Abstract
Morphological and molecular characteristics of spirometrid tapeworms, Spirometra decipiens, were studied, which were recovered from a heavily infected stray cat road-killed in Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province), the Republic of Korea (=Korea). A total of 134 scolices and many broken immature and mature proglottids of Spirometra tapeworms were collected from the small intestine of the cat. Morphological observations were based on 116 specimens. The scolex was 22.8–32.6 mm (27.4 mm in average) in length and small spoon-shape with 2 distinct bothria. The uterus was coiled 3–4 times, the end of the uterus was ball-shaped, and the vaginal aperture shaped as a crescent moon was closer to the cirrus aperture than to the uterine aperture. PCR amplification and direct sequencing of the cox1 target fragment (377 bp in length and corresponding to positions 769–1,146 bp of the cox1 gene) were performed using total genomic DNA extracted from 134 specimens. The cox1 sequences (377 bp) of the specimens showed 99.0% similarity to the reference sequence of S. decipiens and 89.3% similarity to the reference sequence of S. erinaceieuropaei. In the present study, we report a stray cat heavily infected with S. decipiens identified by mitochondrial cox1 sequence analysis and morphological examinations of the adult worms.
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Key words: Spirometra decipiens, scolex, molecular detection, cox1, cat
The stray or feral cat is a powerful predator in the ecosystem of wild life in Korea and has a wide range of food stuffs originating from mammalian, avian, reptilian, and amphibian animals. The free-roaming stray cats act as the potential source of environmental contamination and transmit the pathogenic parasites to humans even to domesticated cats as the reservoir host of zoonotic helminths. Among intestinal helminths,
Spirometra species of cats are the most important in terms of public health.
Spirometra species in cats have been reported sporadically by many authors in the Republic of Korea (=Korea). Kang (1967) examined 41 cats in Gyeongsangnam-do (Province) with helminth infections such as
Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus sp.
Taenia taeniaeformis, Spirometra sp., and
Toxocara cati [
1]. Huh et al. (1993) reported 7 helminth species,
T. cati, Anisakis simplex larvae,
C. sinensis, Pharyngostomum cordatum, Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (formerly
S. erinacei), and
T. taeniaeformis, from 41 cats in Seoul [
2]. Yang et al. (1995) detected 4 helminth species,
T. cati, Diphyllobothrium latum, S. erinacei, and
T. taeniaeformis, from 133 cats in Jeollanam-do (Province) [
3]. Sohn and Chai [
4] reported more than 29 helminth species from feral cats purchased from a market in Busan. In addition, Chai et al. [
5] reported 4 nematode species, 23 trematode species, and 5 cestode species in cats. Thus, intestinal parasite infections in stray or feral cats have been reported involving more than 29 species of helminths, including 23 trematodes, 5 cestodes and 4 nematodes in Korea [
4,
5].
With respect to cestodes of cats, a total of 4 species, comprising
S. erinaceieuropaei, a diphyllobothriid tapeworm,
T. taeniaeformis, and
Hymenolepis diminuta, have been commonly found in Korea [
1–
5].
S. erinaceieuropaei has been recognized as the only
Spirometra species in Korea before the report of Jeon et al. [
6].
Spirometra species inducing human sparganosis are being identified by morphological and genetic analyses, and the complete mitochondrial genomes of
S. erinaceieuropaei and
S. decipiens have been characterized and recorded in Korea [
6,
7]. The genetic distance of
S. decipiens vs
S. erinaceieuropaei and
S. decipiens vs
S. proliferum was estimated on the basis of partial
cox1 sequences, respectively [
8]. Presently, 2
Spirometra species were reported in Korea, therefore, identification of
Spirometra species is required. In this study, we identified a
Spirometra species from a stray cat by molecular analysis using cytochrome
c oxidase (
cox1) in addition to morphological observations of mature proglottids.
A road-killed stray cat (
Felis catus) was found in the Eumseong-gun area in Chungcheongbuk-do in November 2011. The small intestine was isolated and longitudinally opened with a pair of scissors in 0.85% saline and rinsed in PBS until the supernatant remained clear. The sediment containing the intestinal content was carefully examined under a stereomicroscope. Two types of worms were detected in the small intestines during the postmortem examination. The collected worms were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin under a glass slide with pressure for microscopic observations after carmine staining. Immature and mature proglottids of the tapeworms were pressed and fixed in alcohol-formalin-acetic acid (AFA) for carmine staining. Mature proglottids were observed with respect to the vaginal opening, uterus, uterine pore, cirrus, genital pore, testes, and vitellaria, based on the morphological data of Faust et al. [
9]. The scolices and proglottids were preserved at −70°C until use for molecular identification.
