Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"tumor"

Original Article

Anti-tumor effects of Toxoplasma gondii and antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in mice bearing breast cancer: Bong Kyun Kim, Hei Gwon Choi, Jae-Hyung Lee, In Wook Choi, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):37-49.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24082

Cancer immunotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers to augment the weakened host immune response against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play dual roles in inducing innate and adaptive immunity. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that exhibits anti-tumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little is known about the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii or tumor/parasite antigen-pulsed DCs (DC vaccines, DCV) in breast cancer. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered E0771 mouse breast cancer cells (Cancer-injected) subcutaneously, T. gondii Me49 cysts orally (TG-injected), or DCs pulsed with breast cancer cell lysate antigen and T. gondii lysate antigens (DCV-injected) intraperitoneally. Tumor size and immunological characteristics were subsequently evaluated. We also evaluated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in E0771 mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with T. gondii or DCs by RT-PCR. The tumor volumes of mice injected with breast cancer cells and antigen-pulsed DCs (Cancer/DCV-injected mice) were similar to those of Cancer-injected mice; however, they were significantly reduced in T. gondii-infected tumor-bearing (TG/Cancer-injected) mice. Moreover, tumor volumes were significantly reduced by adding antigen-pulsed DCs (TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice) compared to TG/Cancer-injected mice. The levels of IFN-γ, serum IgG2a levels, and CD8⁺ T cell populations were significantly higher in DCV- and TG-injected mice than in control mice, while no significant differences between Cancer- and Cancer/DCV-injected mice were observed. The levels of IFN-γ, the IgG2a levels, and the percentage of CD8⁺ T cells were significantly increased in TG/Cancer- and TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in Cancer-injected mice. IFN-γ levels and serum IgG2a levels were further increased in TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in TG/Cancer-injected mice. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with live T. gondii, T. gondii lysate antigen, or antigen-pulsed DCs (DCV) but not in inactivated DCs. These results indicate that T. gondii induces anti-tumor effects in breast cancer-bearing mice through the induction of strong Th1 immune responses, but not in antigen-pulsed DCs alone. The addition of antigen-pulsed DCs further augments the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii.

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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses in FFPE Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions Using Real-Time PCR
Selma Usluca, Ayfer Bakir, Ata Arikok, Gizem Korkut, Gulsah Yagiz, Murat Alper
Infection and Drug Resistance.2025; Volume 18: 3149. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

High Toxoplasma gondii Seropositivity among Brain Tumor Patients in Korea: Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):201-204.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.201

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan that can modulate the environment of the infected host. An unfavorable environment modulated by T. gondii in the brain includes tumor microenvironment. Literature has suggested that T. gondii infection is associated with development of brain tumors. However, in Korea, epidemiological data regarding this correlation have been scarce. In this study, in order to investigate the relationship between T. gondii infection and brain tumor development, we investigated the seroprevalence of T. gondii among 93 confirmed brain tumor patients (various histological types, including meningioma and astrocytoma) in Korea using ELISA. The results revealed that T. gondii seropositivity among brain tumor patients (18.3%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared with that of healthy controls (8.6%). The seropositivity of brain tumor patients showed a significant age-tendency, i.e., higher in younger age group, compared with age-matched healthy controls (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study supports the close relationship between T. gondii infection and incidence of brain tumors.

