Abstract
Human sparganosis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by the plerocercoids of Spirometra species. Clinical diagnosis of sparganosis is crucial for effective treatment, thus it is important to identify sensitive and specific antigens of plerocercoids. The aim of the current study was to identify and characterize the immunogenic proteins of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids that were recognized by patient sera. Crude soluble extract of the plerocercoids were separated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with immunoblot and mass spectrometry analysis. Based on immunoblotting patterns and mass spectrometry results, 8 antigenic proteins were identified from the plerocercoid. Among the proteins, cysteine protease protein might be developed as an antigen for diagnosis of sparganosis.
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Key words: Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, plerocercoid, immunoproteomic, diagnosis, antigen
INTRODUCTION
Human sparganosis is a food-borne zoonosis mainly caused by the plerocercoids (spargana) of various diphyllobothroid tapeworms belonging to the genus
Spirometra [
1,
2]. Human beings mostly serve as the intermediate host, paratenic host, and even the definitive host of
Spirometra species in extremely rare cases [
3]. Drinking raw water contaminated with cyclops harboring procercoids, ingesting undercooked meat of frogs or snakes infected with spargana, or placing poultices of frog or snake flesh/skin on the eyes or open wounds and other lesions are important sources of human infections [
1,
2,
4].
Sparganosis is distributed worldwide, but the majority of cases occurred in East and Southeast Asian countries, including South China, Korea, Thailand, and Japan [
1–
3,
5–
9]. More than 2,000 human sparganosis cases have been reported globally, with more than 80% of the reported cases from China [
1,
2], followed by Korea [
3–
5], Thailand [
6,
7] and Japan [
8,
9]. Since the first case of human sparganosis was reported in 1882 in Xiamen of Fujian Province, China [
10], a total of more than 1,300 cases of human sparganosis have been reported in 27 provinces in mainland China [
1,
11]. But the actual number of human infections may be far higher than those estimated because many cases may not be recognized or reported. Thus, sparganosis has become an emerging food borne parasitic diseases and poses a serious threat to human health [
12].
Sparganosis can cause serious clinical problems in human according to the location of the parasites. Plerocercoids can invade subcutaneous tissue, muscle, eye, face, neck, breast, pleural cavity, lung, urogenital viscera, abdominal viscera, brain or central nervous system, resulting in subcutaneous sparganosis, ocular sparganosis, cerebral sparganosis, visceral sparganosis, or proliferative sparganosis [
1–
3,
13]. The clinical symptoms of human sparganosis varying from non-specific discomfort, subcutaneous nodules, irritation, continued foreign body sensation, severe inflammation with blindness, headache, seizure, weakness, hemiparesis, abdominal pain, chest pain, pleural effusion, and eosinophilia [
14–
19].
Although the detection of a plerocercoid is the gold standard method for diagnosing sparganosis, the diagnosis of sparganosis is rather difficult and is often misdiagnosed because the worm has no predilection for particular sites in the human body and symptomatology is not pathognomonic [
1,
19]. A diagnosis of subcutaneous sparganosis can be made by detection of the worm in a biopsy specimen, but the confirmative diagnosis is very difficult for visceral and cerebral sparganosis since the worm can be found only by surgical removal and sometimes surgical treatment is impossible [
19,
20]. Imaging techniques including ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are usually used for the preoperative diagnosis of sparganosis affecting the eye, brain, spinal cord, abdomen, and other visceral organs [
13,
21–
23]. However, the imaging findings are complicated, and misdiagnosis is unavoidable using these techniques as sparganosis is confused with tumors, inflammatory granuloma, varicose vein or conus medullaris [
24,
25]. Therefore, development of sensitive and specific immunological techniques would accelerate the process of detection and treatment of the sparganosis and subsequently avoid serious complications. Among the serological tests, ELISA with crude antigens or excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of plerocercoids has high sensitivity for the detection of specific antibodies [
26–
28]. The main disadvantage is cross-reactions with the sera from patients with clonorchiasis, cysticercosis, or paragonimiasis [
26,
29]. Furthermore, the preparation of crude antigens or ES antigens requires plerocercoids collected from naturally infected hosts or experimentally infected laboratory animals, which is practically inconvenient in terms of cost, labor, and time. Hence, studies on the sensitive and specific recombinant antigens will further improve the diagnosis and treatment of sparganosis.
