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Original Article

Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China

Kun Li1, Yanfang Lan1, Houqiang Luo1, Hui Zhang1, Dongyu Liu1, Lihong Zhang1, Rui Gui1, Lei Wang1, Muhammad Shahzad3, Suolang Sizhu2, Jiakui Li1,2,*, Yangzom Chamba2,*
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2016;54(5):645-652.
Published online: October 31, 2016

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*Corresponding author (lijk210@sina.com; 87363364@qq.com)
• Received: August 1, 2016   • Revised: September 11, 2016   • Accepted: September 12, 2016

Copyright © 2016 by The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China
Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(5):645-652.   Published online October 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.645
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Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China
Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(5):645-652.   Published online October 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.645
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Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 PCR amplification of ND1 gene fragment from T. vitulorum. PCR positive samples for T. vitulorum (−370 bp). Lane M, FastRuler Low Range DNA Ladder (Beijing Dingguo Changsheng Biotech Co. Ltd). Fragment sizes are as follows: 2,000, 1,600, 1,000, 750, 500, 250, and 100 bp.
Fig. 2 Alignments of the 2 representative profiles of ND1 sequences with 8 ascarids available.
Fig. 3 The number of base substitutions per site between sequences are shown. Analyses were conducted using the maximum composite likelihood model. The analysis involved 10 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were a total of 357 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6.
Fig. 4 Phylogenetic tree constructed with sequences of the presented parasite and other ascarids available conducted in MEGA6.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China

Prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yak calves in different regions, genders, ages, and fecal consistency

Variable No. samples No. positive (%; 95% CI) Mean EPG (SD)
Regionsc
Qinghaia Nangqian 91 32 (35.2; 25.4–45.9) 4,219 (12,217)
Zhiduo 63 9 (14.3; 6.7–25.4) 3,566 (9,872)
Zaduo 165 23 (13.9; 9.0–20.2) 2,891 (7,826)
Total 319 64 (20.1; 15.8–24.9) 3,442 (9,128)
Tibetb Xigaze 127 31 (24.4; 17.2–32.8) 1,936 (5,612)
Lhasa 101 40 (39.6; 30.0–39.8) 4,325 (21,234)
Nyingchi 53 6 (11.3; 4.3–23.0) 987 (2,982)
Qamdo 154 29 (18.8; 13.0–25.9) 2,955 (4,357)
Total 435 75 (17.2; 13.8–21.1) 4,328 (9,827)
Sichuan Hongyuan 71 29 (40.9; 29.3–53.2) 5,433 (13,289)
Gansu Gannan 66 5 (7.6; 2.5–16.8) 1,277 (3,256)
Genders
Male 397 91 (22.9; 18.9–27.4) 4,592 (7,824)
Female 494 82 (16.6; 13.4–20.2) 2,971 (4,963)
Agesd (day)
≤ 28 255 54 (21.2; 16.3–26.7) 3,897 (6,899)
28–56 193 62 (32.1; 25.6–35.2) 5,219 (15,627)
>56 443 57 (12.9; 9.9–16.3) 1,533 (4,129)
Faecal consistencye
Normal 622 105 (16.9;14.0–20.1) 3,255 (7,921)
Soft 153 57 (37.3; 29.6–45.4) 5,685 (18,724)
Watery 116 11 (9.5; 4.8–16.3) 2,983 (7,332)

aThere was a significant difference among the different regions of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks in Qinghai (P<0.01, χ2=18.110).

bThere was a significant difference among the different regions of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks in Tibet (P<0.01, χ2=20.179).

cThere was a significant difference among the different regions of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau (P<0.01, χ2=28.151).

dThere was a significant difference among the different ages of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau (P<0.01, χ2=32.571).

eThere was a significant difference among the different fecal consistency of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau (P<0.01, χ2=40.988).

Odds ratios for geographical, ages, and fecal consistency of yaks as risk factors for T. vitulorum seroprevalence in yaks (n=891)

Factor Category Prevalence (%) OR 95% CI P-value
Region (Qinghai) Zaduo 13.9 reference
Zhiduo 14.3 1.029 0.448–2.364 0.946
Nangqian 35.2 3.349 1.809–6.199 <0.001
Region (Tibet) Nyingchi 11.3 reference
Qamdo 18.8 1.817 0.709–4.656 0.208
Xigaze 24.4 2.53 0.987–6.483 0.048
Lhasa 39.6 5.137 2.009–13.131 <0.001
Region Gansu 7.6 reference
Tibet 17.2 2.542 0.988–6.540 0.046
Qinghai 20.1 3.062 1.182–7.933 0.016
Sichuan 40.9 8.424 3.016–23.530 <0.001
>56 12.9 reference
Age ≤28 21.2 1.819 1.208–2.740 0.004
28–56 32.1 3.205 2.126–4.833 <0.001
Fecal consistency Watery 9.5 reference
Normal 16.9 1.939 1.006–3.734 0.044
Soft 37.3 5.668 2.808–11.439 <0.001
Table 1 Prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yak calves in different regions, genders, ages, and fecal consistency

There was a significant difference among the different regions of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks in Qinghai (P<0.01, χ2=18.110).

There was a significant difference among the different regions of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks in Tibet (P<0.01, χ2=20.179).

There was a significant difference among the different regions of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau (P<0.01, χ2=28.151).

There was a significant difference among the different ages of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau (P<0.01, χ2=32.571).

There was a significant difference among the different fecal consistency of the prevalence of T. vitulorum infection in yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau (P<0.01, χ2=40.988).

Table 2 Odds ratios for geographical, ages, and fecal consistency of yaks as risk factors for T. vitulorum seroprevalence in yaks (n=891)

Table 1

Table 2

PHD : Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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