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Mariam T. El Khadrawe, Nahla El Skhawy, Maha M. Eissa
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2025; 30(7): 613. CrossRef
Comprehensive analysis of Toxoplasma gondii migration routes and tissue dissemination in the host
Carlos J. Ramírez-Flores, Ricardo Mondragón-Flores, Mehmet Aykur
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(7): e0013369. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii: Seroprevalence and association with childhood brain tumors in Egypt
Marwa M. Hamouda, Amany S. El-Saied, Ahmed Zaher, Amr Farid Khalil, Ayat A. ElBlihy, Nairmen Nabih, Samar N. El-Beshbishi
Acta Tropica.2024; 251: 107123. CrossRef
Whorling‐sclerosing meningioma invading skull bone and subcutaneous tissue with an incidental toxoplasmosis: A case report
Zeina Alabbas, Yamani Tamer, Mhammad Jneidi, Rana Issa
Neuropathology.2023; 43(3): 262. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii infection in patients with brain tumors in Southern Iran: a case-control study
Qasem Asgari, Farshad Rajabi, Fataneh Sajadian, Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Nasir Arefkhah
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2023; 47(2): 291. CrossRef
Differentiating Cerebral Toxoplasmosis and Tumor Recurrence by Thallium-201 Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography in a 28-Year-Old Female with Astrocytoma
Mia Patrice Dela Vega, Paul Vincent Opinaldo, Julette Marie Batara
Case Reports in Oncology.2023; : 372. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii infection/exposure and the risk of brain tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ali Abdollahi, Iman Razavian, Elnaz Razavian, Sahar Ghodsian, Mustafa Almukhtar, Elika Marhoommirzabak, Behnam Sartip, Hamid Parsa, Ali Rostami
Cancer Epidemiology.2022; 77: 102119. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii and Rickettsia spp. in ticks collected from migratory birds in the Republic of Korea
A.-Tai Truong, Mi-Sun Yoo, Subin Min, Ji-Yeon Lim, Hyun-Ji Seo, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Chang-uk Park, Sook-Young Cho, Chang-Yong Choi, Young-Soo Kwon, Miran Kim, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Serology for Toxoplasma in Immunocompromised Patients: Still Useful?
Damien Dupont, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Cécile Garnaud, Martine Wallon, Hervé Pelloux
Trends in Parasitology.2021; 37(3): 205. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii infection and the risk of adult glioma in two prospective studies
James M. Hodge, Anna E. Coghill, Youngchul Kim, Noemi Bender, Stephanie A. Smith‐Warner, Susan Gapstur, Lauren R. Teras, Tom K. Grimsrud, Tim Waterboer, Kathleen M. Egan
International Journal of Cancer.2021; 148(10): 2449. CrossRef
Imiquimod Targets Toxoplasmosis Through Modulating Host Toll-Like Receptor-MyD88 Signaling
Maguy Hamie, Rania Najm, Carine Deleuze-Masquefa, Pierre Antoine Bonnet, Jean-François Dubremetz, Marwan El Sabban, Hiba El Hajj
Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Infratentorial Stereotactic Biopsy of Brainstem and Cerebellar Lesions
Jacek Furtak, Paulina Śledzińska, Marek G. Bebyn, Tadeusz Szylberg, Stanisław Krajewski, Marcin Birski, Marek Harat
Brain Sciences.2021; 11(11): 1432. CrossRef
Comprehensive Overview of Toxoplasma gondii-Induced and Associated Diseases
Darine Daher, Ahmad Shaghlil, Eyad Sobh, Maguy Hamie, Malika Elhage Hassan, Mohamad Bahij Moumneh, Shaymaa Itani, Rana El Hajj, Lina Tawk, Marwan El Sabban, Hiba El Hajj
Pathogens.2021; 10(11): 1351. CrossRef
Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii in Haemaphysalis Ticks in Korea
Ju Yeong Kim, You Shine Kwak, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 327. CrossRef
Increased risk of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients: A meta-analysis of current evidence based on case-control study
Lei Liu, Peng Wang, Jing Xu, Chao-Ming Xia
Acta Tropica.2019; 192: 30. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Davood Anvari, Mehdi Sharif, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Sargis A. Aghayan, Shirzad Gholami, Abdol Sattar Pagheh, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Reza Saberi, Tooran Nayeri Chegeni, Zahra Hosseininejad, Ahmad Daryani
Microbial Pathogenesis.2019; 129: 30. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in oral cancer patients in China: a case–control prospective study
N. Zhou, X. Y. Zhang, Y. X. Li, L. Wang, L. L. Wang, W. Cong
Epidemiology and Infection.2018; 146(15): 1891. CrossRef
Puzzling and ambivalent roles of malarial infections in cancer development and progression
ERIC FAURE
Parasitology.2016; 143(14): 1811. CrossRef

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Case Report

Strongyloidiasis in a Diabetic Patient Accompanied by Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Cause of Eosinophilia Unresponsive to Steroid Therapy: Eun Jeong Won, Jin Jeon, Young-Il Koh, Dong Wook Ryang; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):223-226.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.223