The combination of 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) with western blotting help support discovery of numerous novel antigens and the screening of novel serological diagnostic markers and vaccine candidates of parasites. When used together with mass spectrometry, the techniques enable the identification of the proteins that induce immune response and which could be used for immunodiagnosis. This immunoproteomics tool has previously been used to determine both the characteristics of the serological response directed against parasites and immunogenic proteins, such as
Schistosoma japonicum [
30],
Ascaris lumbricoides [
31],
Trichinella species [
32],
Toxoplasma gondii [
33], and
Babesia mocroti [
34]. Several studies have analyzed the
S. erinaceieuropaei antigenic proteins recognized by sera of infected mice using immunoproteomics and mass spectrometry [
35,
36]. However, the immunogenic proteins of plerocercoids have not been well studied previously.
The aim of present study was to identify and characterize the immunogenic proteins of S. erinaceieuropaei that were recognized by a pooled serum samples of patients with sparganosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethics statement
The study and collection of serum specimens were granted by the Ethics Committee of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (Ref No. 20170510). A written informed consent was obtained from each patient or their proxy.
Sample collection
The plerocercoids of
S. erinaceieuropaei in this study were collected from subcutaneous tissues and muscles of infected snakes (
Zaocys dhumnades), which were submitted for detection by Shanghai Zoo located in the P.R. China. The plerocercoids were washed 5 times with sterilized saline to remove the host debris and cells, and then identified by microscopic analysis and sequencing analysis, as reported previously [
37].
The serum samples of patients with sparganosis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, trichinellosis, schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis were obtained (each n=10) from the sera bank of National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The diagnosis of sparganosis patients was confirmed by pathological examination of biopsy specimen or identification of worm body (
Supplementary Table S1). Other parasitic infections were diagnosed on the basis of clinical manifestations and positive parasitological examination. Sera from people free of the above-mentioned parasitic infections were included as normal controls.
The plerocercoids were suspended in a lysis buffer (4% SDS, 100 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM DTT, pH 7.6), homogenized with a tissue grinder, repeated freezing and thawing 3 times, and then sonicated with 3 cycles at 80 Hz for 60 sec each on ice. The homogenate was centrifuged at 12,000 g for 1 hr at 4°C and the supernatant was taken as soluble extract. Protein concentration was determined using Bradford assay. The extracts were stored at −80°C until use.
2-DE
The soluble extracts were separated by 2-DE as described previously [
30]. Briefly, 2-dimensional separation gels were performed in quadruplicate; 80 μg and 800 μg soluble extracts were loaded onto analytical gel and preparative gels, respectively. Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) was performed in 18 cm Immobiline DryStrip with pH 4–7 (GE Healthcare, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA) and using Ettan IPGphor 3 apparatus (GE Healthcare). The soluble extracts were mixed with rehydration buffer. The second dimension electrophoresis was performed on 12.5% SDS-PAGE with the ETTAN DALTsix (GE Healthcare). The analytical gel was dyed with silver, one preparative gel was dyed with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 solution whereas the other gels were processed for further western blot analysis.
Proteins from 2-DE gels were electrotransferred synchronously to 2 nitrocellulose membranes (GE Healthcare). The 2 membranes were blocked in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST, 0.01 mol/L, pH7.4) containing 5% skimmed milk at 4°C overnights. Then, one membrane was incubated in the pooled sera of sparganosis patients (1:500 diluted), the other membrane in the pooled sera of healthy controls. The secondary antibody HRP-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) were diluted 1: 8,000. The immunoreactive spots were visualized on films using the enhanced chemiluminesce (ECL) Western Blot kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Frederick, Maryland, USA). The membranes were scanned with Tanon 5200 Multi chemiluminescent image system (Tanon, Shanghai, China) and analyzed with ImageMaster 2D platinum 5.0 (GE Healthcare). Protein spots matching to the immunoblot were manually excised from the preparative gel, and subjected to MS analysis. The electrophoresis and western blot were triplicated to verify immune recognition.
LC-MS/MS and data analysis
The excised gel pieces carrying the immunoreactive spots were digested with trypsin and the peptides processed as previously described [
31]. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed on a Dionex U3000 RSLC nano-LC-system coupled to a Q Exactive mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
The LC-MS/MS data were analyzed using MASCOT 2.3 (Matrix Science, Boston, Massachusetts, USA) and submitted to MASCOT MS/MS Ions Search server (
http://www.matrixscience. com/) for identification against NCBI non-redundant protein database (
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, 2021-02-04). Proteins with scores above the significant threshold (
P<0.05) were accepted as identified proteins.
