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Original Article

Codon usage and bias in mitochondrial genomes of parasitic platyhelminthes

Thanh Hoa Le1,2, Donald Peter McManus1, David Blair3
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2004;42(4):159-167.
Published online: December 20, 2004

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Corresponding author (im-ibt@hn.vnn.vn)
• Received: June 4, 2004   • Accepted: August 27, 2004

Copyright © 2004 by The Korean Society for Parasitology

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Codon usage and bias in mitochondrial genomes of parasitic platyhelminthes
Korean J Parasitol. 2004;42(4):159-167.   Published online December 20, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.159
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Codon usage and bias in mitochondrial genomes of parasitic platyhelminthes
Korean J Parasitol. 2004;42(4):159-167.   Published online December 20, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.159
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  • 1
Codon usage and bias in mitochondrial genomes of parasitic platyhelminthes
Image Image
Fig. 1 Alignments of the junctions between pairs of mt genes from selected flatworms to demonstrate that TAA can act as a termination codon and GTG as an initiation codon. A. atp6-nad2; B. nad4-trnQ and C. trnG-cox3 regions. Sequences encoding genes are highlighted. TAA and GTG codons are in bold and double-underlined. The typical initiation codon (ATG) is underlined; TAG (termination) is under-asterisked (*) where analysed. Dashes (-) indicate gaps inserted for alignment purposes. Supposed amino acid residues in tRNA and intergenic sequences are in italics. Slashes (//) show a long non-coding region encroaching between trnG and cox3 in F. hepatica and P. westermani. See text for genetic code analysis. Names of species as for Table 1.
Fig. 2 Histogram showing AT-skew and GC-skew in concatenated protein-coding genes overall (minus start and stop codons) and at four-fold redundant (FFR) sites only.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Codon usage and bias in mitochondrial genomes of parasitic platyhelminthes
Genes Class Trematoda Class Cestoda
Sja Sme Sml Smn Fhe Pwe Tcr Tso Emu EgrG1 EgrG4 Hdi
atp6 ATG 172 ATG 173 ATG 173 ATG 173 ATG 172 ATG 170 GTG 170 ATG 171 ATG 171 ATG 170 ATG 170 ATG 171
TAA 519 TAA 522 TAG 522 TAG 522 TAG 519 TAG 513 TAA 513 TAA 516 TAG 516 TAG 513 TAG 513 TAG 516
cob ATG 371 ATG 372 ATG 372 GTG 364 ATG 370 ATG 372 ATG 357 ATG 355 ATG 355 ATG 355 ATG 355 ATG 365
TAG 1116 TAA 1119 TAA 1119 TAG 1095 TAG 1113 TAG 1119 TAA 1074 TAA 1068 TAA 1068 TAA 1068 TAA 1068 TAG 1098
cox1 GTG 547 ATG 549 ATG ATG 609 ATG 510 ATG 511 ATG 537 ATG 539 ATG 535 ATG 535 GTG 526 GTG 521
TAG 1644 TAA 1650 – – – TAG 1830 TAG 1533 TAG 1536 TAG 1614 TAG 1620 TAG 1608 TAG 1608 TAG 1581 TAG 1566
cox2 ATG 202 ATG 219 ATG 197 ATG 200 ATG 199 ATG 194 ATG 193 GTG 193 GTG 193 GTG 193 ATG 191
TAA 609 TAA 660 TAA 594 TAG 603 TAG 600 TAG 585 TAG 582 TAG 582 TAA 582 TAG 582 TAA 579
cox3 ATG 214 ATG 216 ATG 216 GTG 217 ATG 213 ATG 214 GTG 214 ATG 214 ATG 215 ATG 215 ATG 215 ATG 216
TAG 645 TAG 651 TAA 651 TAG 654 TAG 642 TAG 645 TAG 645 TAG 645 TAG 648 TAG 648 TAG 648 TAG 651
nad1 ATG 296 ATG 295 ATG 297 GTG 296 GTG 300 ATG 296 ATG 297 ATG 297 ATG 297 GTG 297 ATG 297 ATG 296
TAG 891 TAA 888 TAA 894 TAG 891 TAG 903 TAG 891 TAG 894 T 892 TAG 894 TAA 894 TAA 894 TAG 891