Abstract
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We report here a case of strongyloidiasis in a 72-year-old diabetic patient (woman) accompanied by gastrointestinal stromal tumor receiving imatinib therapy, first diagnosed as hypereosinophilic syndrome and treated with steroids for uncontrolled eosinophilia. She suffered from lower back pain and intermittent abdominal discomfort with nausea and diagnosed with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. After post-operative imatinib treatment eosinophilia persisted, so that steroid therapy was started under an impression of hypereosinophilic syndrome. In spite of 6 months steroid therapy, eosinophilia persisted. Stool examination was performed to rule out intestinal helminth infections. Rhabditoid larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were detected and the patient was diagnosed as strongyloidiasis. This diagnosis was confirmed again by PCR. The patient was treated with albendazole for 14 days and her abdominal pain and diarrhea improved. This case highlights the need for thorough investigation, including molecular approaches, to test for strongyloidiasis before and during steroid therapies.

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BMC Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A case of disseminated strongyloidiasis diagnosed by worms in the urinary sediment
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Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(2): 238. CrossRef
From past to present: opportunities and trends in the molecular detection and diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis
Abigail Hui En Chan, Urusa Thaenkham
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Seropositivity Rates of Strongyloides stercoralis Antibody in the Southeastern Region of Republic of Korea: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
Taehwa Kim, Seungjin Lim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 181. CrossRef
Importance of detection of Strongyloides stercoralis DNA in fecal samples from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Márcia Carolina Mazzaro, Émelin Alves dos Santos, Gessica Baptista de Melo, Priscila Duarte Marques, Laura Vilela Souza, Jefferson Elias-Oliveira, Bruna Campos da Silva, Ronaldo César Borges Gryschek, Fabiana Martins de Paula, Rosângela Maria Rodrigues
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Phylogenetic Positioning of a Strongyloides stercoralis Isolate Recovered from a Korean Patient and Comparison with Other Asian Isolates
Jaeho Bae, Mi Jin Jeong, Dong hoon Shin, Hyun Woo Kim, Sung Ho Ahn, Jun Ho Choi, Hak Sun Yu
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Report of the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service on Clinical Parasitology (2018–2019)
Suhak Jeon, Eun Jeong Won, Yu Jeong Lee, Moon-Ju Kim, Myung Geun Shin, Jong Hee Shin
Journal of Laboratory Medicine and Quality Assurance.2020; 42(4): 177. CrossRef
Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-based review
Alireza Ashiri, Molouk Beiromvand, Abdollah Khanzadeh
Clinical Rheumatology.2019; 38(11): 3093. CrossRef
Strongyloidiasis Current Status with Emphasis in Diagnosis and Drug Research
Tiago Mendes, Karen Minori, Marlene Ueta, Danilo Ciccone Miguel, Silmara Marques Allegretti
Journal of Parasitology Research.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Prominent IL-12 Production and Tumor Reduction in Athymic Nude Mice after Toxoplasma gondii Lysate Antigen Treatment: Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Chun-Feng Xin, You-Won Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):605-612.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.605

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a Th1 cellular immunity. Our previous study showed that T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) treatment in S180 tumor-bearing mice resulted in tumor reduction by suppressing CD31 expression, a marker of angiogenesis. In the present study, to investigate tumor suppressive effect of TLA under the absence of T lymphocytes, athymic nude mice were compared with euthymic mice in the anti-tumorigenic effect triggered by TLA in CT26 tumors. According to the results, intratumorally injected TLA reduced tumor growth and TIMP-1 level, a metastatic marker, in both euthymic and athymic mice. TLA treatment led to a sharp increase in IL-12 expression in serum cytokine profiling of athymic mice, and increased MyD88 signals in macrophages derived from the bone marrow, implying the activation of innate immunity. The selective induction of IL-12 by TLA treatment had an anti-tumorigenic effect.