The proteins identified in the MASCOT search were assigned to the QuickGO (
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/). Then, the proteins classified in gene ontology (GO) in accordance with their biological process, cellular component, and molecular function information.
Referring to the results of the identification of immunogenic protein, cDNA sequence of cysteine protease (GenBank accession No. BAB62718.1) was synthesized (GeneCreate Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) and cloned into pET SUMO vector. The recombinant cysteine protease (rCP) was expressed as a fusion to SUMO-tag (SUMO-rCP) in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and purified using His-Trap FF (GE Healthcare). SUMO-rCP was cleaved by SUMO protease (Solarbio, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The rCP was purified from cleaved product using nickel-chelating affinity chromatography. The purified rCP protein was separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (GE Healthcare), followed by blocking with 3% BSA in PBS. The membranes were cut into strips, incubated with the pooled patient sera (1:100 dilution) and secondary HRP-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (1:4,000 dilution, Sigma-Aldrich). The immunoblots were stained with DAB (Sigma-Aldrich). The strips were recorded using the GelDoc XR+ Imaging System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, USA).
RESULTS
2-DE
A total of 245 spots were identified between molecular weight 5–95 kDa and pI 4–7. Most of them were in 25–65 kDa and pI 4.4–6 (
Fig. 1A).
Compared with control sera, 8 spots showed up in the pooled sera of sparganosis patients (
Fig. 1). These reactive spots matched to the protein spots on Coomassie blue stained gel were excised for further LC-MS/MS analyses.
Eight proteins potential antigenic character were assigned to 6 spots in the proteome of
S. erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids based on LC–MS/MS results. The annexin E1 was identified in 2 spots (Spot No.: 1, 2). The 14-3-3 protein, 14-3-3-like protein 2, glycine C-acetyltransferase and deoxyribonuclease were also found in 2 spots (
Table 1). Other proteins such as succinate-CoA ligase, plerocercoid growth factor/cysteine protease and cysteine proteinase (partial) were found in single spots. Compared the gel and LC-MS/MS results, spot 1 and spot 2, spot 4 and spot 5 and spot 8, were 2 different groups of isoforms having similar molecular weight and different isoelectric points. The identified proteins were registered in NCBI protein database under accession numbers ADM26238.1, AGC74030.1, AFX 72983.1, AGC74035.1, AFX72991.1, AFX73002.1, BAB62718.1, BAB62816.1.
The 8 identified proteins participated in biological processes, 3 in cellular components and 8 in molecular functions (
Fig. 2). Molecular functions were involvement in hydrolase activity (annexin E1, cysteine protease and cysteine proteinase, partial), peptidase activity (cysteine protease and cysteine proteinase, partial), transferase activity (glycine C-acetyltransferase, 14-3-3 protein and 14-3-3-like protein 2), ligase activity (succinate-CoA ligase) and helicase activity (annexin E1). Another protein was a calcium ion binding protein involved in ribosome biogenesis and biosynthetic process (deoxyribonuclease). Seven proteins were assigned to metabolic process: annexin E1, succinate-CoA ligase, glycine C-acetyltransferase, 14-3-3 protein, 14-3-3-like protein 2, cysteine protease and cysteine proteinase (partial), while 4 proteins (annexin E1, succinate-CoA ligase, glycine C-acetyltransferase and deoxyribonuclease) participated in the cellular process.
The rCP was expressed in
E. coli as a fusion protein with molecular weight of about 51 KDa (
Fig. 3A). After purified and cleaved off SUMO-tag, the purified rCP was about 35 kDa consistent with predicted molecular weight (
Fig. 3B). The rCP was recognized by the sera of sparganosis patients, while weakly recognized by sera of clonorchiasis patients. Other sera of patients with echinococcosis, cysticercosis, trichinellosis, schistosomiasis and paragonimiasis did not show any detectable reaction. Sera of normal control also did not show any positive reaction (
Fig. 3C). The results indicated that rCP shows a specific immunoreactivity and the potential value for serodiagnosis of sparganosis.
