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Brief Communication

Evolution of Genetic Polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein (PfMSP) in Thailand

Jiraporn Kuesap1, Wanna Chaijaroenkul1, Kanchanok Ketprathum1, Puntanat Tattiyapong1, Kesara Na-Bangchang2
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2014;52(1):105-109.
Published online: February 19, 2014

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Corresponding author (kesaratmu@yahoo.com)
• Received: July 24, 2013   • Revised: September 30, 2013   • Accepted: November 12, 2013

© 2014, Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine

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  • Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major public health problem in Thailand due to the emergence of multidrug resistance. The understanding of genetic diversity of malaria parasites is essential for developing effective drugs and vaccines. The genetic diversity of the merozoite surface protein-1 (PfMSP-1) and merozoite surface protein-2 (PfMSP-2) genes was investigated in a total of 145 P. falciparum isolates collected from Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand during 3 different periods (1997-1999, 2005-2007, and 2009-2010). Analysis of genetic polymorphisms was performed to track the evolution of genetic change of P. falciparum using PCR. Both individual genes and their combination patterns showed marked genetic diversity during the 3 study periods. The results strongly support that P. falciparum isolates in Thailand are markedly diverse and patterns changed with time. These 2 polymorphic genes could be used as molecular markers to detect multiple clone infections and differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in P. falciparum isolates in Thailand.
  • Key words: Plasmodium falciparum, merozoite surface protien, genetic polymorphism, Thailand
Malaria remains one of the most important public health problems in several tropical countries. Plasmodium falciparum infection causes clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to the rarer complications of severe manifestations. Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the major pathological complications of P. falciparum infection in humans manifesting as coma that can lead to death. The emergence and spread of resistance of P. falciparum to antimalarial drugs is an important factor for malaria control in endemic areas [1]. The resistance of P. falciparum has occurred to all classes of antimalarial drugs except artemisinin and its derivatives. The understanding of genetic diversity of malaria parasites is essential for developing effective drugs and vaccines. The merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of P. falciparum is a major surface protein with an approximate molecular size of 190 kDa. MSP-1 exerts a key role in erythrocyte invasion by the merozoite [2]. It is a target of human immune responses [3] and a promising candidate for a blood stage subunit vaccine [4]. MSP-2 of P. falciparum is another candidate antigen for a subunit malaria vaccine [5]. The objective of this study was to investigate genetic diversity of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2 genes in blood samples collected from 145 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Mae Sot District of Thailand during the 3 different study periods.
A total of 145 blood samples were collected from patients attending the malaria clinic in Mae Sot District, Tak Province during 3 different periods, i.e., 1997-1999 (n=49), 2005-2007 (n=50), and 2009-2010 (n=46). Approval of the study protocol was obtained from the Ethics Committees of Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Tak Province has been reported as the province with highest malaria incidence with approximately equal ratio of P. falciparum and P. vivax. Two milliliters of blood samples were collected by venipuncture prior to treatment with standard regimens for P. falciparum (a 3-day artesunate-mefloquine combination) and collected into EDTA collecting tubes. Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood smears were prepared and examined microscopically for P. falciparum. Parasite genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using Chelex extraction method and used as the template for PCR amplification.
The amplification of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2 was carried out using PCR technique [6]. In the reaction, primer pairs corresponding to the conserved sequences spanning the polymorphic regions consisted of forward-5'GAAGATGCAGTATTGACAGG3' and reverse-5'GAGTTCTTTAATAGTGAACAAG3' for MSP-1 and forward-5'GAGTTCTTTAATAGTGAACAAG3' and reverse-5'CCTGTACCTTTATTCTCTGG3' for MSP-2 [6]. The reaction volume was 20 µl containing 1 µM of each of primer, 0.5 U of Taq polymerase, 1x of buffer with KCl (Fermentas, Burlington, Canada), 2.5 mM of MgCl2 (Fermentas), 0.5 mM of dNTP and DNA template. PCR was performed under 1 cycle of 5 min at 94℃, then 30 cycles of 1 min at 94℃, 1 min at 50℃, 1 min at 72℃, and final extension at 72℃ for 5 min of amplification condition. PCR products were analyzed on a 2% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide. The variation in size of the amplified products was observed.