A single scolex was chopped into small pieces, and total genomic DNA was extracted using a DNeasy tissue kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California, USA). PCR and DNA sequencing for differential diagnosis were performed according to established protocols [
9,
10]. Pairwise genetic distances on the partial mitochondrial
cox1 sequences (377 bp) were analyzed using the neighbor-joining method with Kimura’s 2-substitution model. The partial mitochondrial
cox1 sequences (377 bp) of 4 taxa of Diphyllobothriidae comprised
S. decipiens (GenBank no. KJ599679),
S. erinaceieuropaei (GenBank no. KJ599680),
Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense (GenBank no. EF420138), and
Diphyllobothrium latum (GenBank no. DQ985706). The parasite materials (PRB000720) used in the present study were provided by the Parasite Resource Bank of Korea, National Research Resource Center, Korea.
A total of 134 scolices and mature proglottids of
Spirometra species were found in the cat examined. Morphological observations were based on 116 scolices and mature proglottids. The scolex was 2.74±0.43 mm×0.73±0.11 mm in average size and small spoon-shape with 2 distinct bothria (
Fig. 1A). Mature proglottids measured 4.2±0.03 mm in width and 1.70±0.01 mm in length (
Fig. 1B). The uterus was coiled 3–4 times, the end of the uterus was ball-shaped, and the vaginal aperture shaped as a crescent moon was closer to the cirrus aperture than to the uterus aperture (
Fig. 1B). The uterine ball measured 457.7±4.8 μm in diameter, and uterine pores were on the midline behind the anterior margin of the uterine ball. The cirrus pouch measured 260.3±2.6 μm in diameter. The genital pore was situated ventrally on the midline in the anterior 1/5 segment. The testes measured 71.4±0.7 μm maximum diameter (
Fig. 1B) (
Table 1).
PCR amplification and direct sequencing of the
cox1 target fragment (377 bp in length and corresponding to positions 769–1,146 bp of the
cox1 gene) were performed using total genomic DNA extracted from 134 specimens. The partial
cox1 sequences (377 bp) of the scolices (n=134) and proglottids (n=41) showed 99.0% similarity to the
S. decipiens reference sequence (GenBank no. KJ599679) and 89.3% similarity to the
S. erinaceieuropaei reference sequence (GenBank no. KJ599680). The difference in nucleotide sequence of the partial
cox1 gene between the specimens and
S. decipiens was 0.1%, while that with
S. erinaceieuropaei was 9.7%. The pairwise genetic distance between the specimens (scolices and proglottids) and
S. decipiens was 0.0026, while that with
S. erinaceieuropaei was 0.0079±0.0237 (
Table 2).
In the present study, all scolices and proglottids were identified as
S. decipiens using nucleotide sequence analysis of the mitochondrial
cox1 gene. Pairwise genetic distances between
S. decipiens and
S. erinaceieuropaei isolated from the cat examined were calculated as being the same as those of previous studies of snakes (0.0079±0.0237) [
8]. The major distinguishing morphologic characteristics of
Spirometra species are the number of uterine coils. The mature proglottids in this study were identical with those of
S. decipiens by the morphological characteristics of reproductive organs, especially 3–4 spiral rotations of the uterus.
The taxonomy of the genus
Spirometra has been controversial because of its species classification. Approximately 38 species of the genus
Spirometra have been reported from intestinal parasites of canines and felines [
9,
11–
13]. All species in the genus
Spirometra were considered synonymous with
S. erinaceieuropaei found in Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Korea [
11–
13]. The mitochondrial DNA sequences of the genus
Spirometra have been used as identification and genetic variation of species to resolve uncertain taxonomic status. The nucleotide sequence variation of
S. erinaceieuropaei was reported by Okamoto et al. (<2.6%) [
15] and Liu et al. (0.0–3.1%) [
16]. The complete mitochondrial genomes of genus
Spirometra have been recently published for
S. erinaceieuropaei and
S. decipiens based on morphological analyses of
Spirometra tapeworms by Eom et al. [
7]. Thirty-seven human sparganosis were reported from Africa, including 34 from South Sudan and 3 from Ethiopia by Eberhard et al. [
17]. The partial
cox1 nucleotide divergence of Asian isolate identified as
S. decipiens differed from South America isolate (17.8–19.2%), but it was closely related to the Asian isolates of
S. erinaceieuropaei (0.3–4.0%) [
18]. The South American isolates of
Spirometra species were revealed as neither
S. erinaceieuropaei nor
S. decipiens by mitochondrial
cox1 sequence analyzed. Those cases differed from Asian isolates of
S. erinaceieuropaei and
S. decipiens as well as those of African countries by analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Above studies provoked epidemiological questions concerning what is the geographical distribution of
Spirometra spp., including
S. erinaceieuropaei and
S. decipiens? In addition, why is a high level of nucleotide variation found among Brazilian, Asian, and African isolates? The taxonomic status of
Spirometra species has been unsettled. Further studies are needed investigations using a number of global samples to clarify the taxonomy of the genus
Spirometra.
