on Aphae Island, Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do
Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Hyo-Jin Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Min Seo, Yun-Kyu Park, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(1): 39. CrossRef
A case of colonic lymphoid tissue invasion by Gymnophalloides seoi in a Korean man
Min Seo, Hokyung Chun, Geunghwan Ahn, Kee-Taek Jang, Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(1): 87. CrossRef
Gymnophalloides seoi: a new human intestinal trematode
Jong-Yil Chai, Min-Ho Choi, Jae-Ran Yu, Soon-Hyung Lee
Trends in Parasitology.2003; 19(3): 109. CrossRef
Food-borne intestinal trematode infections in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee
Parasitology International.2002; 51(2): 129. CrossRef
A review of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) and human infections in the Republic of Korea
Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(2): 85. CrossRef

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Long-lasting sonographic and histopathological findings in cured clonorchiasis of rabbits: Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Seung Kwon Kim, Eung Yeop Kim, Mejeong Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):77-83.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.77

Abstract
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To ascertain residual sonographic and histopathological findings of clonorchiasis after treatment, the present study evaluated sonographic findings in rabbits which were infected with 500 metacercariae of C. sinensis every 6 months for 18 months after treatment with praziquantel. The sonographic findings were analyzed in terms of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and periductal echogenicity, and histopathological findings were observed after the last sonographic examination. Compared with the sonographic findings before treatment, dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts became mild to some degree in four of the seven cases and increased periductal echogenicity resolved in four of them. The histopathological specimens after 18 months showed that periductal inflammation has almost resolved but moderate dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts and mucosal hyperplasia persisted. The periductal fibrosis minimally resolved. The long-lasting sonographic findings in cured clonorchiasis make sonography less specific.

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Eun-Min Kim, Sung-Tae Hong
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Dongil Choi, Yong Hwan Jeon, Geun-Chan Lee, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(1): 19. CrossRef
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Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Kyu Taek Lee, Jong Kyun Lee, Seong Ho Choi, Jin Seok Heo, Dong Wook Choi, Kee‐Taek Jang, Nam Yong Lee, Seonwoo Kim, Sung‐Tae Hong
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2008;[Epub] CrossRef
Imaging diagnosis of clonorchiasis
Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(2): 77. CrossRef
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Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Kyu Taek Lee, Jong Kyun Lee, Seong Ho Choi, Jin Seok Heo, Kee-Taek Jang, Nam Yong Lee, Seonwoo Kim, Sung-Tae Hong
Journal of Hepatology.2006; 44(6): 1066. CrossRef
Sonographic findings of active Clonorchis sinensis infection
Dongil Choi, Sung‐Tae Hong, Jae Hoon Lim, Seung‐Yull Cho, Han‐Jong Rim, Zhuo Ji, Ren Yuan, Shuyu Wang
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound.2004; 32(1): 17. CrossRef
Bile duct changes in rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis
Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Shunyu Li, Byung-Suk Chung, Jae Hoon Lim, Soon-Hyung Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(1): 7. CrossRef
Clonorchiasis and Cholangiocarcinoma: Etiologic Relationship and Imaging Diagnosis
Byung Ihn Choi, Joon Koo Han, Sung Tae Hong, Kyoung Ho Lee
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2004; 17(3): 540. CrossRef
Experimental Clonorchiasis in Dogs: CT Findings before and after Treatment
Kyoung Ho Lee, Sung Tae Hong, Joon Koo Han, Chang Jin Yoon, Sun Lee, Se Hyung Kim, Byung Ihn Choi
Radiology.2003; 228(1): 131. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Longevity of Toxocara cati Larvae and Pathology in Tissues of Experimentally Infected Chickens: Oryan, Ahmad , Sadjjadi, Seyyed Mahmoud , Azizi, Shahrzad; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):79-80.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.79

Abstract
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This study was conducted to determine the distribution patterns and duration of stay of Toxocara cati larvae in organs of chickens and to investigate chronic phase and potential zoonotic risk of toxocariasis in chickens. Chickens were orally infected with 1,000 embryonated T. cati eggs and necropsied 240 days post-infection. Organs of the chickens were examined at gross and microscopic levels; tissues were digested to recover larvae. Peribronchiolitis with infiltration of lymphocytes, and hyperplasia of bronchiolar associated lymphatic tissues (BALT) and goblet cells, were evident in the lungs of infected chickens. There were mild hemorrhages and infiltration of lymphocytes and a few eosinophils in the meninges. Larvae were recovered from 30% of the exposed chickens. Larvae recovery indicated that T. cati larvae stay alive for at least 240 days in the chicken brain. Therefore, chickens may potentially act as a paratenic host in nature and transfer T. cati larvae to other hosts.

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