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Pooja Jain, Sradhanjali Mohapatra, Uzma Farooq, Nazia Hassan, Mohd. Aamir Mirza, Zeenat Iqbal
Current Cancer Drug Targets.2025; 25(1): 38. CrossRef
Bug as a drug: Unveiling anti-cancer properties of Toxoplasma gondii and its therapeutic prospects in cancer immunotherapy
Yie Wei Chua, Sek Chuen Chow
Acta Tropica.2025; 267: 107684. CrossRef
From pathogen to cure: exploring the antitumor potential of Toxoplasma gondii
Parisa Alipanahi, Arezou Khosrojerdi, Abdol Satar Pagheh, Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi, Ehsan Ahmadpour
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Bridging the gap for diverse applications of parasites as advanced cancer therapeutics: current progress and future directions
Maha M. Eissa, Marwa H. El-Faham, Nahla El Skhawy
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Evaluation of Antitumor Effects of Toxoplasma gondii Different Antigens on Ehrlich Solid Carcinoma in Mice
Salwa S. Younis, Basma M. Elmansory, Hend A. Elrefaey, Nahla A. Nasef, Sara H. Elakshar, Radwa A. Awad, Ghada A. Gamea
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Zhi Zheng, Xiao Lu, Dong Zhou, Xu-feng Deng, Quan-xing Liu, Xiao-bing Liu, Jiao Zhang, Yan-qi Li, Hong Zheng, Ji-gang Dai
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Jiating Chen, Wenzhong Liao, HongJuan Peng
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NaHCO3 enhances the antitumor activities of cytokine-induced killer cells against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells
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Expression of Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) Gene of Dirofilaria immitis Guided by Transcriptomic Screening: Yan Fu, Jingchao Lan, Xuhang Wu, Deying Yang, Zhihe Zhang, Huaming Nie, Rong Hou, Runhui Zhang, Wanpeng Zheng, Yue Xie, Ning Yan, Zhi Yang, Chengdong Wang, Li Luo, Li Liu, Xiaobin Gu, Shuxian Wang, Xuerong Peng, Guangyou Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):21-26.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.21

Abstract
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Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) infections affect domestic dogs, cats, and various wild mammals with increasing incidence in temperate and tropical areas. More sensitive antibody detection methodologies are required to diagnose asymptomatic dirofilariasis with low worm burdens. Applying current transcriptomic technologies would be useful to discover potential diagnostic markers for D. immitis infection. A filarial homologue of the mammalian translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was initially identified by screening the assembled transcriptome of D. immitis (DiTCTP). A BLAST analysis suggested that the DiTCTP gene shared the highest similarity with TCTP from Loa loa at protein level (97%). A histidine-tagged recombinant DiTCTP protein (rDiTCTP) of 40 kDa expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) showed immunoreactivity with serum from a dog experimentally infected with heartworms. Localization studies illustrated the ubiquitous presence of rDiTCTP protein in the lateral hypodermal chords, dorsal hypodermal chord, muscle, intestine, and uterus in female adult worms. Further studies on D. immitis-derived TCTP are warranted to assess whether this filarial protein could be used for a diagnostic purpose.

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Isabella G. Livingston, Taylor M. Gregory, Eleanor C. Hawkins, Ashley Cave, Andrea Loyola, Shelly L. Vaden, Diane Deresienski, Marjorie Riofrío‐Lazo, Gregory A. Lewbart, Diego Páez‐Rosas, Matthew Breen
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Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2016; 48(2): 88. CrossRef

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Changing Patterns of Acute Phase Proteins and Inflammatory Mediators in Experimental Caprine Coccidiosis: Mohammad Hashemnia, Azizollah Khodakaram-Tafti, Seyed Mostafa Razavi, Saeed Nazifi; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):213-219.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.213