The final hosts of
Spirometra spp. are known to be carnivorous animals such as cats and dogs; however, we only found
S. decipiens in the absence of other
Spirometra species, including
S. erinaceieuropaei in natural infections in cats in those studies. A previous study identified
S. decipiens plerocercoids in terrestrial snakes from Korea and China, without any exceptions [
9]. In another report concerning human sparganosis cases, 35 and 15 instances of
S. erinaceieuropaei and
S. decipiens, respectively, were identified, revealing approximately twice as many cases of
S. erinaceieuropaei compared to
S. decipiens [
6]. These findings indicated not only the presence of epidemiological discrepancies between the prevalence of
Spirometra spp. in humans and intermediates or final hosts, but also that the infection route of
S. erinaceieuropaei for humans remained unclear.
Since it is very difficult to identify the species of eggs of
Spirometra using morphology alone, DNA-based analysis is considered necessary to taxonomically classify the genus
Spirometra. Many studies had documented
Spirometra spp. in surveys undertaken among cats before
S. decipiens had been reported in Korea [
1–
5]. Those previous studies may need to be reexamined using molecular techniques in an effort to better understand the epidemiological status of
Spirometra spp. in Korea. Although many studies have examined the prevalence of intestinal parasites in stray cats, none of the recent reports have indicated a heavy infection of
Spirometra species in Korea as detailed in our present study. Moreover, all worms were identified as
S. decipiens rather than
S. erinaceieuropaei by morphological and molecular analyses.
In conclusion, we report a stray cat heavily infected with S. decipiens identified by mitochondrial cox1 sequence analysis and morphological examinations of the adult worms. These findings suggested that stray cats play an important role of a reservoir host for S. decipiens inducing human sparganosis in Korea.
Notes
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We have no conflict of interest related to this work.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (no. 2014R1A1A2004933). And the materials used were provided by the parasite resource bank of Korea.
Fig. 1
Spirometra decipiens collected from a road killed stray cat in Chungbuk, Korea. (A) Scolex. (B) Whole-mounted specimen of proglottids showing the uterus and cirrus pouch (×40). Abbreviations; cirrus (c), uterus (u), genital pore (gp), vaginal pore (vp), uterine pore (up), ovaries (ov) and testes (t) (carmine stain).
Table 1Morphological features of spirometrid tapeworms recovered from a road killed cat
Table 1
|
Organs |
Size |
|
Scolex (n=116) |
2.74±0.43 mm (diameter)
0.73±0.11 mm (length) |
|
Mature proglottids (n=41) |
4.19±0.02 mm (width)
1.70±0.01 mm (length) |
|
Uterus |
3–4 loops |
|
Uterine ball |
457.6±4.77 μm (diameter) |
|
Cirrus pouch |
260.3±2.62 μm (diameter) |
|
Genital pore |
115.7±1.55 μm (diameter) |
|
Testes |
71.4±0.71 μm (diameter) |
Table 2Pairwise genetic distance of the mitochondrial cox1 gene of Spirometra specimens isolated from a cat in comparison with Spirometra spp., Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense, and Diphyllobothrium latum
Table 2
|
Species |
Scolices |
Proglottids |
Spirometra decipiens
|
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
|
Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
|
|
Scoleces (n=134) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proglottids (n=41) |
0.00265±0.00000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spirometra decipiens
|
0.00265±0.00000 |
0.00265±0.00000 |
|
|
|
|
|
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
|
0.00796±0.02369 |
0.00796±0.02369 |
0.01031±0.02251 |
|
|
|
|
Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense
|
0.15467±0.00218 |
0.15467±0.00218 |
0.15201±0.00218 |
0.14834±0.00284 |
|
|
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
|
0.16490±0.00099 |
0.16490±0.00099 |
0.16490±0.00099 |
0.15429±0.00099 |
0.07206±0.00099 |
|
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