nad2 ATG 284 ATG 283 ATG 283 GTG 279 ATG 288 ATG 288 ATG 292 ATG 293 ATG 293 ATG 293 ATG 293 ATG 293
TAG 855 TAA 852 TAG 852 TAA 840 TAG 867 TAA 867 TAG 879 TAA 882 TAG 882 TAG 882 TAG 882 TAG 882
nad3 ATG 117 ATG 120 ATG 120 ATG 120 ATG 118 ATG 118 GTG 115 ATG 115 ATG 115 ATG 115 ATG 115 ATG 115
TAG 354 TAG 363 TAG 363 TAG 363 TAG 357 TAG 357 TAG 348 TAG 348 TAA 348 TAG 348 TAA 348 TAG 348
nad4 ATG 424 ATG 423 ATG 423 ATG 419 GTG 423 ATG 420 GTG 419 ATG 417 ATG 419 ATG 419 ATG 419 ATG 415
TAG 1275 TAA 1272 TAA 1272 TAA 1260 TAA 1272 TAG 1263 TAG 1260 TAG 1254 TAG 1260 TAG 1260 TAA 1260 TAG 1248
nad4L ATG 87 ATG 87 ATG 87 ATG 86 GTG 90 GTG 85 ATG 86 ATG 86 GTG 86 GTG 86 GTG 86 ATG 86
TAA 264 TAA 264 TAA 264 TAA 261 TAG 273 TAG 258 TAG 261 TAA 261 TAG 261 TAA 261 TAA 261 TAG 261
nad5 ATG 528 GTG 530 – – – ATG 527 GTG 522 GTG 527 ATG 522 ATG 522 ATG 524 ATG 523 ATG 523 ATG 524
TAG 1587 TAA 1593 TAG TAG 1584 TAG 1569 TAG 1584 TAA 1569 TAA 1569 TAA 1575 TAG 1572 TAA 1572 TAG 1575
nad6 ATG 152 GTG 153 ATG 149 ATG 150 ATG 150 ATG 150 ATG 150 ATG 151 ATG 151 ATG 151 ATG 152
TAG 459 TAA 462 TAA 450 TAG 453 TAG 453 TAA 453 TAG 453 TAA 456 TAG 456 TAG 456 TAA 459
Species Base-compositiona)
 Total bp usagec) Total codon Nod) Codon ending witha)
T C A G T+A T C A G
% % % % % All FFR All FFR All FFR All FFR
Trematodes
S. mansoni 45.6 8.2 23.3 23.0 68.9 10344 3448 47.6 51.8 4.2 4.3 27.1 24.1 21.1 19.7
S. japonicum 48.3 8.0 23.0 20.7 71.3 10218 3406 54.8 64.3 3.4 3.7 23.9 19.6 17.9 12.5
S. mekongi 48.4 6.7 24.3 20.6 72.7 10296 3432 56.0 65.9 0.9 1.2 25.5 21.0 17.5 11.9
S. malayensisb) 48.8 6.6 23.6 20.9 72.4 8145b) 2714 56.1 67.9 1.0 1.0 25.2 20.7 17.6 10.4
F. hepatica 49.4 9.6 14.2 26.8 63.6 10104 3368 57.2 67.8 4.6 5.5 9.9 6.7 28.3 20.0
P. westermani 38.3 17.9 13.2 30.6 51.5 10086 3362 34.1 35.4 21.7 19.4 7.1 6.7 37.1 38.5
Cestodes
T. solium 48.6 7.9 23.5 20.0 72.1 10092 3364 53.4 56.7 3.7 3.8 26.3 25.3 16.7 14.2
T. crassiceps 50.6 7.2 23.4 18.8 74.0 10095 3365 56.6 63.6 2.2 1.3 25.1 20.7 16.1 14.5
E. multilocularis 50.6 7.1 18.3 24.0 68.9 10098 3366 57.8 61.8 2.3 2.1 16.0 15.4 23.8 20.8
E. granulosus (G1) 49.9 7.6 16.8 25.7 66.7 10092 3364 56.3 58.7 3.4 4.0 12.6 11.1 27.7 26.2
E. granulosus (G4) 50.1 7.4 17.7 24.8 67.8 10065 3355 56.8 60.4 2.9 2.8 14.1 12.8 26.2 24.0
H. diminuta 47.4 9.5 23.7 19.4 71.1 10074 3358 50.7 52.1 6.0 5.1 26.7 25.8 16.6 16.9
A C D E F G H I K L M N P Q R S T V W Y Totalb)
Sja 85 95 87 64 367 234 48 330 56 493 111 119 81 27 58 348 92 351 104 232 3382
Sme 78 102 82 68 342 234 55 352 66 496 117 123 82 24 55 354 87 348 100 243 3408
Smn 84 102 66 74 327 249 53 304 60 536 115 97 75 31 64 379 67 418 108 215 3424
Fhe 116 121 70 75 372 300 51 166 44 562 88 70 95 26 64 333 80 434 118 159 3344
Pwe 151 110 66 81 339 320 60 124 50 577 77 70 91 28 71 360 84 417 111 149 3336
EgrG1 80 149 80 65 398 243 50 199 42 507 82 97 69 25 50 338 89 464 97 216 3340
EgrG4 79 140 82 66 407 228 52 207 44 499 87 100 71 25 53 333 91 455 97 215 3331
Emu 82 148 76 63 418 236 49 221 43 499 82 106 71 24 51 344 88 436 93 212 3342
Tso 81 138 84 68 413 193 56 314 48 494 86 126 71 23 49 371 95 343 90 197 3340
Tcr 63 135 84 57 433 186 52 302 49 514 93 153 72 21 48 358 93 325 86 217 3341
Hdi 100 131 67 73 417 190 53 297 47 507 83 136 80 22 52 365 110 298 88 217 3333
Table 1. Characteristics of protein-encoding genes in the mitochondrial genomes of parasitic platyhelminthesa)