The genetic diversity pattern of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2 were analyzed using GeneTools software (SYNGENE™, Cambridge, UK). This software automatically compensates for smiling or distorted bands and tracks. Molecular weight or base pair values can be calculated using 2 standards for comfirmation. Comparison of difference in gene patterns during 3 different periods of sample collection was performed using the chi-square test (SPSS version 12.0 software, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Statistical significance level was set at P=0.05.
The amplification results of 145 samples during the 3 study periods (1997-1999, 2005-2007, and 2009-2010) were successful in 46 (94%), 50 (100%), and 46 (100%) for PfMSP-1 and 33 (67%), 29 (58%), and 39 (85%) for PfMSP-2, respectively. Both P. falciparum genes were highly polymorphic (Fig. 1) with different gene patterns in samples collected during the 3 periods (Tables 1-2). The dominant polymorphic sizes of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2 detected during 1997-1999, 2005-2007, and 2009-2010 were 300 and 500 bp, 300 and 480 bp, and 310 and 650 bp, respectively. The multiple clone infections were detected by 2 or more PCR fragments. A significant difference in the pattern of PfMSP-1 was observed between isolates collected during the period 1997-1999 vs 2005-2007 (P=0.002), 2005-2007 vs 2009-2010 (P<0.001), and between 1997-1999 vs 2009-2010 (P=0.028). For the pattern of PfMSP-2, significant difference was found between isolates collected during the period 1997-1999 vs 2005-2007 (P=0.050).
The polymorphic sizes of the combined PfMSP-1/PfMSP-2 were more diversed than each individual gene alone; 25, 23, and 32 patterns of PfMSP-1/PfMSP-2 polymorphisms were observed (Table 3). The dominant combination pattern found in samples collected during the period 1997-1999, 2005-2007, and 2009-2010 were 300/500, 300/610, and 310/650, respectively. A total of 5 (15.5%), 3 (17.8%), and 7 (18.4%) samples collected during the 3 periods showed multiple clone infections, respectively.
Several malarial proteins have been proposed as vaccine candidate antigens but MSP-1 is the most promising candidate [7,8]. Results of the phase 1-2b clinical trial of a MSP-2 based vaccine showed that 1 allelic type included in the vaccine may be more effective against malaria parasite [9]. P. falciparum MSP-2, apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1), and circumsporozoite protein (CSP) are also under investigation as candidate antigens for the development of malaria vaccine [10,11]. The polymorphisms of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2 have been investigated in isolates collected from several malaria endemic areas [12-16]. All showed highly polymorphic patterns of these 2 genes. High levels of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2 polymorphisms and multiple clonal infections were reported in 3 malaria endemic regions of Lao PDR [13]. Similarly, sequence analysis of PfMSP-1 block 2 in P. falciparum isolates collected from Myanmar demonstrated 14 different genotypes (5 for K1 type and 9 for MAD20 type), whereas 22 genotypes (7 for FC27 type and 15 for 3D7 type) were found with PfMSP-2 block 3 [12]. A recent report from Republic of Congo revealed high polymorphisms and multiple clones of P. falciparum isolates [15]. Moreover, isolates collected from Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Burkina Faso, and São Tomé exhibited highly polymorphic and low allele frequencies of PfMSP-1, PfMSP-2, and glurp, with a total of 17 PfMSP-1, 116 PfMSP-2, and 14 glurp genotypes [16]. In contrast, relatively low levels of genetic diversity were found in isolates collected from Haiti (9 PfMSP-1 genotypes) [14].
The results of the present study confirmed the genetic variations of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2 in isolates collected from Mae Sot District, the endemic area of Thailand with highest malaria incidence. Moreover, the combination of PfMSP-1/PfMSP-2 was relatively more polymorphic, and thus appropriate for application to detect multiple clone infections and differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in P. falciparum isolates in Thailand. The low efficacy of vaccine candidate antigens observed in various clinical trials would be due to the highly variable genetic polymorphisms of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2 in P. falciparum isolates.
Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, ThailandNational Research University Project of Thailand Office of Higher Education Commission of Thailand