DISCUSSION
In this study, 8 antigenic proteins were identified. Among these proteins that may serve as potential diagnostic antigens, the highest sequence coverage was obtained for annexin E1. Annexins are a large family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins which are widely distributed across all eukaryotes. It plays important roles in multiple functions, such as calcium metabolism, cell anti-inflammatory activity, membrane repair and membrane transport, and probably participate in cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [
38,
39] because of their ability to bind phospholipids and proteins. According to differences in gene location and protein structure, annexins are divided into 6 categories, which includes ‘A’ (from vertebrates), ‘B’ (invertebrates), ‘C’ (fungi), ‘D’ (plants), ‘E’ (protists) and ‘F’(bacteria) annexins [
39–
41]. Parasite annexins have been found to play critical roles in mechanisms linked to their survival, including the maintenance of cell structure integrity by attaching the cytoskeleton, modulation of the immune responses of the vertebrate hosts and vesicular transport [
41,
42]. For cestoda, annexin B1 was found in the cyst stage of
Taenia solium whose metacestode can cause cysticercosis. By binding to the eosinpohils at the site of inflammation and causing the apoptosis, the immune response is reduced and keep
T. solium survive [
43,
44]. Furthermore, the recombinant annexin B30, annexin B5a, annexin B7a and annexin B5b from
Schistosoma mansoni were immunolocalized to the tegument, with immunoreactivity also occurring in cells and in muscle of adult parasite, and could be useful candidates for vaccine or diagnostic development [
45]. Annexin E1 was previously identified from a cDNA library of
S. erinaceieuropaei adult worm [
46]. The structure and function analysis of this protein showed that it might be a desirable molecular target for immunological tests. Our study also indicated that annexin E1 of
S. erinaceieuropaei recognized by patient sera might be the diagnostic antigen for sparganosis, which needed to be further confirmed.
Another potential
S. erinaceieuropaei antigen identified in the present study, 14-3-3 protein, was previously identified in several unicellular and multicellular parasites [
47]. The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of highly conserved proteins that are widely expressed in many eukaryotic organisms and has been shown to play a role in metabolism, signal transduction networks, stress conditions, cell cycle regulation, control of apoptosis and cellular organelle trafficking [
48–
50]. In the field of parasitology, 14-3-3 protein has been assumed to play an important role in parasite proliferation and survival [
47,
51]. Various structures and functions of 14-3-3 protein have been studied in
Toxoplasma gondii [
52],
S. japonicum [
53],
Echinococcus granulosus [
54],
Fasciola gigantic [
55],
Clonorchis sinensis [
56],
Opisthorchis viverrini [
57],
Trichinella britovi [
58] and
Strongyloides stercoralis [
59]. In
S. japonicum, a sandwich time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for detecting the circulating antigen 14-3-3 has been developed, and has demonstrated to be a good potential diagnostic method for schistosomiasis [
53]. The recombinant
F. gigantica 14-3-3e protein has been proved to be involved in
F. gigantica recognition by innate immune cells, and may have applications for development of diagnostics and therapeutic interventions [
55]. For
E. granulosus, recombinant 14-3-3 protein (rEg14-3-3) was verified to possess antigenicity and immunogenicity, and mice vaccinated with rEg14-3-3 and challenged with protoscoleces revealed significant protective immunity of 84.47%. The result indicate that rEg14-3-3 have the potential to be applied as a vaccine against
E. granulosus [
60]. However, the characterization and immunomodulatory effects of
S. erinaceieuropaei 14-3-3 proteins have not yet been reported.
Additionally, cysteine proteinase was also detected in the present study, which was previously identified from the crude and excretory-secretory antigens of
S. erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids [
35,
36]. Cysteine proteinase (CP) is a type of protein hydrolase that has cysteine residues in the active center of the enzyme and plays a principal role in the development and survival of parasites, including modulation of the immune system of the host, participation in parasite virulence and invasion [
61]. CP with different molecular weights (53 kDa, 36 kDa, 27 kDa, and 21 kDa) has been found in
S. erinaceieuropaei plerocercoid soluble antigens, and the 36 kDa protein is the main antigenic component of the ES proteins [
62–
65]. Later study showed that the 36 kDa
S. erinaceieuropaei cysteine protease (SeCP) was a plerocercoid stage-specific protein located in the teguments and parenchymal tissue. The recombinant SeCP (rSeCP) had cysteine protease activity and functioned to degrade host proteins. The sensitivity of rSeCP-ELISA was 100% when performed on sera of patients with sparganosis, while the specificity of rSeCP was 98.22% (166/169) [
66]. In this study, rCP encoding a 35 kDa protein from plerocercoids was successfully expressed and purified using the pET SUMO vector system. On western blotting analysis, rCP reacted strongly with the sera of sparganosis patients and only invoked serological cross reactions with clonorchiasis. The result demonstrated that rCP might be a potential diagnostic biomarker for
S. erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids infection, and further studies were needed to confirm that. These researches indicated that our strategy using immunoproteomic analysis is useful for discovering antigenic proteins of
S. erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids.
So far few of candidates for serodiagnosis have been cloned, include the cysteine proteinase [
66], antigenic polypeptide [
67] and translationally controlled tumor protein [
68]. Hence, there is still a need to intensively study of
S. erinaceieuropaei to identify which molecules initiate the immune response in the host. Our research on
S. erinaceieuropaei antigens aimed at identifying elements related to host-parasite interactions, thus serving as a substantial basis in the search for potential diagnostic markers or drug targets.
Notes
-
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Supplementary Information
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the General Program Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning of China (grant no. 201740076), the National Parasite Resource Bank (grant no. NPRC-2019-194-30), the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, China Ministry of Health (grant no. WSBKFKT-201804, WSBKFKT-201806).
Fig. 1Two-dimensional (2-D) gel and western blots of soluble extract from S. erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids. (A) 2-D gel stained with Coomassie blue R-250. Molecular mass markers (in kDa) are given on the left, and pI values are indicated. (B) A representative western blot incubated with pooled sera of sparganosis patients. Red circles are positive spots. (C) Western blot incubated with sera free from S. erinaceieuropaei infection.
Fig. 2Gene Ontology of the S. erinaceieuropaei plerocercoid immunogenic proteins.
Fig. 3Expression, purification and seroreactivity of rCP. (A) Expression of rCP. Lane 1, uninduction; Lane 2, induced. (B) Purification of rCP. Lane 1, purified fusion protein; Lane 2, purified rCP. (C) Immunoblot of rCP to sera from parasitic infections. Lane 1, sparganosis; Lane 2, echinococcosis; Lane 3, cysticercosis; Lane 4, trichinellosis; Lane 5, schistosomiasis; Lane 6, clonorchiasis; Lane 7, paragonimiasis; Lane 8, normal control. Target bands are marked with red arrows. Lane M, molecular marker (kDa).
Table 1Annotation to the proteins of the immunoreactive spots against NCBI non-redundant protein database (Spirometra erinaceieuropaei)
Table 1
|
Spot |
Protein name |
MS |
MP |
Seq |
SC (%) |
emPAI |
Mr (kDa)/pI |
|
1 |
Annexin E1 |
609 |
29 |
14 |
40.7 |
4.22 |
40.43/6.28 |
|
14-3-3 protein |
249 |
9 |
5 |
18.9 |
1.14 |
28.94/5.10 |
|
|
2 |
Annexin E1 |
1,221 |
43 |
19 |
61.6 |
12.41 |
40.43/6.28 |
|
Succinate-CoA ligase |
221 |
11 |
6 |
15.4 |
1.3 |
34.34/9.19 |
|
|
3 |
14-3-3 protein |
437 |
14 |
8 |
34.3 |
2.31 |
28.94/5.10 |
|
14-3-3-like protein 2 |
280 |
7 |
4 |
16.1 |
0.75 |
28.17/5.23 |
|
|
4 |
Glycine C-acetyltransferase |
219 |
7 |
6 |
16.4 |
0.62 |
46.08/8.89 |
|
Deoxyribonuclease |
202 |
6 |
6 |
21.1 |
0.7 |
35.83/6.93 |
|
|
6 |
Plerocercoid growth factor/cysteine protease |
807 |
24 |
3 |
11.6 |
7.5 |
38.27/7.5 |
|
Cysteine proteinase, partial |
760 |
23 |
2 |
9.5 |
4.66 |
20.76/4.66 |
|
|
8 |
14-3-3-like protein 2 |
269 |
8 |
6 |
26.1 |
5.23 |
28.17/5.23 |
|
Glycine C-acetyltransferase |
226 |
7 |
5 |
12.6 |
0.62 |
46.08/8.89 |
|
Deoxyribonuclease |
204 |
6 |
6 |
19.9 |
0.7 |
35.83/6.93 |
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, Jia-Hui Sun1, Li-Li Lu2, Jia-Xu Chen1, Peng Song1, Lin Ai1, Yu-Chun Cai1, Lan-Hua Li3, Shao-Hong Chen1,*
