Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Articles

Treatment with Extracellular Vesicles from Giardia lamblia Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice: Hyun Jung Kim, Young-Ju Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee-Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):309-315.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.309

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent illness of the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment of IBD traditionally involves the use of aminosalicylic acid and steroids, while these drugs has been associated with untoward effects and refractoriness. The absence of effective treatment regimen against IBD has led to the exploration of new targets. Parasites are promising as an alternative therapy for IBD. Recent studies have highlighted the use of parasite-derived substances, such as excretory secretory products, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and exosomes, for the treatment of IBD. In this report, we examined whether EVs secreted by Giardia lamblia could prevent colitis in a mouse model. G. lamblia EVs (GlEVs) were prepared from in vitro cultures of Giardia trophozoites. Clinical signs, microscopic colon tissue inflammation, and cytokine expression levels were detected to assess the effect of GlEV treatment on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental murine colitis. The administration of GlEVs prior to DSS challenge reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interferon gamma. Our results indicate that GlEV can exert preventive effects and possess therapeutic properties against DSS-induced colitis.

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Role of parasite extracellular vesicles/exosomes in the interaction between hosts and virus-infected flagellate protozoa: Progress and prospects
Lu Li, Xiaocen Wang, Jianhua Li, Xichen Zhang, Xin Li, Nan Zhang, Lili Cao, Pengtao Gong
Animals and Zoonoses.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Microscopic messengers: Extracellular vesicles shaping gastrointestinal health and disease
Zhantao Yu, Kevin A. Swift, Madeline A. Hedges, Arianne L. Theiss, Sarah F. Andres
Physiological Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases – from pathogenesis to future diagnostic tools
Saulo Almeida Menezes, Tiana Tasca
Microbes and Infection.2024; 26(4): 105310. CrossRef
An Improved Method to Enrich Large Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Giardia intestinalis through Differential Centrifugation
Abel Sana, Izadora Volpato Rossi, Bruna Sabatke, Letícia Bassani Bonato, Lia Carolina Soares Medeiros, Marcel Ivan Ramirez
Life.2023; 13(9): 1799. CrossRef
Lipidome of extracellular vesicles from Giardia lamblia
Clarissa Perez Faria, Barbara Ferreira, Ágata Lourenço, Inês Guerra, Tânia Melo, Pedro Domingues, Maria do Rosário Marques Domingues, Maria Teresa Cruz, Maria do Céu Sousa, Maria de Fátima Matos Almeida Henriques de Macedo
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(9): e0291292. CrossRef
Efficacy of extracellular vesicles as a cell-free therapy in colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies
Jun-Jie Hou, Wei-Wei Li, Xiao-Li Wang, A-Huo Ma, Yue-Hua Qin
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Protozoa-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Intercellular Communication with Special Emphasis on Giardia lamblia
Bárbara Ferreira, Ágata Lourenço, Maria do Céu Sousa
Microorganisms.2022; 10(12): 2422. CrossRef

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Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells: Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):491-503.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.491

Abstract
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The effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were evaluated on growth inhibition of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii in host ARPE-19 cells. The number of tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) was counted after treatment with TKIs. T. gondii protein expression was assessed by western blot. Immunofluorescence assay was performed using Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and T. gondii GRA3 antibodies. The TKIs were divided into 3 groups; non-epidermal growth factor receptor (non-EGFR), anti-human EGFR 2 (anti-HER2), and anti-HER2/4 TKIs, respectively. Group I TKIs (nintedanib, AZD9291, and sunitinib) were unable to inhibit proliferation without destroying host cells. Group II TKIs (lapatinib, gefitinib, erlotinib, and AG1478) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to control pyrimethamine (5 ?M) at 20 μM and higher, without affecting host cells. Group III TKIs (neratinib, dacomitinib, afatinib, and pelitinib) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to pyrimethamine at 1-5 μM, but host cells were destroyed at 10-20 ?M. In Group I, TgHSP90 and SAG1 inhibitions were weak, and GRA3 expression was moderately inhibited. In Group II, TgHSP90 and SAG1 expressions seemed to be slightly enhanced, while GRA3 showed none to mild inhibition; however, AG1478 inhibited all proteins moderately. Protein expression was blocked in Group III, comparable to pyrimethamine. PDCD4 and GRA3 were well localized inside the nuclei in Group I, mildly disrupted in Group II, and were completely disrupted in Group III. This study suggests the possibility of a vital T. gondii TK having potential HER2/4 properties, thus anti-HER2/4 TKIs may inhibit intracellular parasite proliferation with minimal adverse effects on host cells.

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Small molecule kinase inhibitor altiratinib inhibits brain cyst forming bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(2): e2409001. CrossRef
The antimicrobial activity of innate host-directed therapies: A systematic review
Tirosh Shapira, Matthew Christofferson, Yossef Av-Gay
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2024; 63(5): 107138. CrossRef
Novel therapeutic opportunities for Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Giardia intestinalis infections
Francesca Arrighi, Arianna Granese, Paola Chimenti, Paolo Guglielmi
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents.2023; 33(3): 211. CrossRef
Latent Toxoplasmosis among Breast Cancer Patients in Jahrom, South of Iran
Marzeieh Haghbin, Salar Maani, Mohammad Aref Bagherzadeh, Ahmadreza Bazmjoo, Heshmatollah Shakeri, Ali Taghipour, Shahab Falahi, Azra Kenarkoohi, Milad Badri, Amir Abdoli, Mubashir Javed Mintoo
International Journal of Breast Cancer.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Discovery of N-(3-bromo-1H-indol-5-yl)-quinazolin-4-amine as an effective molecular skeleton to develop reversible/irreversible pan-HER inhibitors
Qidong Tang, Ting Peng, Jie Hu, Tao Zhang, Pengqin Chen, Daoxing Chen, Yunjie Wang, Lingfeng Chen, Linjiang Tong, Yi Chen, Hua Xie, Guang Liang
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 233: 114249. CrossRef
Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef

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Influence of calcium ion on host cell invasion and intracellular replication by Toxoplasma gondii: Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Kyoung-Hwan Joo, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):185-193.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.185

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which invades a wide range of hosts including humans. The exact mechanisms involved in its invasion are not fully understood. This study focused on the roles of Ca²⁺ in host cell invasion and in T. gondii replication. We examined the invasion and replication of T. gondii pretreated with several calcium modulators, the conoid extrusion of tachyzoites. Calmodulin localization in T. gondii were observed using the immunogold method, and Ca²⁺ levels in tachyzoites by confocal microscopy. In light microscopic observation, tachyzoites co-treated with A23187 and EGTA showed that host cell invasion and intracellular replication were decreased. The invasion of tachyzoites was slightly inhibited by the Ca²⁺ channel blockers, bepridiland verapamil, and by the calmodulin antagonist, calmidazolium. We observed that calcium saline containing A23187 induced the extrusion of tachyzoite conoid. By immunoelectron microscopy, gold particles bound to anti-calmodulin or anti-actin mAb, were found to be localized on the anterior portion of tachyzoites. Remarkably reduced intracellular Ca²⁺ was observed in tachyzoites treated with BAPTA/AM by confocal microscopy. These results suggest that host cell invasion and the intracellular replication of T. gondii tachyzoites are inhibited by the calcium ionophore, A23187, and by the extracellular calcium chelator, EGTA.

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Xianmei Wang, Kun Guo, Zhili Shan, Zhu Ying, Zifu Zhu, Shiman Yang, Na Yang, Qun Liu, Lifang Wang, Jing Liu
Communications Biology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Calreticulin (CALR) promotes ionophore-induced microneme secretion in Toxoplasma gondii
Zhili Shan, Xingju Song, Xu Yang, Yangfei Xue, Yayun Wu, Xianmei Wang, Jing Liu, Qun Liu
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Microfluidic model for in vitro acute Toxoplasma gondii infection and transendothelial migration
Hyunho Kim, Sung-Hee Hong, Hyo Eun Jeong, Sewoon Han, Jinchul Ahn, Jin-A. Kim, Ji-Hun Yang, Hyun Jeong Oh, Seok Chung, Sang-Eun Lee
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondiiinfection and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tooran Nayeri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Zahra Hosseininejad, Afsaneh Amouei, Ahmad Daryani
Pathogens and Global Health.2020; 114(3): 126. CrossRef
Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the function and integrity of human cerebrovascular endothelial cells and the influence of verapamil treatment in vitro
M.S.R. Harun, Victoria Marsh, Nashwa A. Elsaied, Kevin F. Webb, Hany M. Elsheikha
Brain Research.2020; 1746: 147002. CrossRef
Resistance towards monensin is proposed to be acquired in aToxoplasma gondiimodel by reduced invasion and egress activities, in addition to increased intracellular replication
AHMED THABET, JOHANNES SCHMIDT, SVEN BAUMANN, WALTHER HONSCHA, MARTIN VON BERGEN, ARWID DAUGSCHIES, BERIT BANGOURA
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Anti-Toxoplasmosis Effect of the Herbal Extracts Plantago asiatica L.
Sunhwa Hong, Okjin Kim
Korean Journal of Plant Resources.2016; 29(1): 26. CrossRef
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Interplay of host–pathogen microvesicles and their role in infectious disease
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The effect of kinase, actin, myosin and dynamin inhibitors on host cell egress by Toxoplasma gondii
Lucio Ayres Caldas, Sergio Henrique Seabra, Márcia Attias, Wanderley de Souza
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Toxoplasmosis and Polygenic Disease Susceptibility Genes: ExtensiveToxoplasma gondiiHost/Pathogen Interactome Enrichment in Nine Psychiatric or Neurological Disorders
C. J. Carter
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In vitro effects of aqueous extracts of Astragalus membranaceus and Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI on Toxoplasma gondii
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Identification of Putative Potassium Channel Homologues in Pathogenic Protozoa
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THE IMPORTANCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN DISEASES PRESENTING WITH HEADACHES. HEADACHES AND ASEPTIC MENINGITIS MAY BE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE JARISCH-HERXHEIMER REACTION
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Brief Communication

Examination of gastrointestinal helminth in livestock grazing in grassland of Bangladesh: M. Motahar-Hussain Mondal, M-Khyrul Islam, Jin Hur, John-Hwa Lee, Byeong-Kirl Baek; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):187-190.
Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.187

Abstract
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To determine association of grassland with parasitic diseases of livestock in Bangladesh, the 'Tracer' animals (two cow calves and two goats) were released for a month in a grassland used for communal grazing of livestock near school premise in Kanthal, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. After slaughtering of the tracer animals, their gastrointestinal tract examination revealed six species of nematode and one cestode. The nematode species were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Mecistocirrus digitatus, Oesophagostomum spp., Trichuris spp. and Bunostomum sp. The cestode was one of the genus Moniezia. With this preliminary study, grasslands are thought to be one of the main sources of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases of livestock in Bangladesh.

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Intestinal Parasitic Infections (IPIs) and Contributing Factors in Bovine Calves in Southern Nepal
Dharmraj Kumar Patel, Janak Raj Subedi, Pitambar Dhakal, Rajendra Prasad Parajuli
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