We have no conflict of interest related with this study.

This work was supported by the Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Thailand, and the National Research University Project of Thailand Office of Higher Education Commission of Thailand.
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Fig. 1
Genetic polymorphisms of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2.
kjp-52-105-g001.jpg
Table 1.
Summary of polymorphic sizes of PfMSP-1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected during the 3 different study periods (1997-1999, 2005-2007, and 2009-2010)
Table 1.
Study period Polymorphic size (bp)
1997-1999 2005-2007 2009-2010
260 280 280
290 290 285
300 295 290
310 300 300
320 320 310
300/320 290/300/320 315
300/330 300/310 320
300/320 325
300/320/340 330
310/320 300/400
310/360
315/370
320/360
325/360
330/380
Total no. of polymorphisms 7 10 15
Table 2.
Summary of polymorphic sizes of PfMSP-2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected during the 3 different study periods (1997-1999, 2005-2007, and 2009-2010)
Table 2.
Study period Polymorphic size (bp)
1997-1999 2005-2007 2009-2010
495 450 450
500 480 480
550 490 490
570 500 500
580 510 510
590 520 520
600 530 590
620 550 600
630 570 610
650 580 630
690 590 650
700 595 660
900 600 690
550/620 610 700
590/610 690 500/520
590/690 480/560 520/530
500/600 500/690
500/650
Total no. of polymorphisms 18 17 16
Table 3.
Polymorphic sizes of various combination patterns of PfMSP-1/PfMSP-2
Table 3.
Pattern PfMSP-1/PfMSP-2 (bp)
1997-1999
2005-2007
2009-2010
1 320 495 290 450 300 450
2 290 500 290 480 310 450
3 300 500 300 480 300 480
4 310 500 320 480 310 480
5 320 500 290/300/320 480/560 300 490
6 310 500/600 320 490 300 500
7 300 500/650 300/320 500 310/360 500
8 300 550 300/310 500/690 315 500
9 310 550 310/320 500/690 320/360 500
10 290 550/620 290 510 320/360 500/520
11 300 570 300/320/340 520 325/360 500/520
12 310 580 290 530 290 510
13 320 580 290 550 300 510
14 310 590 300 570 310 510
15 300/320 590/610 290 580 320/360 510
16 300 590/690 300 580 330/380 520
17 310 600 300 590 310/360 520/530
18 320 600 300 595 290 530
19 290 620 310/320 595 290 590
20 310 620 300 600 300 590
21 290 630 300 610a 310 590
22 300 650a 300 690 300 600
23 310 690 320 690 310 600
24 290 700 310 610a
25 260 900 290 650a
26 310 650
27 315 650
28 310 660
29 300 690
30 310 690
31 280 700
32 300 700

aStatistically significant difference from other borders (by chi-square test).

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Evolution of Genetic Polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein (PfMSP) in Thailand
Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52(1):105-109.   Published online February 19, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.105
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Evolution of Genetic Polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein (PfMSP) in Thailand
Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52(1):105-109.   Published online February 19, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.105
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Evolution of Genetic Polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein (PfMSP) in Thailand
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Fig. 1 Genetic polymorphisms of PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-2.

Fig. 1

Evolution of Genetic Polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein (PfMSP) in Thailand
Study period Polymorphic size (bp)
1997-1999 2005-2007 2009-2010 260 280 280 290 290 285 300 295 290 310 300 300 320 320 310 300/320 290/300/320 315 300/330 300/310 320 300/320 325 300/320/340 330 310/320 300/400 310/360 315/370 320/360 325/360 330/380 Total no. of polymorphisms 7 10 15 Study period Polymorphic size (bp)
1997-1999 2005-2007 2009-2010 495 450 450 500 480 480 550 490 490 570 500 500 580 510 510 590 520 520 600 530 590 620 550 600 630 570 610 650 580 630 690 590 650 700 595 660 900 600 690 550/620 610 700 590/610 690 500/520 590/690 480/560 520/530 500/600 500/690 500/650 Total no. of polymorphisms 18 17 16 Pattern PfMSP-1/PfMSP-2 (bp)
1997-1999
2005-2007
2009-2010 1 320 495 290 450 300 450 2 290 500 290 480 310 450 3 300 500 300 480 300 480 4 310 500 320 480 310 480 5 320 500 290/300/320 480/560 300 490 6 310 500/600 320 490 300 500 7 300 500/650 300/320 500 310/360 500 8 300 550 300/310 500/690 315 500 9 310 550 310/320 500/690 320/360 500 10 290 550/620 290 510 320/360 500/520 11 300 570 300/320/340 520 325/360 500/520 12 310 580 290 530 290 510 13 320 580 290 550 300 510 14 310 590 300 570 310 510 15 300/320 590/610 290 580 320/360 510 16 300 590/690 300 580 330/380 520 17 310 600 300 590 310/360 520/530 18 320 600 300 595 290 530 19 290 620 310/320 595 290 590 20 310 620 300 600 300 590 21 290 630 300 610a 310 590 22 300 650a 300 690 300 600 23 310 690 320 690 310 600 24 290 700 310 610a 25 260 900 290 650a 26 310 650 27 315 650 28 310 660 29 300 690 30 310 690 31 280 700 32 300 700
Table 1. Summary of polymorphic sizes of PfMSP-1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected during the 3 different study periods (1997-1999, 2005-2007, and 2009-2010)
Table 2. Summary of polymorphic sizes of PfMSP-2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected during the 3 different study periods (1997-1999, 2005-2007, and 2009-2010)
Table 3. Polymorphic sizes of various combination patterns of PfMSP-1/PfMSP-2

Statistically significant difference from other borders (by chi-square test).

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

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