In each cell, the predicted initiation codon is shown at the upper left, the termination codon at the lower left, the number of amino acids at upper right and the number of nucleotides at the lower right. Start codons other than ATG & TAA and stop codons other than TAG are shown in bold and underlined. Dashes (---) indicate the gene has not been fully sequenced (S. malayensis only). Trematodes - Sja: Schistosoma japonicum (Schistosomatidae, GenBank accession AF215860); Sme: S. mekongi (Schistosomatidae, AF217449); Sml: S. malayensis (Schistosomatidae, AF295106); Smn: S. mansoni (Schistosomatidae, AF216698); Fhe: Fasciola hepatica (Fasciolidae, AF216697); Pwe: Paragonimus westermani (Paragonimidae, AF219379). Cestodes - Tcr: Taenia crassiceps (Taeniidae, AF216699); Tso: Taenia solium (Taeniidae, AB086256); Emu: Echinococcus multilocularis (Taeniidae, AB018440); Egr: E. granulosus (Taeniidae, G1: genotype 1 (sheep-dog strain), AF297617 and G4: genotype 4 (horse-dog strain), AF346403); Hdi: Hymenolepis diminuta (Hymenolepididae, AF314223).

Table 2. Overall protein-coding and 3rd codon position (all codons and four-fold redundant (FFR) codons) base usage among parasitic platyhelminthes

Excluding start and stop codons.

Not all protein-encoding genes of S. malayensis are available for analysis.

Bases overlapping between nad4L and nad4 are counted twice.

Includes start and stop codons.

Table 3. Numbers of each amino acid present in polypeptides encoded by mitochondrial genes of parasitic flatwormsa)

Start codons omitted. Schistosoma malayensis was omitted because a full sequence was not available. Names of species as for Table 1.

Total numbers lie in a narrow range (3331-3424), so it was not felt necessary to also tabulate percentages of each.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

PHD : Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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