Abstract
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This experiment was conducted to assess the changing patterns and relative values of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines in experimental caprine coccidiosis. Eighteen newborn kids were allocated to 3 equal groups. Two groups, A and B, were inoculated with a single dose of 1×10³ and1×10⁵ sporulated oocysts of Eimeria arloingi, respectively. The third group, C, received distilled water as the control. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each kid in both groups before inoculation and at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-inoculation (PI), and the levels of haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), TNF-α, and IFN-γ were measured. For histopathological examinations, 2 kids were selected from each group, euthanized, and necropsied on day 42 PI. Mean Hp concentrations in groups A and B (0.34 and 0.68 g/L) at day 7 PI were 3.2 and 6.3 times higher than the levels before inoculation. The mean SAA concentrations in groups A and B (25.6 and 83.5 ?g/ml) at day 7 PI were 4.2 and 13.7 times higher than the levels before inoculation. The magnitude and duration of the Hp and SAA responses correlated well with the inoculation doses and the severity of the clinical signs and diarrhea in kids. These results were consistent with the histopathological features, which showed advanced widespread lesions in group B. In both groups, significant correlations were observed for TNF-α and IFN-γ with SAA and Hp, respectively. In conclusion, Hp and SAA can be useful non-specific diagnostic indicators in caprine coccidiosis.

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Case Report

A Pulmonary Paragonimiasis Case Mimicking Metastatic Pulmonary Tumor: Ki Uk Kim, Kwangha Lee, Hye-Kyung Park, Yeon Joo Jeong, Hak Sun Yu, Min Ki Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):69-72.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.69

Abstract
PDF

Pulmonary paragonimiasis is a relatively rare cause of lung disease revealing a wide variety of radiologic findings, such as air-space consolidation, nodules, and cysts. We describe here a case of pulmonary paragonimiasis in a 27-year-old woman who presented with a 2-month history of cough and sputum. Based on chest computed tomography (CT) scans and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) findings, the patient was suspected to have a metastatic lung tumor. However, she was diagnosed as having Paragonimus westermani infection by an immunoserological examination using ELISA. Follow-up chest X-ray and CT scans after chemotherapy with praziquantel showed an obvious improvement. There have been several reported cases of pulmonary paragonimiasis mimicking lung tumors on FDG-PET. However, all of them were suspected as primary lung tumors. To our knowledge, this patient represents the first case of paragonimiasis mimicking metastatic lung disease on FDG-PET CT imaging.

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Brief Communication

Suppressed CD31 Expression in Sarcoma-180 Tumors after Injection with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate Antigen in BALB/c Mice: Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):171-174.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.171

Abstract
PDF

The anti-tumorigenic effects of Toxoplasma gondii (RH) antigens were studied in a murine sarcoma-180 tumor model. To determine the anti-tumor effects, the reduction in tumor size and expression of CD31 (an angiogenesis marker in the tumor tissue) were examined after injection of BALB/c mice with T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) or formalin-fixed, proliferation-inhibited, T. gondii tachyzoites. Tumors were successfully produced by an intradermal injection of sarcoma-180 cells with plain Matrigel in the mid-backs of mice. After injection with TLA or formalin-fixed T. gondii tachyzoites, the increase in tumor size and weight nearly stopped while tumor growth continued in control mice that were injected with PBS. CD31 expression in TLA-treated or formalin-fixed T. gondii-injected mice was lower than the control mice. Accordingly, the present study shows that the treatment of mice with formalin-fixed T. gondii or TLA in the murine sarcoma-180 tumor model results in a decrease of both tumor size and CD31 expression.

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Case Report

Four cases of gastric submucosal mass suspected as anisakiasis: Seoung-Gu Kim, Yun-Ju Jo, Young-Sook Park, Sung-Hwan Kim, Moon-Hee Song, Han-Hyo Lee, Jeong-Seon Kim, Ji-Won Ryou, Jong-Eun Joo, Dong-Hoon Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):81-86.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.81

Abstract
PDF

Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by ingestion of raw fish infected with anisakid larvae. Endoscopic changing patterns of submucosal lesions in chronic gastric anisakiasis have not been known yet. Here we report 4 cases of suspected gastric anisakiasis which were improved during follow-up periods without surgical treatment. The patients presented with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting after consuming raw marine fish, and visited our gastroenterology outpatient department. Their endoscopic findings showed firm and yellowish submucosal masses accompanied with eccentric erosions. Histologic findings showed severe eosinophilic infiltrations. In blood tests, peripheral eosinophil counts and total IgE levels were elevated. We believed that all cases were caused by larval anisakid infections. The submucosal mass lesions disappeared during the follow-up periods of 2 to 4 mo.

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